CN110284319B - 一种超级电容器用高性能碳基基材及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种超级电容器用高性能碳基基材及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种超级电容器用高性能碳基基材及其制备方法。所述制备方法包括:(1)将碳布用无水乙醇浸泡,再用去离子水清洗,然后恒温干燥处理;(2)对碳布进行高温加热处理,加热过程在氧气保护下进行;(3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡,再用去离子水清洗后进行恒温干燥处理;(4)接着置于含有三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡,再用去离子水在超声作用下清洗后干燥;(5)然后置于高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡,在双氧水酸性条件下清洗,再用去离子水清洗后恒温干燥得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基基材。本发明能够实现碳基基材的性能优化,优化后的碳基基材具有一定大小的氧化蚀孔形貌、良好的电化学性能和较高的比电容,比容相对不作氧化处理的空白样增加477.7%。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于超级电容器技术领域,具体涉及一种超级电容器用高性能碳基基底材料及其制备方法。
技术背景
目前,能量的存储和可持续循环利用是当今世界面临的重大课题和挑战,超级电容器作为一种重要的能量存储器件,具有绿色、环保、充电时间短、功率密度大、循环性能好、使用寿命长等优点,近年来成为研究热点。超级电容器按储能形式不同分为双电层电容、赝电容和混合式电容;由于超级电容器的主要的构成因素为电极材料、电解液等,因此在研究过程中,研究者们大多将目光投向电极材料、电解质以及隔膜等领域的研究,但对基底而言,多作为承载电极材料的载体,因此研究尚浅。目前常见的基底材料主要有泡沫镍、泡沫铜、碳布、碳纸等,普遍而言,它们只作为其他电极材料的载体,自身几乎没有电容性能。然而,相关研究表明,提升基底材料的性能能够有效促进超级电容器比容的增大,改善其电化学性能,也能够增加电极材料的导电性、比表面积以及亲水性能等。因此,开发新型高性能电极基底材料也成为当下研究所必需。
碳基电极材料作为超级电容器非常重要的电极材料,包括炭黑、活性炭、石墨烯、碳纳米管以及以它们为基础的复合物,其超级电容器广泛应用于新能源汽车、电子设备、交通、国防等领域,是超级电容器市场应用和研究最为成熟的电极材料。作为承载其他电极材料的碳基基底,碳纤维也被广泛应用。对基底载体而言,性能优良的载体能够较大程度地促进负载材料的超电性能,减小其交流阻抗和增大比容,然而,目前对载体材料进行处理来制备高性能基底材料的研究较少。
发明内容
由鉴于此,本发明为克服上述不足,提供一种超级电容器用碳基基材材料及其制备方法,以碳布基底为材料,通过将碳布在氧气保护下高温氧化处理,将高温处理后的碳布在王水中进行浸泡,再将王水处理后的碳布在含有三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡,最后将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布在高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡处理,即可获得高性能新型碳基基材。
本发明的的目的至少通过如下技术方案之一实现。
一种超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材的制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)碳布材料预处理
首先,将碳布用无水乙醇浸泡,再用去离子水清洗,将清洗后的碳布进行恒温干燥处理;
(2)氧气氧化
对碳布进行加热处理,整个加热过程在氧气保护下进行;
(3)王水浸泡
将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡,再用去离子水清洗后进行恒温干燥处理;
(4)硼氢化钠浸泡还原
将王水浸泡后的碳布置于含有三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡,再用去离子水在超声作用下清洗后干燥;
(5)高锰酸钾氧化
将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡,然后在双氧水酸性条件下清洗,再用去离子水清洗后恒温干燥得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
更优选地,所述步骤(1)中浸泡时间为8-15min,浸泡过程在超声作用下进行,干燥温度为50-60℃,干燥时间为6-12h。
更优选地,所述步骤(2)中加热温度为300-600℃,升温速率为2-5℃/min,加热时间为 1-5h,通入氧气的流速为20-60mL/min。
更优选地,所述步骤(3)中,浸泡时间为3-60h,干燥温度为40-60℃,干燥时间为6-12 h。
更优选地,所述步骤(4)中,硼氢化钠与三氯化铝质量比为1:1-1:0.1,硼氢化钠浓度为 0.01-0.05mol/L,溶剂为四氢呋喃。
更优选地,所述步骤(4),浸泡时间为0.5-3h,干燥温度为60-80℃,干燥时间为4-12h。
更优选地,所述步骤(5)中,高锰酸钾质量浓度为5%-15%,浸泡时间为3-72h,双氧水质量浓度为10%-30%。
更优选地,所述步骤(5)中,烘干温度为50-60℃,干燥时间为6-12h。
上述任一制备方法得到的所述超级电容器用高性能碳基基底材料。
本发明经氧气高温氧化、王水以及高锰酸钾氧化后,碳布表面嵌入含氧官能团,包括羰基(C=O)、羟基(C-OH)和羧基(COOH)等。在含氧官能团的作用下,碳布基底的亲水性能增强,表面碳化程度降低,混乱度增加,为电解液中离子的进出提供便利的通道以及更多的接触位点,进而使得基底电化学性能得到提升。本发明为进一步增强这种效果,在完成氧气、王水氧化后,经过硼氢化钠还原,进一步增大其混乱度,改变基底表面特性,再经高锰酸钾氧化,使得氧化更加彻底。
本发明所述制备方法简单,采用本发明制备的碳基基底材料改善了其自身的电化学性能,优化后的碳基基材阻抗减小,亲水性能增强,基材表面混乱度增加,且具有大小不一的氧化蚀孔形貌,比容相对不做任何氧化处理的空白样增大477.7%,相对于经氧气高温氧化、再经王水氧化处理后的增大236.8%,是良好的超级电容器用碳基基材。
附图说明
图1是本发明实例1中,步骤(1)得到的碳布扫描电镜图;
图2是本发明实例1中,步骤(2)得到的碳布扫描电镜图;
图3、图4是本发明实例1中,步骤(5)得到的基材材料不同放大倍数的扫描电镜图;
图5是本发明实例1中,步骤(2)得到的碳布材料XPS图;
图6是本发明实例1中,步骤(3)得到的碳布材料XPS图;
图7是本发明实例1中,步骤(5)得到的碳布材料XPS图;
图8是本发明实例1中,步骤(5)得到的超级电容器基材材料在不同扫描速率下的循环伏安图,内圈到外圈的对应的扫描速率依次为10mV/s,20mV/s,50mV/s,100mV/s,200mV/s;
图9是本发明实例1中,步骤(1)(3)(5)得到的碳布材料在1mA/cm2下的充放电测试曲线图;
图10是本发明实例中,步骤(2)得到的材料于不同温度下及不经任何氧化处理的空白样的材料的交流阻抗图;
图11是本发明实例中,步骤(5)得到的材料在不同浸泡时间下及不经任何氧化处理的空白样的材料的交流阻抗图;
图12是本发明实例中,步骤(3)得到的基材材料在不同浸泡时间下及不经任何氧化处理的空白样在扫描速率为50mV/s下的循环伏安图,按右端峰位的高低排列的曲线依次为浸泡时间60h,48h,24h和0h。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实验过程对本发明实例作详细说明,此处所描述的实例仅仅用来解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。特此说明。
实施例1
