CN110036822B - Method for cultivating selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using mango branch scraps - Google Patents
Method for cultivating selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using mango branch scraps Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by mango branch cuttings, and belongs to the technical field of shiitake mushroom cultivation. The invention comprises the following steps: (1) pretreating mango branch scraps; (2) stirring materials; (3) bagging; (4) sterilizing; (5) cooling; (6) inoculating; (7) cultivating bacteria; (8) taking off the outer bag; (9) puncturing holes; (10) fruiting management; (11) and (6) harvesting. The method utilizes the waste mango branches to cultivate the selenium-rich mushrooms, realizes the recycling of wastes while developing novel edible mushroom cultivation raw materials, effectively protects the ecological environment, and realizes the organic combination of the edible mushroom industry and the mango industry by the characteristics of variety and selenium enrichment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating selenium-rich mushrooms by mango branch scraps.
Background
Lentinus edodes (with the academic name: Lentinus edodes), also called Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Mycopharyngodon comatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Lentinus edodes, is the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus of the family Pleurotaceae, is the second largest edible fungus in the world, and is also one of the specialty products in China. The mushroom is a fungus growing on wood, has delicious taste, pleasant aroma and rich nutrition, and is a good traditional edible fungus. The shiitake mushroom is rich in vitamin B group, ferrum, potassium and provitamin D (converted into vitamin D after being exposed to the sun), has sweet taste and mild property, and is mainly used for treating anorexia, short breath and hypodynamia.
The dried and fresh shiitake mushrooms are widely used in Chinese dishes. When cooking, the dried shiitake is soaked in water for foaming; among three vegetarian delicacies, shiitake often appears as one of the delicacies; in vegetarian food, shiitake is also one of the important raw materials. The lentinula edodes essence is called as the king of delicacies from mountain, and is a high-protein low-fat nutritional health food. Chinese medical scientists have well-known discussions of shiitake mushrooms. With the continuous and deep research of modern medicine and nutriology, the medicinal value of the mushroom is continuously explored. The ergosterol content in the mushrooms is very high, and the shiitake powder is effective in preventing and treating rickets; lentinan (beta-1, 3-glucan) can enhance the cellular immunity, thereby inhibiting the growth of cancer cells; the shiitake mushroom contains more than 40 enzymes of six enzymes, and can correct enzyme deficiency of human body; the fat in the mushroom contains fatty acid, which is beneficial to reducing blood fat of human body.
The mango is a popular fruit, the pulp is fine and smooth, the flavor is unique, the mango is rich in a large amount of nutrient components such as sugar, protein, vitamins and the like required by a human body, and the mango is a reputation of tropical fruit king. Guangxi is a mango garden with an area of more than 120 ten thousand acres, and is increasing in recent years. The branches of mangoes need to be trimmed every year due to growth, each mu of mangoes generates huge trimming branches of 100 KG and 150KG, a large amount of trimmed waste mangoes branches are accumulated in an orchard or are burnt, so that the waste mangoes branches are not well treated and utilized, the environment is polluted, diseases and insects are easy to breed, and the mangoes are really troubled by the orchard.
The mushroom is a relatively strict wood-rotting fungus, and the mushroom cultivation generally adopts mixed wood chips as a main raw material and needs to fell more trees. With the improvement of health requirements and the understanding of people on edible fungi, the edible fungi industry develops rapidly, the demand of the market on lignin resources is increased day by day, forest logging is serious day by day, and a large ecological system is destroyed, so that the contradiction between the development of the edible fungi industry and ecological protection is increased day by day. Since the end of the last century, along with the enhancement of environmental awareness, the implementation of policies such as protection of forest resources, prohibition of cutting and deforestation and the like, the lignin resources are rapidly reduced, and meanwhile, the serious shortage of edible fungus cultivation raw materials is caused. In order to ensure the long-term and continuous development of the edible fungus industry, the development of new resources for cultivating the edible fungi becomes a new research hotspot at present, and the application of excellent lignin resources for substituting materials for cultivating the edible fungi is imperative.
