CN110205831A - 一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN110205831A
CN110205831A CN201910484814.XA CN201910484814A CN110205831A CN 110205831 A CN110205831 A CN 110205831A CN 201910484814 A CN201910484814 A CN 201910484814A CN 110205831 A CN110205831 A CN 110205831A
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heat
layer
refrigeration
retardant
proof
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CN110205831B (zh
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朱方龙
胡丹丹
冯倩倩
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Huizhou University
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Huizhou University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革及其制备方法。本发明的合成革包括面层、致冷层、热反射层、中间层以及基质层，其中，面层具有防水防晒并屏蔽紫外线的作用，致冷层具有隔热致冷的作用，热反射层可对太阳光的波段的近红外光进行反射以达到热反射作用，中间层可实现阻燃的效果，而基质层具有较好的阻燃性及反射太阳光的能力。本发明的合成革具备了包括阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的多种功能，并将防晒功能与隔热功能运用多层结构进行功能分担，克服了现有篷布的阻燃、隔热、防晒效果差等性能不足与缺陷，应用领域广阔。本发明的制备方法能耗低，易于实现，有利于阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的大规模生产。

Description

一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革及其制备 方法
技术领域
本发明涉及合成革及其制备技术领域，具体涉及一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革及其制备方法。
背景技术
篷盖布是通过在织物(即基布)上覆盖一层或多层高分子涂层剂或其他材料而制得的一种复合材料，是纺织品中传统的大类产品，广泛用于遮阳篷、帐篷、农业盖布及军事装备防护领域。随着经济发展，篷盖布应用领域不断扩大，并且逐渐向阻燃、防晒、隔热、致冷、防水等多功能化方向发展。
为了提高基布的平整度，现有的篷盖布涂层一般先将基布经过轧光整理，使织物屈曲波度减小，然后再进行涂层，以使涂层面平整，利于获得镜面反射。然而，运用轧光技术对织物轧平的缺陷是涂层膜易于与织物基布剥离。
另外，为了获得篷盖布的防晒功能，常用方法是在盖布用革的表面层浆料(PEA、PU或PVC浆料)中添加纳米ZnO粉体及纳米钛白粉体等，以对入射太阳光进行反射，并且提高涂层材料的耐气候性。由此带来的问题是表面层直接与环境接触，表面层易老化变脆，造成其防晒性能下降；浆料成膜树脂中含有大量C-O-C、C＝O、--OH等吸热基团，透明度低，易于吸收可见光和近红外线，造成表面层涂层表面温度上升过快；而且，表面层浆料中还存在包括防泼水剂的其它助剂，这些助剂会影响单个助剂的功能实现。
并且，交通工具如汽车、摩托车、电动自行车，尤其是摩托车、电动车等，其坐垫皮革需要防水防晒隔热功能。现有的全黑色皮套不防晒，在烈日灼晒下，致其温度快速升高，造成骑行的不舒适，影响安全。现有坐垫套是采用在基布是覆铝膜形成具有热反射功能的涂层，其缺陷是易产生裂纹破损。因此，亟需在现有合成革的技术基础上，发展可以反射太阳辐射热的隔热防晒新型篷盖用布合成革材料，拓宽其应用范围及领域。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术中存在的缺陷或不足，提供了一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。本发明的合成革包括面层、致冷层、热反射层、中间层以及基质层，其中，面层具有防水防晒并屏蔽紫外线的作用，致冷层具有隔热致冷的作用，热反射层可对太阳光的波段的近红外光进行反射以达到热反射作用，中间层可实现阻燃的效果，而基质层具有较好的阻燃性及反射太阳光的能力。本发明的合成革具备了包括阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的多种功能，并将防晒功能与隔热功能运用多层结构进行功能分担，克服了现有篷布的阻燃、隔热、防晒效果差等性能不足与缺陷，应用领域广阔。
