CN110278859B - Efficient and economical soilless culture method for hot pepper - Google Patents
Efficient and economical soilless culture method for hot pepper Download PDFInfo
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- CN110278859B CN110278859B CN201910013669.7A CN201910013669A CN110278859B CN 110278859 B CN110278859 B CN 110278859B CN 201910013669 A CN201910013669 A CN 201910013669A CN 110278859 B CN110278859 B CN 110278859B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
- A01G31/02—Special apparatus therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
Abstract
The invention relates to an efficient and economical pepper soilless culture method which comprises 3 aspects of setting of soilless culture substrate grooves, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and plant management. The soilless culture substrate groove comprises a rectangular substrate groove, drain holes are formed in the bottom of the substrate groove and the middle upper parts of the two walls of the groove, and a plurality of parallel hanging bolts are arranged on notches of the two walls of the substrate groove; according to the soilless culture substrate groove, the defects that the water retention of substrate bag culture is poor, and the culture temperature and the water and fertilizer application amount are not easy to control are overcome, the culture program can be simplified by matching with plant management, and the utilization rate of a culture space is improved; on the basis, the water and fertilizer integration technology is applied to realize accurate control of irrigation and fertilization, so that the supply of rich water is matched with the growth demand of plants, the water and fertilizer utilization rate of pepper cultivation is improved, the high yield potential of pepper is fully exerted, the yield and the quality are improved, and the development of pepper industrialization is promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to an efficient and economical soilless culture method for hot peppers.
Background
The hot pepper is rich in nutrition, spicy and delicious, is one of main vegetables which are favorite by consumers, has multiple purposes and huge demand, needs annual production and supply, and has a large proportion in vegetable cultivation. The peppers are sensitive to temperature, water and fertilizer, and the requirements of the peppers at different stages of the whole growth period are different. Water and fertilizer management and plant management are always key points in the production process of the facility peppers and are links which are time-consuming, labor-consuming and difficult to control. Poor management of pepper plants or extensive management of water and fertilizer can cause imbalance of reproductive growth and vegetative growth, deterioration of plant growth environment, increase of production cost and reduction of benefit.
Continuous cropping is forbidden for hot pepper, and the hot pepper can not be continuously cropped with other family crops such as eggplant, tomato, potato and the like, and soilless culture is more used in facility culture, and substrate culture is mainly used. The soilless culture substrate bags used in the market have a plurality of advantages, but the soilless culture substrate bags have poor water retention and high water consumption, the temperature and humidity of different parts are unstable and unbalanced, the use rule of fertilizer and water is not easy to master, and the fertilizer and water are pain points in pepper culture. The pepper plants are difficult to manage, the use of the substrate bag can not simplify the cultivation management procedure of the tomatoes, and the investment in plant management is still large; moreover, the water and fertilizer integration technology is developed and popularized, and the plant management method needs to be improved to better exploit the production potential of the peppers. Based on the above, a new pepper soilless culture method is needed, which can improve and avoid the defects of the matrix bag, match with the large trend of water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and irrigation, improve the utilization rate of the water and fertilizer, simplify the management procedure of pepper culture, reduce the production cost, increase the income and promote the rapid development of the pepper industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an efficient and economical pepper soilless culture method, which comprises 3 aspects of soilless culture substrate groove arrangement, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and plant management, can simplify pepper culture management procedures, reduce production cost, increase income and promote rapid development of pepper industry.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an efficient and economical pepper soilless culture method comprises 3 aspects of setting of soilless culture substrate grooves, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and plant management;