Selenium, called as 'fire of life', 'king of anticancer' and 'heart guard' and 'natural antidote', can cause more than 40 diseases due to long-term selenium deficiency or low selenium, and can effectively improve the immunity of the human body by proper supplement. Selenium is a trace element necessary for human and animals, and has biological properties of scavenging free radicals, resisting oxidation, delaying aging, resisting cancer, enhancing immunity, antagonizing heavy metals and the like. The Chinese society of nutrition recommends that the daily selenium intake of human body is 50-250 mug. The selenium source of human body is mainly ingested by diet, but the average daily selenium intake of adults in China is only about 17-32 mug, so the condition of selenium malnutrition generally exists in China. The data published by the WHO also indicates that over 40 countries worldwide belong to areas of low or low selenium. The selenium-rich agricultural and sideline products are effective ways for supplementing selenium elements to human bodies, so the development of selenium-rich agricultural products is a hotspot of current research and development.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating selenium-rich mushrooms by using mango branch scraps.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the industrialized production process of the mushrooms comprises the following steps: preparing materials, mixing materials, bagging, sterilizing, cooling, inoculating, culturing bacteria, managing fruiting, harvesting, processing (drying) and selling; the method comprises the following specific steps:
the method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating mango branch scraps: adding bitter soil powder into the mango tree branch scraps, wherein the adding amount of the bitter soil powder is 0.5-0.8% of the weight of the mango tree branch scraps, uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture, pre-wetting by using water I for spraying treatment, stacking, keeping the water content of the mixture at 45-50%, turning over once every day, turning over the bottom material to the top, pre-wetting by using water II for spraying treatment again, stacking after 3-4 days, keeping the water content of the mixture at 58-60%, turning over once every two days, turning over the bottom material to the top, and drying after 4-5 days to obtain dry sawdust for later use;
the treated water I is obtained by adding ferrous sulfate into water and uniformly mixing, wherein the mass ratio of the ferrous sulfate to the water is (0.2-0.5): 100, respectively;
the treated water II is obtained by adding quicklime and plant ash into water and uniformly mixing, wherein the mass ratio of the quicklime to the plant ash to the water is (1-1.5): 1-2: 100, respectively;
(2) mixing materials: stirring dry sawdust for 5-10 minutes, adding bran, gypsum, shell powder and selenium fertilizer, fully stirring uniformly, adding water, and wet-stirring for 10-15 minutes to obtain a culture material, wherein the water content of the culture material is controlled to be 55-60%, the pH value is 6-6.5, and gypsum or lime is used for regulating if the pH value is not within the range; the selenium content in the culture material is not less than 20 ppm;
(3) bagging: after the materials are uniformly mixed, bagging is completed within 4 hours; the wood chips are not uniform in humidity, so that incomplete sterilization can be caused, the yield is also influenced, the wood chips are easy to pollute, hyphae are not uniform and grow slowly, and bagging is carried out for a certain time to avoid the above conditions;
(4) and (3) sterilization: sterilizing at the temperature of 100 ℃ and 126 ℃ for 4-36 hours, and reducing the water content of the compost by 2% -5% after sterilization;
(5) cooling: the central temperature of the fungus bag is reduced to below 26 ℃ for inoculation;
(6) inoculation: setting the room temperature of the inoculation area to be 18 ℃, soaking and disinfecting an inoculation part of the inoculation machine by alcohol for one night or more than 12 hours, starting the inoculation machine for inoculation, sleeving an inoculation bag by using a jacket bag after the inoculation is finished, and transmitting the inoculation bag to a culture room;
(7) and (3) cultivating bacteria: and (3) starting to cultivate bacteria after the inoculation bags are conveyed to a culture room, wherein the temperature of the culture room is controlled as follows: setting 22 deg.C for the first 7 days, 24 deg.C for 8-15 days, 22 deg.C for 16-23 days, 22 deg.C for 24-31 days, 20 deg.C for 32-39 days, 20 deg.C for 40-50 days, and 18 deg.C for 50-60 days;
(8) removing the outer bag: controlling the indoor temperature at 25-28 deg.C in the hypha germination period, removing the bag when the hypha grows to more than 8cm, and placing in a well shape, and reserving ventilation channels in each row;
(9) puncturing holes: the method is used in the management of fungus bags with the temperature below 26 ℃, and the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the punctured fungus bags is 3-5 ℃;
the pricked holes have the function of promoting the growth of hyphae to increase oxygen, and are used for promoting and controlling the regulation of the culture time of the fungus bags. The self-heating phenomenon after the puncture provides convenient conditions for promoting the growth of the fungus bags in low-temperature seasons. However, the self-heating of the punctured fungus bags is limited to be applied in fungus bag management below 26 ℃, and the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the punctured fungus bags is about 3-5 ℃, so that the growth promotion effect can be better ensured. Therefore, the temperature should be closely monitored after puncturing.