本发明的目的还在于提供一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法。
本发明的目的通过如下技术方案实现。
一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革，由上至下依次包括面层、致冷层、热反射层、中间层以及基质层；所述基质层由基布及其上表面的阻燃纳米膜层构成。
一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
S1、将基布进行清洗除杂；
S2、通过静电纺丝将本质阻燃聚合物喷涂于基布上，在基布上形成阻燃纳米膜层，得到由基布及其上表面的阻燃纳米膜层构成的基质层；
S3、在基质层的阻燃纳米膜层的表面上涂覆单组份聚氨酯溶液，烘干，得到中间层；
S4、对中间层的表面进行表面银化，形成热反射层；
S5、将致冷层的成膜混合物流延涂覆在热反射层的表面上成膜，形成致冷层；
S6、将面层的成膜混合物流延涂覆在致冷层的表面上成膜，形成面层；
S7、对形成的面层、致冷层及热反射层进行覆膜热压贴合，得到所述阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。
优选的，所述基布为选自包括机织布、针织布或经编双轴向织布，且经纬纱选自包括纯棉纱线、涤纶长丝、芳纶长丝和锦纶长丝中的一种或一种以上的混纺纱线。
优选的，S1中，所述清洗除杂是将基布浸入8～10g/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中，经40～60℃水浴搅拌下浸泡10～15min后，取出，去离子水冲洗。
优选的，S2中，所述本质阻燃聚合物选自包括聚苯二甲酰苯二胺(PMIA)或聚酰亚胺(PI)。
更优选的，所述本质阻燃聚合物选自芳纶1313。
优选的，S2中，所述静电纺丝的静电压为10～25kV，接收距离为10～25cm。利用静电纺丝成型技术将本质阻燃聚合物喷涂于基布上，形成光滑表面，能有效弥补基布表面平整度低的不足；而且，还可赋予基布优异的热稳定性及高成炭性，保护基布不被进一步热分解燃烧。
更优选的，S2中，所述静电纺丝的静电压为10～16kV，接收距离为12～18cm。
优选的，S3中，所述单组份聚氨酯溶液，按质量份数计，包含：单组份聚氨酯8～12份，N，N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMAc，Dimethylacetamide)25～30份，阻燃剂10～15份，柔软剂3～5份。
更优选的，所述阻燃剂选自包括氮磷系膨胀型无卤阻燃剂。
更优选的，所述柔软剂选自包括叔胺盐型阳离子柔软剂、季胺盐型阳离子柔软剂或酰胺型阳离子柔软剂。
优选的，S4中，所述表面银化为在所述中间层的表面上涂覆形成银铝化涂层或沉积银纳米线。
更优选的，S4中，所述表面银化为在所述中间层的表面上沉积银纳米线，包括：
S41、将诱导剂溶于多元醇，配制得到还原液；将硝酸银溶于多元醇，配制得到氧化液；将分散剂溶于多元醇，配制得到底液；
S42、取还原液、氧化液以及底液，其中底液于150～180℃加热10～30min后，将还原液及氧化液依次加入，静置反应0.5～2h，得到银纳米纤维沉淀物；
S43、过滤，将银纳米纤维沉淀物溶于异丙醇，形成分散液；将形成有中间层的基布于分散液中浸渍8～16次，每次浸渍时间为2～4min，且每次浸渍完毕后取出并于40～80℃真空烘干，完成在中间层的表面沉积银纳米线。
更进一步优选的，所述还原液的浓度为3.0～4.5g/L，所述氧化液的浓度为8.0～14.0g/L，所述底液的浓度为30.0～45.0g/L；所述还原液、氧化液及底液的用量体积比1:1:1。
更进一步优选的，所述诱导剂选自包括氯化钠、氯化铜、氯化铁或氯化银。
更进一步优选的，所述多元醇选自包括乙二醇或丙三醇。
更进一步优选的，所述分散剂选自包括聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)。
更进一步优选的，所述浸渍的总用时为30～60min。
优选的，S5中，所述致冷层的成膜混合物，按质量份数计，包含：基材颗粒物100份，致孔剂2～4份，致冷型纳米粒子6～10份。
更优选的，所述基材颗粒物选自包括聚乙烯(PE)颗粒或尼龙(PA，聚酰胺)颗粒。
更优选的，所述致孔剂选自包括木粉、碳酸钙粉体、超细蛋白粉体或改性纤维素粉体。
更优选的，所述致冷型纳米粒子选自包括SiO2纳米粒子，或SiO2纳米粒子与ZnO纳米粒子按质量比3～4:1～2复配的纳米粒子，或SiO2纳米粒子与Al2O3纳米粒子按质量比3～4:1～2复配的纳米粒子。