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡15min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理10h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为2℃/min,在400℃下处理5h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为50mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡48h,再用去离子水反复清洗后置于烘箱中在60℃进行恒温干燥处理12h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡1h,硼氢化钠的浓度为 0.05mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:0.5;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥10h。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为5%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡48h,用10wt%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥12h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
图1为该实施例步骤(1)后得到的碳布的SEM图,由图可见,碳表面干净、光泽、似绸状。
图2为该实施例步骤(2)后得到的碳布的SEM图,由图可见,碳表面呈现粗糙、干涸状,表面附着白色霜状物。
图3为该实施例步骤(5)后得到的碳布的SEM图,由图可见,碳层较脆薄,碳表面附着有较多的灰白色碳碎片,表面呈现大小不一的氧化蚀孔,孔边缘呈白色卧槽状。
图4为相对于图3进一步放大的碳布的SEM图,由图可见,碳表面除白色物附着外,表面多呈现椭圆形氧化蚀孔和隧道,进一步增大碳纤维表面混乱度,增大其比表面积,进而为进一步提供电解液离子进出提供便利通道和附着位点。
图5为该实施例步骤(2)后得到的碳布的XPS图,由图可知,经氧气氧化后产生羰基(C=O)官能团。
图6为该实施例步骤(3)后得到的碳布的XPS图,由图可知,经氧气氧化后,再经王水氧化后产生羰基(C=O)和羧基(COOH)官能团。
图7为该实施例步骤(5)后得到的碳布的XPS图,由图可知,经氧气、王水氧化和硼氢化钠还原后,再经高锰酸钾氧化后产生羰基(C=O)和羟基(C-OH)官能团。
图8为该实施例步骤(5)后得到的碳布在不同扫描速率下的循环伏安图,内圈到外圈的对应的扫描速率依次为10mV/s,20mV/s,50mV/s,100mV/s,200mV/s;由图可知,随扫描速率增大,曲线围成的面积增加。图形上下对称,呈赝电容形式。
图9为该实施例步骤(1)(3)(5)后得到的碳布在电流密度为1mA/cm2下的充放电曲线图,由图可知,曲线两边对称,经步骤(5)后得到的碳布充放电时间最长;根据公式 △V(V),I(mA/cm2),△t(s)分别表示比电容,电极有效面积,电压窗口,电流密度和电极放电时间)得,经步骤(5)得到的基底电极的比电容值相对步骤(1)得到的增大477.7%,相对步骤(3)得到的增大236.8%。
实施例2
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡15min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理干燥8h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为2℃/min,在400℃下处理5h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为40mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡24h,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃进行恒温干燥处理12h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡1h,硼氢化钠的浓度为 0.02mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:0.2;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为5%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡72h,用10%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥10h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
实施例3
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡8min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理12h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为2℃/min,在500℃下处理5h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为50mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡60h,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下进行恒温干燥处理10h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡0.5h,硼氢化钠的浓度 0.01mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:1;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为5%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡24h,用10%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥8h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
实施例4
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡10min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理10h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为2℃/min,在600℃下处理4h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为40mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡12h,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下进行恒温干燥处理8h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡2h,硼氢化钠的浓度为 0.04mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:0.1;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为10%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡24h,用10%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥6h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
实施例5