Puncturing holes for the first time: when the diameter of the fungus mass is 8-10cm, pricking holes with nails of 3-5mm, wherein the distance between the pricking holes and the edge of the fungus mass is more than 2cm, the hole distance is 2-3cm, and the hole depth is 2 cm;
puncturing for the second time: after the mycelium fully grows in the whole bag, secondary puncturing is carried out when the nodular matter in the bag reaches more than 60 percent of the whole bag, and the puncturing rod is a round long cone with the diameter of 0.5cm, punctures uniformly and has the depth of 4-6cm and cannot be punctured;
(10) and (3) fruiting management: keeping the temperature in the cultivation shed at 10-23 deg.C after mushroom buds appear on the surface of the fungus bag;
(11) harvesting: the mushroom ears are unfolded, the fungus bags are obviously softened, and the mushroom bags can be harvested.
Further, in the step (1), the mango branch chip pretreatment process is carried out in an environment of 40-50 ℃.
Further, in the step (1), the mango branch scraps are prepared by crushing mango branches, the sheet diameter of the mango branch scraps is 3-8 mm, and the water content is 15-20%.
Further, in the step (2), the water content of the culture material is controlled as follows: the water content of spring planting is 55-57%, and the water content of autumn planting is 58-60%.
Further, in the step (2), the raw materials of the culture material are as follows according to parts by weight: 75-80 parts of dry wood chips, 10-15 parts of bran, 1-1.5 parts of gypsum and 5-10 parts of shell powder.
Further, in the step (9), the second piercing is performed on the bag according to the specification of phi 15 × 58 (the diameter of the bag × the length of the bag), and the whole bag is subjected to 65-75 holes.
Has the advantages that:
1. according to the method, the selenium-rich shiitake is cultivated by utilizing the waste mango branches, so that the waste is recycled while a novel edible mushroom cultivation raw material is developed, and the ecological environment is effectively protected. The inventor researches and discovers that the mango tree is a tree species of the Anacardiaceae and contains urushiol, catechol, tannic acid, gallic acid, laccase, urushiol, mango acid and the like, so that the growth of edible fungus hypha can be obviously inhibited. Therefore, if the mango branch scraps are directly used for cultivating the mushrooms, the yield of the mushrooms is influenced. The method comprises the steps of pretreating mango branch scraps, and removing tannic acid, gallic acid and the like in the mango branch scraps by using treated water II prepared from quicklime and plant ash and combining with bitter soil powder; the treated water I prepared from ferrous sulfate can remove catechol, urushiol, etc.; through the pretreatment of a certain process, substances inhibiting the growth of hyphae in mango branch scraps can be reduced or even removed, mushrooms are cultivated in fungus bags made of the treated mango branch scraps, the fruiting is neat, the moisture transfer is fast (the period is short), and the fungus bag cost is low. In addition, in the process of processing mango branch scraps, no chemical agent is used, no industrial oil (gasoline, diesel oil and engine oil) is polluted, the taste of the cultivated mushroom is not bitter, astringent and spicy, and the good taste and health of the mushroom are ensured. By using a large amount of waste mango branches, the method not only can recycle resources and reduce the cultivation cost, but also can be used as a new resource for cultivating the edible fungi, can solve the problem of serious shortage of edible fungi cultivation raw materials, and ensures long-term and continuous development of the edible fungi industry.