更优选的，所述致冷型纳米粒子的粒径为4～7μm。致冷型纳米粒子在大气红外窗口(8～14μm)具有较高的辐射率，可将合成革下的热量通过向大气空间辐射卸载，达到致冷降温的目的。
优选的，所述流延涂覆为：将致冷型纳米粒子的混合物加入高速搅拌机中，于100～180℃搅拌混匀后，转移至流延机并在热反射层的表面上流延成膜。
优选的，S6中，所述面层的成膜混合物，按质量份数计，包含：基材颗粒物100份，泼水剂2～6份，致孔剂2～6份，氧化锡锑纳米粉体(ATO纳米粉体)2～6份。
更优选的，所述基材颗粒物选自包括聚乙烯颗粒或尼龙颗粒。
更优选的，所述泼水剂选自包括有机硅型防水剂或有机氟型防水剂。
更优选的，所述致孔剂选自包括木粉、碳酸钙粉体、超细蛋白粉体或改性纤维素粉体。
优选的，所述流延涂覆为：将防水防晒颗粒的混合物加入高速搅拌机中，于100～180℃搅拌混匀后，转移至流延机并在致冷层的表面上流延成膜。
优选的，S7中，所述覆膜热压贴合的温度为120～250℃，压力为0.5～1.5kg/cm2，时间为10～20s。
更优选的，S7中，所述覆膜热压贴合的温度为130～150℃。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下优点和有益效果：
(1)本发明的合成革包括面层、致冷层、热反射层、中间层以及基质层，其中，面层具有防水防晒并屏蔽紫外线的作用，致冷层具有隔热致冷的作用，热反射层可对太阳光的波段的近红外光进行反射以达到热反射作用，中间层可实现阻燃的效果，而基质层具有较好的阻燃性及反射太阳光的能力；从而使该合成革具备了包括阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的多种功能，并将防晒功能与隔热功能运用多层结构进行功能分担，克服了现有篷布的阻燃、隔热、防晒效果差等性能不足与缺陷。
(2)本发明的合成革中，面层的基材采用透明聚合物PE或聚合物PA，PE和PA的分子链中均不含或少含包括C-O-C、C＝O、--OH的吸热基团，使面层对太阳光中的红外线没有或很少吸收，而未经吸收的太阳光线入射到热反射层表面又会直接被热发射层反射，被反射的光线不会被面层阻挡或吸收，从而有效避免面层的温度升高过快；而致冷层的致冷型纳米粒子在大气红外辐射窗口具有很高的辐射率，能将篷布内部的热量通过辐射卸载到大气中，从而达到致冷效果；同时，面层中的ATO纳米粉体又能很好的吸收屏蔽太阳光中的紫外线，起到防晒耐气候的功效；如此，使整体合成革具有良好的选择辐射性。
(3)本发明的合成革中，热反射层采用聚氨酯铝银浆涂层或沉积银纳米线形成，粘结牢度高，不易剥离，且透湿汽性好，手感柔软。
(4)本发明制备阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的方法能耗低，易于实现，有利于阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的大规模工业化生产。
(5)本发明制备阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的方法中，直接在基布上通过静电纺丝制备阻燃纳米膜层，不仅有利于提高基布的阻燃性，还有利于提高基布的表面平整度，从而提升后续涂层的整体表面光滑度，进而提高整体合成革反射太阳光线的能力。
(6)本发明的合成革可应用于各类遮阳篷、隔热帐篷、汽车防晒隔热罩等需隔热防热的产品，并可进一步应用于摩托车或电动自行车等隔热坐垫皮套，应用领域广阔。
附图说明
图1为本发明的阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的结构示意图；
附图标注：1-面层，2-致冷层，3-热反射层，4-中间层，5-基质层，51-基布，52-阻燃纳米膜层。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例及附图对本发明的方案作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的保护范围及实施方式不限于此。在本发明实施例的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“上”、“下”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，或者是该发明产品使用时惯常摆放的方位或位置关系，或者仅用于区分描述，仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制，更不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。