the soilless culture substrate groove comprises a rectangular substrate groove, drain holes are formed in the groove bottom of the substrate groove and the middle upper portion of the two walls of the groove, a plurality of parallel side-by-side hanging bolts are arranged on notches of the two walls of the substrate groove, the substrate groove is hung on side-by-side pull ropes with hooks at the lower ends, a plurality of parallel equidistant transverse fixing ropes are fixed in the middle of the side-by-side pull ropes, the upper ends of the side-by-side pull ropes are connected with a rotating rod, the substrate groove can be controlled to move and lift through the rotating rod, and a water and fertilizer integrated pipeline is arranged above the substrate groove;
the depth of the substrate groove is 30-50 cm, the width of the groove is 30-40 cm, the interval between the groove bottom and a groove wall drain hole is 1-1.5 m, and the height of the groove wall drain hole is 75% of the groove depth;
the specific method for the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization comprises the following steps:
1) before field planting: in N12 wt% + P2O5 26 wt%+K2Fertilizing for 1 time by using O12 wt% and TE 50wt%, wherein the fertilizing amount is 10-12 kg/667m2And the amount of water used is 16-18 kg/m3Irrigating;
2) planting to blooming: with N20 wt% + P2O5 10wt%+K2Fertilizing for 2 times by using 20wt% of O and 50wt% of TE, wherein the fertilizing amount is 2.5-3 kg/667m2And the amount of water used is 7-9 kg/m3Irrigating;
3) flowering-fruit setting: with N20 wt% + P2O5 10wt%+K2Fertilizing for 2 times by using 20wt% of O and 50wt% of TE, wherein the fertilizing amount is 3-4 kg/667m2And the water consumption is 10-12 kg/m3Irrigating;
4) and (3) harvesting: with N22 wt% + P2O5 4wt%+K2O24 wt% + TE 50wt% and N16 wt% + P2O5 16wt%+K2Fertilizing for 5 times by using 18wt% of O and 50wt% of TE, and fertilizing balance fertilizer after two times of high potassium fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount is 4-5 kg/667m2And the water consumption is 8-9 kg/m3Irrigating;
wherein N is from potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, P2O5Is derived fromCalcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, K2O is from potassium nitrate and potassium sulfate;
the plant management is specifically performed as follows:
(1) preparing grafted seedlings: cultivating a scion seedling and a stock seedling of the hot pepper, cutting an upper tip of the stock, cutting a cut of the stock, embedding the scion seedling and the stock, fixing the scion seedling and the stock by using a grafting clamp, and placing the grafted seedling in a phytotron to promote wound healing;
(2) pruning and leading vines: after the grafted seedlings are planted in the cultivation grooves, two bearing branches are selected and remained, other side branches are completely cut off, and the two bearing branches are respectively pulled to pull ropes on two walls of the cultivation grooves; when the vines are guided, the two resultant main branches are ensured to grow along the pull ropes to form a V shape, the included angle between the two main branches and the vertical line of the horizontal plane is 30 degrees, and the included angle between the two main branches is 60 degrees, so that the space is better utilized and the illumination is better received;
(3) plant type maintenance: the pepper plants grow vigorously, and also have lateral branches to germinate after field planting, during flowering and before the fruits are hung up, and other lateral buds are completely removed in order to maintain the growth of the two main branches of the pepper according to the V shape; meanwhile, in order to keep the ventilation and the light transmission in the plant interior and promote the fruit ripening, the over-dense branches are properly cut by suction, and the foot leaves and the old leaves in the inner chamber are removed;
(4) flower and fruit management: early flower thinning can be carried out simultaneously with plant maintenance; after the flowers in the right 4 bloom, if green peppers need to be picked, picking in time is needed to increase later-stage fruit bearing and improve yield; if the red pepper needs to be adopted, flower thinning and fruit thinning can be properly carried out, the phenomena that the fruit drops down and the plant growth vigor is reduced are prevented, and the early maturity of the red pepper is promoted.