2. The current production mode of mushrooms is to put wood chips, bran, quicklime, gypsum and the like into a plastic bag, and after sterilization, inoculation and color change, put a mushroom stick on a ground bed or a frame bed for fruiting management. However, in the cultivation process, the selection of the method, the raw materials for cultivation and the management are very important, and the use and proportion relationship of the raw materials, the water content control, the discharge of fungus bags, the temperature control and the like in the cultivation process all obviously influence the yield of the lentinus edodes. According to the invention, conditions required by germination and growth of mushrooms in each period are deeply researched, and cultivation parameters in each step are regulated and strictly controlled, so that the high yield and good quality of mushrooms can be ensured, the selenium content of produced mushrooms can be ensured through applying a selenium fertilizer, the product quality is improved, new varieties are added to selenium-rich agricultural products, consumers can enjoy the delicious taste and supplement selenium elements, and the phenomenon of poor selenium nutrition is reduced.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating mango branch scraps: adding bitter soil powder into the mango tree branch scraps, wherein the adding amount of the bitter soil powder is 0.6% of the weight of the mango tree branch scraps, uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture, pouring treatment water I for pre-wetting after the mixture is stacked, keeping the water content of the mixture at 45-50%, turning the bottom material to the top once every day, pouring treatment water II for pre-wetting again after 3 days, keeping the water content of the mixture at 58-60%, turning the bottom material to the top once every two days, and drying after 5 days to obtain dry sawdust with the water content of 15-20% for later use;
the mango branch scrap pretreatment process is carried out in an environment of 40-50 ℃;
the mango branch scraps are prepared by crushing mango branches, the sheet diameter of the mango branch scraps is 3-8 mm, and the water content is 15-20%;
the treated water I is obtained by adding ferrous sulfate into water and uniformly mixing, and the mass ratio of the ferrous sulfate to the water is 0.3: 100, respectively;
the treated water II is obtained by adding quicklime and plant ash into water and uniformly mixing, and the mass ratio of the quicklime to the plant ash to the water is 1.2: 1.5: 100.
(2) mixing materials: stirring dry sawdust for 8 minutes, adding bran, gypsum, shell powder and selenium fertilizer, fully stirring, adding water, wetting and stirring for 15 minutes to obtain a culture material, detecting the water content and the pH value of the culture material, registering, wherein the water content of the culture material is controlled to be 55-60%, specifically, the water content of spring cultivation is 55-57%, and the water content of autumn cultivation is 58-60%; the pH value is 6-6.5, and the selenium content in the culture material is 40-50 ppm;
the culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 78 parts of dry sawdust, 12 parts of bran, 1.2 parts of gypsum and 8 parts of shell powder.
(3) Bagging: the compost can be bagged after being uniformly stirred, the bagging is completed within 4 hours, the tightness is proper, and phi 15 x 58 specification bags are filled with 4 jin.
(4) And (3) sterilization: the culture material is sterilized for 36 hours under the normal pressure and the temperature of 100 ℃, and the water content of the culture material is reduced by 2 percent after sterilization.
(5) Cooling: the temperature of the center of the fungus bag is reduced to below 26 ℃ for inoculation.
(6) Inoculation: preparing strains before inoculation, performing surface disinfection, wherein the medicines commonly used for disinfection comprise benzalkonium bromide and alcohol, washing hands of an inoculator, putting on clean work clothes, putting on a hat and a mask, and entering an inoculation chamber; setting the room temperature of the inoculation area at 18 ℃, soaking and disinfecting an inoculation part of the inoculation machine with alcohol for one night, starting the inoculation machine for inoculation, sleeving an inoculation bag with a jacket bag after the inoculation is finished, and conveying the inoculation bag to a culture room.
(7) And (3) cultivating bacteria: after the inoculation bag was transferred to the culture chamber, the temperature control in the culture chamber was as follows: setting 22 deg.C for the first 7 days, 24 deg.C for 8-15 days, 22 deg.C for 16-23 days, 22 deg.C for 24-31 days, 20 deg.C for 32-39 days, 20 deg.C for 40-50 days, and 18 deg.C for 50-60 days.