参见图1所示，为本发明的阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的结构示意图。该合成革由上至下依次包括面层1、致冷层2、热反射层3、中间层4以及基质层5，其中，基质层5由基布51及其上表面的阻燃纳米膜层52构成。
其中，面层1具有防水防晒并屏蔽紫外线的作用，致冷层2具有隔热致冷的作用；热反射层3为红外热反射层，可对太阳光的波段的近红外光进行反射以达到热反射作用；中间层4可实现阻燃的效果，而基质层5具有较好的阻燃性及反射太阳光的能力。如此，使该合成革具备了包括阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的多种功能，并将防晒功能与隔热功能运用多层结构进行功能分担，克服了现有篷布的阻燃、隔热、防晒效果差等性能不足与缺陷。
实施例1
阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备，基布选用100％涤纶纤维的机织布(经纬纱原料为涤纶丝，经纬纱规格为30tex，经密为280根/10cm，纬纱为200根/10cm)，包括如下步骤：
S1、将基布浸入8g/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中，水浴加热至60℃，磁力搅拌10min，取出基布，用于去离子水冲洗，去除基布表面杂质。
S2、选取芳纶1313纤维并进行真空干燥，而后置于DMAc/LiCl(质量比91：9)离子液体中，在60℃温度下磁力搅拌加热6小时，直至完全溶解，形成纺丝液，真空脱泡后注入静电纺丝装置，以垫覆了锡箔的基布为接收装置，进行静电纺丝成毡，纺丝电压为12kV，接收距离为25cm，在基布上制得厚度为62μm的PMIA纳米膜。
S3、恒温磁力搅拌条件下，按质量份数计，将12份单组份聚氨酯、12份阻燃剂(阻燃剂TCEP)、5份柔软剂(双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)依次加入至30份N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，完全溶解后，制得单组份聚氨酯溶液B；
用刮刀将聚氨酯溶液B涂覆于PMIA纳米膜上，刮涂厚度为105μm，烘干，得到中间层。
S4、对中间层表面通过涂覆形成银铝化涂层，进行表面银化。恒温磁力搅拌条件下，按质量份数计，将12份单组份聚氨酯、12份阻燃剂(阻燃剂TCEP)、5份柔软剂(双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)依次加入到30份N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，完全溶解后，制得单组份聚氨酯溶液A；
恒温磁力搅拌条件下，按质量份数计，将15份铝银浆(涂层用高亮细白铝银浆，粒径6μm)加入到30份甲乙酮中，得到铝银浆溶液；
恒温磁力搅拌条件下，将单组份聚氨酯溶液A加入铝银浆溶液中，得到聚氨酯铝银浆溶胶；用刮刀将聚氨酯铝银浆溶胶涂覆在中间层上，烘干，得到厚度12μm的红外热反射层。
S5、按质量份数计，将聚乙烯颗粒100份、致孔剂(微米级木粉)2份以及SiO2纳米粒子(6μm)10份加入到高速搅拌机中，于180℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在红外热反射层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为90μm，形成致冷层。
S6、按质量份数计，将聚乙烯颗粒100份、泼水剂(防水防油剂AG-E710C)4份、致孔剂(超细羊毛蛋白粉体)4份以及ATO粉体(粒径15～30nm，摩尔比SnO2：Sb2O3＝9：1)4份加入高速搅拌机中，于100℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在致冷层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为83μm，形成面层。
S7、将面层、致冷层以及红外热反射层覆膜热压贴合，其中，热压温度为130℃，热压压力为1.5kg/cm2，热压15s，制备得到阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。
实施例2
阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备，基布选用100％棉纶纤维的机织布(经纬纱原料为纯棉纱，经纬纱规格为28tex，经密为210根/10cm，纬纱为150根/10cm)，包括如下步骤：
S1、将基布浸入10g/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中，水浴加热至50℃，磁力搅拌12min，取出基布，用于去离子水冲洗，去除基布表面杂质。