The pepper includes one of conical pepper, whorl pepper, yellow pepper, lantern pepper and cherry pepper.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the soilless culture substrate groove can overcome the defects that the substrate bag culture has poor water retention and the culture temperature and the water and fertilizer application amount are not easy to control, can also be matched with plant management to simplify the culture procedure and improve the utilization rate of a culture space; the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization can accurately control irrigation and fertilization, so that the fertilizer and water supply is matched with the plant growth demand, the water and fertilizer utilization rate of pepper cultivation is improved, the high yield potential of pepper cultivation is fully exerted, and the yield and the quality are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a soilless culture substrate groove;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the growth pattern of the peppers in the soilless culture substrate trough;
in the figure: 1-substrate groove, 2-hanging bolt, 3-side-by-side pull rope, 4-transverse fixing rope, 5-groove bottom drain hole, 6-groove wall drain hole, 7-rotating rod, 8-water and fertilizer integrated pipeline, 9-fruiting branch, 10-pepper and 11-culture substrate.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
An efficient and economical soilless culture method for hot peppers comprises 3 aspects of setting of soilless culture substrate grooves, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and plant management.
The soilless culture substrate groove comprises a rectangular substrate groove 1, the depth of the substrate groove is 40 cm, the width of the groove is 30 cm, drain holes are formed in the upper middle portions of two walls of the groove bottom and the groove of the substrate groove 1, the interval between the groove bottom and the drain holes of the groove wall is 1 m, the height of the drain holes of the groove wall is 30 cm, a plurality of parallel side-by-side hanging bolts 2 are arranged on two wall notches of the substrate groove 1, the substrate groove 1 is hung on a side-by-side pull rope 3 with a hook at the lower end, a plurality of parallel equidistant transverse fixing ropes 4 are fixed in the middle of the side-by-side pull rope 3, a rotating rod 7 is connected to the upper end of the side-by-side pull rope 3, the substrate groove can be controlled to move and lift through the rotating rod 7, and a water and fertilizer integrated pipeline 8 is arranged above the substrate groove 1.
The formula of the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization is as follows:
wherein N is from potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, P2O5Derived from calcium superphosphate, sodium phosphate, K2O is from potassium nitrate or potassium sulfate.
The plant management is specifically performed as follows:
(1) preparing grafted seedlings: the method comprises the following steps of cultivating a scion seedling and a stock seedling of hot pepper, cutting off a scion top of a grafted seedling after the grafted seedling grows out lateral buds, cutting off the top of the stock from the lower part of a stem to form a new scion, cutting off the top of the stock and cutting a cut of the stock, embedding the scion seedling and the stock and fixing the scion seedling and the stock by using a grafting clamp, and placing the grafted seedling in a phytotron to promote wound healing;
(2) pruning and leading vines: after the grafted seedlings are planted in the cultivation grooves, two bearing branches are selected and remained, other side branches are completely cut off, and the two bearing branches are respectively pulled to pull ropes on two walls of the cultivation grooves; when the vines are guided, the two resultant main branches are ensured to grow along the pull ropes to form a V shape, the included angle between the two main branches and the vertical line of the horizontal plane is 30 degrees, and the included angle between the two main branches is 60 degrees, so that the space is better utilized and the illumination is better received;
(3) plant type maintenance: the pepper plants grow vigorously, and also have lateral branches to germinate after field planting, during flowering and before the fruits are hung up, and other lateral buds are completely removed in order to maintain the growth of the two main branches of the pepper according to the V shape; meanwhile, in order to keep the ventilation and the light transmission in the inner chamber of the plant and promote the fruit coloring, the dense branches are properly cut by suction, and the foot leaves and the old leaves in the inner chamber are removed.
(4) Flower and fruit management: early flower thinning can be carried out simultaneously with plant maintenance; after the flowers in the right 4 bloom, if green peppers need to be picked, picking in time is needed to increase later-stage fruit bearing and improve yield; if the red pepper needs to be adopted, flower thinning and fruit thinning can be properly carried out, the fruit falling and seedling falling and plant growth decline are prevented, and the early red ripening of the red pepper is promoted.