(8) Removing the outer bag: the temperature of the hypha in the germination period is controlled at 25-28 ℃, the bags can be removed when the hypha grows to be more than 8cm, 6 layers are placed in a well shape, 30cm ventilation channels are reserved in each row, and 35 cm-wide walkways are reserved in each 4 rows. The temperature of hypha germination period can not exceed 28 deg.C, and the room is ventilated. If the indoor temperature is lower than 25 ℃ and the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature, the door and the window can be opened in the daytime and closed at night. If the indoor temperature is higher than 30 ℃, closing the door and window in the daytime, shaking the indoor electric fan, and blowing to increase indoor air circulation; and opening the door and window at night, ventilating and radiating so as to ensure that hyphae grow healthily.
(9) Puncturing holes: the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the perforated fungus bag is 3-5 ℃;
puncturing holes for the first time: when the diameter of the bacterial colony is 8-10cm, pricking holes with a nail with the thickness of 3-5mm by using a sweater needle, wherein the distance between the pricking holes and the edge of the bacterial colony is more than 2cm, so that the bacterial colony is prevented from being penetrated, the hole distance is 2-3cm, and the hole depth is 2 cm; the bag with the wet culture materials is provided with a plurality of proper holes;
secondary puncture (venting): and (3) pricking holes for color change, after the mycelium grows over the whole bag, pricking holes for the second time when the nodular objects in the bag reach more than 60% of the whole bag, wherein a pricking rod is a round long cone (the thickness of each chopstick) with the diameter of 0.5cm, pricking holes are uniform, the whole bag is subject to about 70 holes, and the hole depth is about 5cm, so that the whole bag cannot be punctured.
(10) And (3) fruiting management: the temperature difference between day and night gradually increases in the middle and last ten days of the eleventh month; due to the stimulation of temperature difference, a few mushroom buds appear on the surface of the fungus bag; after mushroom buds appear on the surface of the mushroom bag, the temperature in the cultivation shed is kept at 10-23 ℃. The temperature of the top layer in the shed is not suitable to exceed 23 ℃, the film can be lifted for ventilation when the temperature is too high, and the film is covered when the temperature is lower than 10 ℃ at night.
(11) Harvesting: when the mushrooms are mature, the mushrooms are generally shown to be unfolded, the fungus bags are soft and obvious, and at the moment, the mushrooms can be harvested, weighed, sold as fresh products, and stored in a freezing way or a drying way. When the mushrooms are baked, the temperature needs to be low with small fire, the temperature in the box is about 35 ℃, the sieve is shaken every two hours, and the mushrooms are completely dried after the surfaces of the mushrooms are hard and solid and the roots of the mushrooms are hard and solid and cannot be shaken. The flower mushroom is dried in one atmosphere, the mushroom is deformed and discolored when the fire is cut off midway, and the flower mushroom is sealed and stored after being dried.
Example 2
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating mango branch scraps: adding bitter soil powder into the mango tree branch scraps, wherein the adding amount of the bitter soil powder is 0.5% of the weight of the mango tree branch scraps, uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture, pre-wetting by spraying treatment water I, keeping the water content of the mixture to be 45-50%, turning over the mixture once every day, turning over the bottom material to the top, after 4 days, pre-wetting by spraying treatment water II again, keeping the water content of the mixture to be 58-60%, turning over the material once every two days, turning over the bottom material to the top, and after 4 days, drying to obtain dry sawdust with the water content of 15-20% for later use;
the mango branch scraps are prepared by crushing mango branches, the sheet diameter of the mango branch scraps is 3-8 mm, and the water content is 15-20%;
the treated water I is obtained by adding ferrous sulfate into water and uniformly mixing, and the mass ratio of the ferrous sulfate to the water is 0.2: 100, respectively;
the treated water II is obtained by adding quicklime and plant ash into water and uniformly mixing, and the mass ratio of the quicklime to the plant ash to the water is 1: 1: 100.
(2) mixing materials: stirring dry sawdust for 5 minutes, adding bran, gypsum, shell powder and selenium fertilizer, fully stirring, adding water, wetting and stirring for 15 minutes to obtain a culture material, detecting the water content and the pH value of the culture material, registering, wherein the water content of the culture material is controlled to be 55-60%, specifically, the water content of spring cultivation is 55-57%, and the water content of autumn cultivation is 58-60%; the pH value is 6.0-6.5, and the selenium content in the culture material is 40-50 ppm;
the culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80 parts of dry sawdust, 15 parts of bran, 1.5 parts of gypsum and 10 parts of shell powder.