S2、选取芳纶1313纤维并进行真空干燥，而后置于DMAc/LiCl(质量比91：9)离子液体中，在60℃温度下磁力搅拌加热6小时，直至完全溶解，形成纺丝液，真空脱泡后注入静电纺丝装置，以垫覆了锡箔的基布为接收装置，进行静电纺丝成毡，纺丝电压为16kV，接收距离为16cm，在基布上制得厚度为36μm的PMIA纳米膜。
S3、恒温磁力搅拌条件下，按质量份数计，将12份单组份聚氨酯、12份阻燃剂(APP/TPE，多磷酸铵/三季戊四醇)、5份月桂酸咪唑啉季铵盐柔软剂依次加入至30份N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，完全溶解后，制得单组份聚氨酯溶液；
用刮刀将聚氨酯溶液涂覆于PMIA纳米膜上，刮涂厚度为115μm，烘干，得到中间层。
S4、将硝酸银溶于乙二醇，配制得到10.0g/L的氧化液；将PVP加入到乙二醇中，配制得到40.0g/L的底液；将氯化铜加入到乙二醇中，配制得到4.0g/L的还原液；
选取10mL底液，在160℃加热15min后，依次加入10mL还原液及10mL氧化液，继续反应1h，获得纳米银纤维沉淀物；
而后，将纳米银纤维沉淀物溶于40mL异丙醇中，形成分散液，将形成有中间层的基布于分散液中浸渍10次，每次浸渍时间3分钟，每次浸渍完毕后取出并在60℃真空干燥，完成中间层的表面银化，在中间层的表面形成厚度10μm的红外热反射层。
S5、按质量份数计，将聚乙烯颗粒100份、致孔剂(改性纤维素粉体)4份以及SiO2纳米粒子(6μm)8份加入到高速搅拌机中，于160℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在红外热反射层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为120μm，形成致冷层。
S6、按质量份数计，将尼龙6颗粒100份、泼水剂(有机硅防水剂SIF-FS15)4份、致孔剂(改性纤维素粉体)4份以及ATO粉体(粒径15～30nm，摩尔比SnO2：Sb2O3＝9：1)4份加入高速搅拌机中，于120℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在致冷层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为100μm，形成面层。
S7、将面层、致冷层以及红外热反射层覆膜热压贴合，其中，热压温度为150℃，热压压力为1.0kg/cm2，热压10s，制备得到阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。
实施例3
阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备，基布选用100％芳纶纤维的机织布(经纬纱原料为芳纶长丝，经纬纱规格为28tex，经密为270根/10cm，纬纱为180根/10cm)，包括如下步骤：
S1、将基布浸入9g/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中，水浴加热至40℃，磁力搅拌15min，取出基布，用于去离子水冲洗，去除基布表面杂质。
S2、选取二元胺(ODA)和均苯四酸二酐(PMDA)并进行真空干燥，而后置于DMAc/LiCl(质量比91：9)离子液体中，在65℃温度下磁力搅拌加热6小时，直至完全溶解，形成聚酰胺酸(PAA)纺丝液，真空脱泡后注入静电纺丝装置，以垫覆了锡箔的基布为接收装置，进行静电纺丝成毡，纺丝电压为10kV，接收距离为12cm，在基布上制得厚度为10μm的PAA纳米膜，在200℃热转化炉热转化2h，将PAA纳米膜化生成PI膜。
S3、恒温磁力搅拌条件下，按质量份数计，将8份单组份聚氨酯、15份阻燃剂(阻燃剂TCEP)、4份柔软剂(双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)依次加入至28份N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，完全溶解后，制得单组份聚氨酯溶液；
用刮刀将聚氨酯溶液涂覆于PMIA纳米膜上，刮涂厚度为115μm，烘干，得到中间层。
S4、将硝酸银溶于乙二醇，配制得到14.0g/L的氧化液；将PVP加入到乙二醇中，配制得到30.0g/L的底液；将氯化铜加入到乙二醇中，配制得到4.5g/L的还原液；
选取15mL底液，在180℃加热10min后，依次加入15mL还原液及15mL氧化液，继续反应0.5h，获得纳米银纤维沉淀物；
而后，将纳米银纤维沉淀物溶于50mL异丙醇中，形成分散液，将形成有中间层的基布于分散液中浸渍16次，每次浸渍时间2分钟，每次浸渍完毕后取出并在40℃真空干燥，完成中间层的表面银化，在中间层的表面形成厚度15μm的红外热反射层。