The first embodiment is as follows:
the main-cultivated pepper 'Liangjian' is taken as a test variety, the soilless culture facilities respectively adopt a substrate bag and a soilless culture substrate groove provided by the invention, and the culture substrate adopts a common coconut husk composite substrate; the adopted water and fertilizer integrated fertilization formula for soilless culture of hot pepper is shown in Table 2, 50% water soluble fertilizer is recommended as an example, and the total amount of fertilization in the growth period is 53 kg (667 m)2)-1(ii) a In plant management, the seedling is grafted with hot pepper, and the whole branch is used for leading tendrils and the plant type is maintainedThe operation procedures of the flower and fruit management are the same.
The yield and quality of the pepper cultivated by the substrate bag and the soilless culture substrate groove provided by the invention are shown in the table 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, compared with the substrate bag cultivation, the Vc, soluble solid and capsaicin contents of the pepper cultivated by the soilless culture substrate groove provided by the invention are improved to a certain extent, and the weight and yield of a single fruit are remarkably improved by 1.09 and 1.11 times respectively. Compared with the substrate bag, the soilless culture substrate groove provided by the invention can improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer to promote yield increase and has a certain improvement effect on fruit quality.
Example two:
the main-cultivated pepper 'Liangjian' is taken as a test variety, the soilless culture facility adopts the soilless culture substrate groove provided by the invention, and the culture substrate adopts a common coconut husk composite substrate. The average fertilization (traditional fertilization) method and the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method adopted by the fertilization method respectively have the total fertilization amount of 53 kg (667 m) in the growth period2)-1The specific fertilization formula of the water and fertilizer integration is shown in table 2. In plant management, pepper grafted seedlings are adopted as the cultivated seedlings, and the operation procedures of pruning and tendril leading, plant type maintaining, flower and fruit management and the like are the same.
The yield and quality of the pepper cultivated by the average fertilization method and the water and fertilizer integrated formula fertilization method provided by the invention are shown in table 4.
As can be seen from table 4, compared with the average fertilization method, the Vc, soluble solids and capsaicin contents of the pepper cultivated by the water and fertilizer integrated formula fertilization method provided by the present invention are respectively increased by 1.24, 1.23 and 1.11 times, while the single fruit weight and yield are also significantly increased by 1.11 and 1.14 times. Compared with an average fertilization method, the water and fertilizer integrated formula fertilization method provided by the invention is more in line with the water and fertilizer requirements of each stage of the growth and development of the hot pepper, can give full play to the high yield potential of the hot pepper, and can improve the fruit quality.
Example three:
the main-cultivated pepper 'Liangjian' is taken as a test variety, the soilless culture facility adopts the soilless culture substrate groove provided by the invention, and the culture substrate adopts a common coconut husk composite substrate; the adopted water and fertilizer integrated fertilization formula for soilless culture of hot pepper is shown in Table 2, 50% water soluble fertilizer is recommended as an example, and the total amount of fertilization in the growth period is 53 kg (667 m)2)-1(ii) a In plant management, pepper grafted seedlings are adopted as cultivated seedlings, ordinary two branches and V-shaped branches provided by the invention are adopted for pruning and leading vines respectively, and the subsequent operation procedures of plant type maintenance, flower and fruit management and the like are the same.
The yield and quality of the pepper cultivated by the common two-trunk pruning and the V-shaped pruning method provided by the invention are shown in Table 5.