(3) Bagging: the compost can be bagged after being uniformly stirred, the bagging is completed within 4 hours, the tightness is proper, and phi 15 x 58 specification bags are filled with 4.2 jin.
(4) And (3) sterilization: the culture material is sterilized for 6 hours at the high pressure of 124 ℃, and the water content of the culture material is reduced by 3 percent after sterilization.
Steps (5) to (11) were the same as in example 1.
Example 3
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating mango branch scraps: adding bitter soil powder into the mango tree branch scraps, wherein the adding amount of the bitter soil powder is 0.8% of the weight of the mango tree branch scraps, uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture, pre-wetting by spraying treatment water I, keeping the water content of the mixture to be 45-50%, turning over the bottom material once every day, turning over the top material, pre-wetting by spraying treatment water II again after 3 days, keeping the water content of the mixture to be 58-60%, turning over the material once every two days, turning over the bottom material to the top material, and drying after 5 days to obtain dry sawdust with the water content of 15-20% for later use;
the mango branch scraps are prepared by crushing mango branches, the sheet diameter of the mango branch scraps is 3-8 mm, and the water content is 15-20%;
the treated water I is obtained by adding ferrous sulfate into water and uniformly mixing, and the mass ratio of the ferrous sulfate to the water is 0.5: 100, respectively;
the treated water II is obtained by adding quicklime and plant ash into water and uniformly mixing, and the mass ratio of the quicklime to the plant ash to the water is 1.5: 2: 100.
(2) mixing materials: stirring dry sawdust for 10 minutes, adding bran, gypsum, shell powder and selenium fertilizer, fully stirring, adding water, wetting and stirring for 10 minutes to obtain a culture material, detecting the water content and the pH value of the culture material, and registering, wherein the water content of the culture material is controlled to be 55-60%, specifically, the water content of spring cultivation is 55-57%, and the water content of autumn cultivation is 58-60%; the pH value is 6.0-6.5, and the selenium content in the culture material is 20-30 ppm;
the culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 75 parts of dry wood chips, 10 parts of bran, 1 part of gypsum and 5 parts of shell powder.
(3) Bagging: the compost can be bagged after being uniformly stirred, the bagging is completed within 4 hours, the tightness is proper, and phi 15 x 58 specification bags are filled with 4 jin.
(4) And (3) sterilization: and (4) sterilizing at high pressure and at the temperature of 126 ℃ for 4 hours, wherein the water content of the compost is reduced by 3 percent after sterilization.
Steps (5) to (11) were the same as in example 1.
In the study of the scheme of the invention, the inventor makes the following comparative tests and analysis in order to verify the influence of the mango branch chip pretreatment on the cultivation of the shiitake mushrooms and optimize the cultivation scheme in the cultivation process of the shiitake mushrooms, and concretely comprises the following steps.
Comparative example 1
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), pre-wetting is performed without using the treated water I.
Comparative example 2
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), pre-wetting is performed without using the treated water II.
Comparative example 3
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), the bitter earth powder is not added.
Comparative example 4
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), the bitter soil powder is not added, and the treated water II is not used.
Comparative example 5
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), the bitter soil powder is not added, the pre-wetting is carried out without using the treated water I, and the quicklime is not added into the treated water II.
Comparative example 6
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), the bitter soil powder is not added, the pre-wetting is carried out without using the treatment water I, and the plant ash is not added into the treatment water II.
Comparative example 7
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the step (1), pre-wetting is performed without using the treated water I and the treated water II.
Comparative example 8
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: the step (1) is omitted, namely the mango branch scraps are not pretreated and are directly used.
Comparative example 9
The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is basically the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that: in the fungus cultivation in the step (7), after the inoculation bags are conveyed to the culture chamber, the temperature of the culture chamber is uniformly set to be 18-24 ℃.
The yield, cultivation period and selenium content of each group of cultivated mushrooms (autumn cultivation) are counted and tested, and the results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
Note: the yield described in table 1 is obtained by dividing the total yield of the fresh mushrooms picked in each group by the weight of the total compost dry material, wherein the dry material is calculated by the dry weight of the compost; the selenium content in table 1 refers to the selenium content detected from dried mushrooms.