S5、按质量份数计，将尼龙6颗粒100份、致孔剂(改性纤维素粉体)3份，以及SiO2纳米粒子(4μm)与Al2O3纳米粒子(4μm)按质量比2:1复配的纳米粒子6份加入到高速搅拌机中，于100℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在红外热反射层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为100μm，形成致冷层。
S6、按质量份数计，将聚乙烯颗粒100份、泼水剂(防水防油剂AG-E710C)6份、致孔剂(改性纤维素粉体)2份以及ATO粉体(粒径15～30nm，摩尔比SnO2：Sb2O3＝9：1)6份加入高速搅拌机中，于180℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在致冷层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为92μm，形成面层。
S7、将面层、致冷层以及红外热反射层覆膜热压贴合，其中，热压温度为250℃，热压压力为0.5kg/cm2，热压20s，制备得到阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。
实施例4
阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备，基布选用100％涤纶纤维的机织布(经纬纱原料为涤纶长丝，经纬纱规格为26tex，经密为260根/10cm，纬纱为140根/10cm)，包括如下步骤：
S1、将基布浸入8g/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中，水浴加热至40℃，磁力搅拌13min，取出基布，用于去离子水冲洗，去除基布表面杂质。
S2、选取芳纶1313纤维并进行真空干燥，而后置于DMAc/LiCl(质量比91：9)离子液体中，在60℃温度下磁力搅拌加热6小时，直至完全溶解，形成纺丝液，真空脱泡后注入静电纺丝装置，以垫覆了锡箔的基布为接收装置，进行静电纺丝成毡，纺丝电压为25kV，接收距离为10cm，在基布上制得厚度为80μm的PMIA纳米膜。
S3、恒温磁力搅拌条件下，按质量份数计，将10份单组份聚氨酯、14份阻燃剂(阻燃剂TCEP)、3份月桂酸咪唑啉季铵盐柔软剂依次加入至25份N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，完全溶解后，制得单组份聚氨酯溶液；
用刮刀将聚氨酯溶液涂覆于PMIA纳米膜上，刮涂厚度为125μm，烘干，得到中间层。
S4、将硝酸银溶于乙二醇，配制得到8.0g/L的氧化液；将PVP加入到乙二醇中，配制得到45.0g/L的底液；将氯化铜加入到乙二醇中，配制得到3.0g/L的还原液；
选取20mL底液，在150℃加热30min后，依次加入20mL还原液及20mL氧化液，继续反应2h，获得纳米银纤维沉淀物；
而后，将纳米银纤维沉淀物溶于60mL异丙醇中，形成分散液，将形成有中间层的基布于分散液中浸渍8次，每次浸渍时间4分钟，每次浸渍完毕后取出并在80℃真空干燥，完成中间层的表面银化，在中间层的表面形成厚度18μm的红外热反射层。
S5、按质量份数计，将聚乙烯颗粒100份、致孔剂(碳酸钙粉体)3份，以及SiO2纳米粒子(7μm)与ZnO纳米粒子(7μm)按质量比3:1复配的纳米粒子8份加入到高速搅拌机中，于120℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在红外热反射层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为80μm，形成致冷层。
S6、按质量份数计，将尼龙66颗粒100份、泼水剂(防水防油剂AG-E710C)2份、致孔剂(碳酸钙粉体)6份以及ATO粉体(粒径15～30nm，摩尔比SnO2：Sb2O3＝9：1)2份加入高速搅拌机中，于160℃搅拌混匀后，将搅拌混匀的混合物转移至流延机中，并在致冷层的表面上流延成膜，成膜厚度为60μm，形成面层。
S7、将面层、致冷层以及红外热反射层覆膜热压贴合，其中，热压温度为180℃，热压压力为0.8kg/cm2，热压16s，制备得到阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。
以上实施例仅为本发明的较优实施例，仅在于对本发明的技术方案作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的保护范围及实施方式不限于此，任何未脱离本发明精神实质及原理下所做的变更、组合、删除、替换或修改等均将包含在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革，其特征在于，由上至下依次包括面层、致冷层、热反射层、中间层以及基质层；所述基质层由基布及其上表面的阻燃纳米膜层构成。