As can be seen from table 5, compared with the common two-trunk pruning, the weight and yield of the single pepper cultivated by the V-shaped pruning method provided by the present invention are respectively increased by 1.02 and 1.03 times, while the content of Vc, soluble solids and capsaicin are more significantly increased by 1.18, 1.14 and 1.05 times. This shows that the V-shaped pruning mode provided by the invention has more reasonable plant configuration compared with the common two-trunk pruning, and can promote the yield and increase the income and improve the fruit quality.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. An efficient and economical soilless culture method for hot pepper is characterized in that: the method comprises 3 aspects of setting of a soilless culture substrate groove, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization and plant management;
the soilless culture substrate groove comprises a rectangular substrate groove, drain holes are formed in the groove bottom of the substrate groove and the middle upper portion of the two walls of the groove, a plurality of parallel and side-by-side hanging bolts are arranged on notches of the two walls of the substrate groove, the substrate groove is hung on side-by-side pull ropes with hooks at the lower ends, a plurality of parallel and equidistant transverse fixing ropes are fixed in the middle of the side-by-side pull ropes, the upper ends of the side-by-side pull ropes are connected with rotating rods, and a water and fertilizer integrated pipeline is arranged above the substrate groove;
the specific method for the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization comprises the following steps:
1) before field planting: in N12 wt% + P2O5 26 wt%+K2Fertilizing for 1 time by using O12 wt% and TE 50wt%, wherein the fertilizing amount is 10-12 kg/667m2And the amount of water used is 16-18 kg/m3Irrigating;
2) planting to blooming: with N20 wt% + P2O5 10wt%+K2Fertilizing for 2 times by using 20wt% of O and 50wt% of TE, wherein the fertilizing amount is 3-4.5 kg/667m2And the amount of water used is 7-9 kg/m3Irrigating;
3) flowering-fruit setting: with N20 wt% + P2O5 10wt%+K2Fertilizing for 2 times by using 20wt% of O and 50wt% of TE, wherein the fertilizing amount is 4.5-6 kg/667m2And the water consumption is 10-12 kg/m3Irrigating;
4) and (3) harvesting: with N22 wt% + P2O5 4wt%+K2O24 wt% + TE 50wt% and N16 wt% + P2O5 16wt%+K2Fertilizing for 5 times by using 18wt% of O and 50wt% of TE, and fertilizing balance fertilizer after two times of high potassium fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount is 4-5 kg/667m2And the water consumption is 8-9 kg/m3Irrigating;
the plant management comprises the steps of graft seedling preparation, branch pruning and vine leading, plant type maintenance and flower and fruit management, and the specific operations are as follows:
(1) preparing grafted seedlings: cultivating a scion seedling and a stock seedling of the hot pepper, cutting an upper tip of the stock, cutting a cut of the stock, embedding the scion seedling and the stock, fixing the scion seedling and the stock by using a grafting clamp, and placing the grafted seedling in a phytotron to promote wound healing;
(2) pruning and leading vines: after the grafted seedlings are planted in the cultivation grooves, two bearing branches are selected and remained, other side branches are completely cut off, and the two bearing branches are respectively pulled to pull ropes on two walls of the cultivation grooves; when the vines are guided, two main branches with the results are ensured to grow along the pull rope to form a V shape, so that the space is better utilized and the illumination is received;
(3) plant type maintenance: the pepper plants grow vigorously, and also have lateral branches to germinate after field planting, during flowering and before the fruits are hung up, and other lateral buds are completely removed in order to maintain the growth of the two main branches of the pepper according to the V shape; meanwhile, in order to keep the inner chamber of the plant ventilated and transparent and promote the coloring of fruits, appropriate suction and shearing are carried out on the excessively dense branches, and the foot leaves and the inner chamber old leaves are removed;
(4) flower and fruit management: early flower thinning and plant maintenance are carried out simultaneously; after the 4 th branched flowers bloom, if green peppers need to be picked, picking in time is carried out to increase later-stage fruit bearing and improve yield; if the red peppers need to be picked, flower thinning and fruit thinning are carried out appropriately, so that seedling falling of fruits and decline of plant growth are prevented, and early maturity of the red peppers is promoted;
the depth of the substrate groove is 30-50 cm, the width of the groove is 30-40 cm, the interval between the groove bottom and a groove wall drain hole is 1-1.5 m, and the height of the groove wall drain hole is 75% of the groove depth;
and (3) growing the two main branches of the hot pepper in the step (2) into a V shape, wherein the included angle between the two main branches and the vertical line of the horizontal plane is 30 degrees, and the included angle between the two main branches is 60 degrees.
2. The efficient and economical soilless culture method for hot pepper as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the pepper comprises one of conical peppers, whorl peppers, yellow pepper, lantern peppers and cherry peppers.
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