In the aspect of the yield of the mushrooms, the yield of the mushrooms cultivated by the conventional method (filling the miscellaneous sawdust, the bran, the quick lime, the gypsum and the like into a plastic bag, sterilizing, inoculating and color changing, and then putting a mushroom stick on a ground ridge bed or a frame bed for fruiting management) is about 750g of fresh mushrooms/kg of dry compost at present, while the yield of the embodiment 1-3 reaches more than 1220g of fresh mushrooms/kg of dry compost, which shows that the yield of the mushrooms cultivated by the method can be obviously improved. The yield of shiitake mushrooms in examples 2-3 was slightly lower than that of shiitake mushrooms in example 1, which shows that the temperature of mango branch pretreatment has a certain influence on the removal of bacteriostatic substances in mango branches. From the data of the shiitake mushroom output in comparative examples 1-8, the treatment water I, the treatment water II and the bitter earth powder used in the invention all have great influence on the shiitake mushroom output, because the use of the three can reduce substances inhibiting the growth of shiitake mushrooms in mango branch scraps, so that the shiitake mushrooms can grow normally and the output is improved.
The treated water I uses ferrous sulfate, because the ferrous sulfate can generate substances which do not influence the growth of the shiitake mushrooms by a complex reaction with catechol, urushiol and the like, the substances which inhibit the growth of the shiitake mushrooms such as urushiol, catechol and the like are removed, and therefore, the yield of the shiitake mushrooms in the comparative example 1 is reduced compared with the shiitake mushroom in the example 1. The treated water II obtained by mixing the quicklime, the plant ash and the water is alkalescent, the main component of the bitter earth powder is magnesium oxide, and the magnesium oxide is matched with the treated water II under certain conditions and can react with tannic acid, gallic acid and the like in the mango branch chips so as to remove substances inhibiting the growth of the lentinus edodes, such as the tannic acid, the gallic acid and the like, so that the lentinus edodes yield of the comparative examples 2-3 is reduced compared with that of the example 1.
As can be seen from comparison of the data of example 1 with those of comparative examples 4, 5, 6 and 7, if the bitter earth powder, the treated water I, the quicklime in the treated water II and the plant ash in the treated water II are used alone to treat the mango branch crumbs, the effects are certain but not particularly obvious, and the cooperation of the four components can be promoted to achieve very remarkable effects. As can be seen from the data of comparative example 8, the yield of comparative example 8 is reduced by not only 53% compared with example 1, but also 16% compared with the conventional cultivation method, which indicates that pretreatment is required to reduce substances inhibiting the growth of shiitake mushrooms before shiitake mushroom cultivation is carried out by using mango branch scraps, otherwise, high yield effect is not achieved even when cultivation is carried out by matching with other steps of the present invention.
In terms of cultivation period, the cultivation period for cultivating the mushroom by using the conventional method is generally 90-150 days at present, while the cultivation period of the embodiment 1-3 is 81-84 days, which shows that the mushroom cultivated by using the method of the invention has fast moisture transferring and short cultivation period. From the data of the comparative examples, the use of treated water I, treated water II, and the bitter earth powder, and the stepwise temperature control of step (7) can shorten the cultivation period to some extent.
From the selenium content of the picked mushrooms, selenium fertilizers are applied in the examples 1 and 2, and when the selenium content in the culture materials is 40-50ppm, the selenium content of the cultivated mushrooms is 3.0mg/kg dry basis and 2.65mg/kg dry basis; when the selenium content in the culture material of the embodiment 3 is 20-30ppm, the selenium content of the cultivated mushroom is 1.9mg/kg dry basis, which shows that the selenium-rich mushroom can be cultivated by using the method of the invention.