2.一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
S1、将基布进行清洗除杂；
S2、通过静电纺丝将本质阻燃聚合物喷涂于基布上，在基布上形成阻燃纳米膜层，得到由基布及其上表面的阻燃纳米膜层构成的基质层；
S3、在基质层的阻燃纳米膜层的表面上涂覆单组份聚氨酯溶液，烘干，得到中间层；
S4、对中间层的表面进行表面银化，形成热反射层；
S5、将致冷层的成膜混合物流延涂覆在热反射层的表面上成膜，形成致冷层；
S6、将面层的成膜混合物流延涂覆在致冷层的表面上成膜，形成面层；
S7、对形成的面层、致冷层及热反射层进行覆膜热压贴合，得到所述阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S1中，所述清洗除杂是将基布浸入8～10g/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中，经40～60℃水浴搅拌下浸泡10～15min后，取出，去离子水冲洗。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S2中，所述本质阻燃聚合物选自包括聚苯二甲酰苯二胺或聚酰亚胺。
5.根据权利要求2或4所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S2中，所述静电纺丝的静电压为10～25kV，接收距离为10～25cm。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S3中，所述单组份聚氨酯溶液，按质量份数计，包含：单组份聚氨酯8～12份，N，N-二甲基甲酰胺25～30份，阻燃剂10～15份，柔软剂3～5份；
所述阻燃剂选自包括氮磷系膨胀型无卤阻燃剂；所述柔软剂选自包括叔胺盐型阳离子柔软剂、季胺盐型阳离子柔软剂或酰胺型阳离子柔软剂。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S4中，所述表面银化为在所述中间层的表面上涂覆形成银铝化涂层或沉积银纳米线；
所述沉积银纳米线，包括：
S41、将诱导剂溶于多元醇，配制得到还原液；将硝酸银溶于多元醇，配制得到氧化液；将分散剂溶于多元醇，配制得到底液；
S42、取还原液、氧化液以及底液，其中底液于150～180℃加热10～30min后，将还原液及氧化液依次加入，静置反应0.5～2h，得到银纳米纤维沉淀物；
S43、过滤，将银纳米纤维沉淀物溶于异丙醇，形成分散液；将形成有中间层的基布于分散液中浸渍8～16次，每次浸渍时间为2～4min，且每次浸渍完毕后取出并于40～80℃真空烘干，完成在中间层的表面沉积银纳米线；
所述诱导剂选自包括氯化钠、氯化铜、氯化铁或氯化银；所述多元醇选自包括乙二醇或丙三醇；所述分散剂选自包括聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。
8.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S5中，所述致冷层的成膜混合物，按质量份数计，包含：基材颗粒物100份，致孔剂2～4份，致冷型纳米粒子6～10份；
所述基材颗粒物选自包括聚乙烯颗粒或尼龙颗粒；所述致孔剂选自包括超细蛋白粉体或改性纤维素粉体；所述致冷型纳米粒子选自包括SiO2纳米粒子，或SiO2纳米粒子与ZnO纳米粒子按质量比3～4:1～2复配的纳米粒子，或SiO2纳米粒子与Al2O3纳米粒子按质量比3～4:1～2复配的纳米粒子；所述致冷型纳米粒子的粒径为4～7μm；
所述流延涂覆为：将致冷型纳米粒子的混合物加入高速搅拌机中，于100～180℃搅拌混匀后，转移至流延机并在热反射层的表面上流延成膜。
9.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S6中，所述面层的成膜混合物，按质量份数计，包含：基材颗粒物100份，泼水剂2～6份，致孔剂2～6份，氧化锡锑纳米粉体2～6份；
所述基材颗粒物选自包括聚乙烯颗粒或尼龙颗粒；所述泼水剂选自包括有机硅型防水剂或有机氟型防水剂；所述致孔剂选自包括超细蛋白粉体或改性纤维素粉体。
所述流延涂覆为：将防水防晒颗粒的混合物加入高速搅拌机中，于100～180℃搅拌混匀后，转移至流延机并在致冷层的表面上流延成膜。
10.根据权利要求2所述的一种阻燃、隔热致冷、防晒、防水的篷布用合成革的制备方法，其特征在于，S7中，所述覆膜热压贴合的温度为120～250℃，压力为0.5～1.5kg/cm2，时间为10～20s。
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