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡15min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理7h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为4℃/min,在500℃下处理5h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为40mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡50h,再用去离子水反复清洗后置于烘箱中在60℃进行恒温干燥处理10h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡1h,硼氢化钠的浓度为 0.05mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:0.2;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为10%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡12h,用10%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥10h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
实施例6
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡10min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理10h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为3℃/min,在300℃下处理5h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为40mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡48h,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃进行恒温干燥处理8h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡2h,硼氢化钠的浓度为 0.03mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:0.5;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为5%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡72h,用10%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥5h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
实施例7
1)将碳布材料裁剪成大小为1cm2;然后将裁剪好的碳布用无水乙醇浸泡12min,再用去离子水清洗;最后将清洗后的基底置于恒温干燥箱中60℃恒温干燥处理12h。
2)将碳布置于管式炉,升温速率为2℃/min,在500℃下处理5h,整个过程在氧气保护下进行,通入氧气的速率为40mL/min。
3)将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡48h,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下进行恒温干燥处理6h。
4)将王水处理后的碳布置于含三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡1h,硼氢化钠的浓度 0.05mol/L,溶液中硼氢化钠与三氯化铝的质量比为1:0.4;再在超声作用下用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥。
5)将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于浓度为5%的高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡48h,用10%的双氧水清洗,再用去离子水清洗后置于烘箱中60℃下恒温干燥10h,得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基 基材。
图10为上述实施例1、3、4和6中步骤(2)后得到的碳布的交流阻抗与不经氧化处理的空白样对照图,由图可见,不做任何氧化处理的空白样阻抗最大,随着温度升高,阻抗减小,400℃、500℃、600℃的交流阻抗曲线基本重合,这主要是由于氧化后碳纤维表面生成了氧化官能团。
图11为上述实施例1、2、4和5中步骤(5)后得到的碳布的交流阻抗与不同浸泡时间及不经氧化处理的空白样对照图,由图可见,不做浸泡处理的空白样阻抗最大,随着浸泡时间延长,阻抗减小,浸泡12小时与超过12h的阻抗曲线基本重合。
图12为上述实施例1-3中步骤(3)后得到的碳布在不同浸泡时间下及不经氧化处理的空白样在扫描速率为50mV/s下的循环伏安图,由图可知,随浸泡时间延长,曲线围成的面积先增大后减小,在浸泡时间为48h时达最大。由公式C=(∫IdU)/(2vA△U)(C表示电容,I表示响应电流,v表示扫描速率,A表示电极面积,△U表示电压窗口)可知,循环伏安曲线的积分面积与电容呈正比,故在浸泡时间为48h后的电容达最大值。
以上所述,仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明做任何形式上的限定。凡本领域的技术人员利用本发明的技术方案对上述实施例作出的任何等同的变动、修饰或演变等,均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (8)
1.一种超级电容器用高性能碳基基材的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)碳布材料预处理
首先,将碳布用无水乙醇浸泡,再用去离子水清洗,将清洗后的碳布进行恒温干燥处理;
(2)氧气氧化
对碳布进行加热处理,整个加热过程在氧气保护下进行;
(3)王水浸泡
将氧化后的碳布置于王水中浸泡,再用去离子水清洗后进行恒温干燥处理;
(4)硼氢化钠浸泡还原
将王水浸泡后的碳布置于含有三氯化铝的硼氢化钠溶液中浸泡,再用去离子水在超声作用下清洗后干燥;
(5)高锰酸钾氧化
将硼氢化钠处理后的碳布置于高锰酸钾溶液中浸泡,然后在双氧水酸性条件下清洗,再用去离子水清洗后恒温干燥得到所述超级电容器用高性能碳基基材;
所述步骤(2)中加热温度为300-600℃,升温速率为2-5℃/min ,加热时间为1-5h,通入氧气的流速为20-60mL/min。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中浸泡时间为8-15min,浸泡过程在超声作用下进行,干燥温度为50-60℃,干燥时间为6-12 h。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,浸泡时间为3-60h,干燥温度为40-60℃,干燥时间为6-12 h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,硼氢化钠与三氯化铝质量比为1:1-1:0.1,硼氢化钠浓度为0.01-0.05mol/L,溶剂为四氢呋喃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,浸泡时间为0.5-3h,干燥温度为60-80℃,干燥时间为4-12 h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中,高锰酸钾质量浓度为5%-15%,浸泡时间为3-72h,双氧水的质量浓度为10%-30%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中,干燥温度为50-60℃,干燥时间为6-12 h。
8.权利要求1-7任一项所述制备方法制备得到的超级电容器用高性能碳基基底材料。
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