Although the present invention has been described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. The method for cultivating the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using the mango branch scraps is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) pretreating mango branch scraps: adding bitter soil powder into the mango tree branch scraps, wherein the adding amount of the bitter soil powder is 0.5-0.8% of the weight of the mango tree branch scraps, uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture, pre-wetting by spraying treatment water I, keeping the water content of the mixture at 45-50%, turning over the material once every day, turning over the material at the bottom to the top, pre-wetting by spraying treatment water II after 3-4 days, keeping the water content of the mixture at 58-60%, turning over the material once every two days, turning over the material at the bottom to the top, and drying after 4-5 days to obtain dry wood chips for later use;
the treated water I is obtained by adding ferrous sulfate into water and uniformly mixing, wherein the mass ratio of the ferrous sulfate to the water is (0.2-0.5): 100, respectively;
the treated water II is obtained by adding quicklime and plant ash into water and uniformly mixing, wherein the mass ratio of the quicklime to the plant ash to the water is (1-1.5): 1-2: 100, respectively;
the mango branch scrap pretreatment process is carried out in an environment of 40-50 ℃;
(2) mixing materials: stirring dry sawdust for 5-10 minutes, adding bran, gypsum, shell powder and a selenium fertilizer, fully stirring uniformly, adding water, and wet-stirring for 10-15 minutes to obtain a culture material, wherein the water content of the culture material is controlled to be 55-60%, the pH value is 6-6.5, and the selenium content in the culture material is not less than 20 ppm; the culture material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 75-80 parts of dry sawdust, 10-15 parts of bran, 1-1.5 parts of gypsum and 5-10 parts of shell powder;
(3) bagging: after the materials are uniformly mixed, bagging is completed within 4 hours;
(4) and (3) sterilization: sterilizing at the temperature of 100 ℃ and 126 ℃ for 4-36 hours, and reducing the water content of the compost by 2% -5% after sterilization;
(5) cooling: the central temperature of the fungus bag is reduced to below 26 ℃ for inoculation;
(6) inoculation: setting the room temperature of the inoculation area to be 18 ℃, soaking and disinfecting an inoculation part of the inoculation machine with alcohol for one night, starting the inoculation machine for inoculation, sleeving an inoculation bag with a jacket bag after inoculation is finished, and conveying the inoculation bag to a culture room;
(7) and (3) cultivating bacteria: the temperature control of the culture chamber is as follows: setting 22 deg.C for the first 7 days, 24 deg.C for 8-15 days, 22 deg.C for 16-23 days, 22 deg.C for 24-31 days, 20 deg.C for 32-39 days, 20 deg.C for 40-50 days, and 18 deg.C for 50-60 days;
(8) removing the outer bag: the temperature of hypha in germination period is controlled at 25-28 deg.C, when hypha grows to above 8cm, the bags can be removed, and are arranged in a well shape, and each row is provided with ventilation channels;
(9) puncturing holes: the method is used in the management of fungus bags with the temperature below 26 ℃, and the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the punctured fungus bags is 3-5 ℃;
puncturing holes for the first time: when the diameter of the fungus mass is 8-10cm, pricking holes with nails of 3-5mm, wherein the distance between the pricking holes and the edge of the fungus mass is more than 2cm, the hole distance is 2-3cm, and the hole depth is 2 cm;
puncturing for the second time: after the mycelium fully grows in the whole bag, secondary puncturing is carried out when the nodular matter in the bag reaches more than 60 percent of the whole bag, and the puncturing rod is a round long cone with the diameter of 0.5cm, punctures uniformly and has the depth of 4-6cm and cannot be punctured;
(10) and (3) fruiting management: keeping the temperature in the cultivation shed at 10-23 deg.C after mushroom buds appear on the surface of the fungus bag;
(11) harvesting: the mushroom ears are unfolded, the fungus bags are obviously softened, and the mushroom bags can be harvested.
2. The method for cultivating selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using mango branch cuttings as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (1), the mango branch scraps are prepared by crushing mango branches, the sheet diameter of the mango branch scraps is 3-8 mm, and the water content is 15-20%.
3. The method for cultivating selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using mango branch cuttings as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (2), the water content of the culture material is controlled as follows: the water content of spring planting is 55-57%, and the water content of autumn planting is 58-60%.
4. The method for cultivating selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms by using mango branch cuttings as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (9), the second punching is carried out on the bags according to the specification of phi 15 multiplied by 58, and the number of the holes of the whole bag is 65-75.
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