CN109890967A - 基于温度的质粒调节系统 - Google Patents

基于温度的质粒调节系统 Download PDF

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CN109890967A
CN109890967A CN201780067813.4A CN201780067813A CN109890967A CN 109890967 A CN109890967 A CN 109890967A CN 201780067813 A CN201780067813 A CN 201780067813A CN 109890967 A CN109890967 A CN 109890967A
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J.查普林
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Abstract

本发明涉及带有重组质粒的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述大肠杆菌细胞具有对必需大肠杆菌基因的热敏调节。

Description

基于温度的质粒调节系统
技术领域
本发明涉及具有基于温度的质粒选择系统的重组大肠杆菌(E.coli)细胞。
背景技术
生物制药生产中的一个关键压力是放弃使用任何抗生素来选择或维持经转染细胞的监管动力。除了导致显著的材料成本和工艺杂质之外,掺入质粒中的抗生素抗性基因还由于可能转移到患者或环境中而导致对基于核酸的疗法的重要监管约束。
抗生素抗性系统的常见折衷和替代是补偿系统,其中必要的基因被从宿主细胞基因组中删除并由质粒反式提供。为了产生无载体宿主细胞,大多数补偿系统依赖于代谢基因(诸如dapD或pyrF)的敲除以及生长所需代谢中间体的相应引入(分别为使用赖氨酸氨基酸或尿嘧啶核苷碱基的营养缺陷型),直至含有补偿基因的质粒被引入。一旦基因被质粒补偿,仅有含有质粒的细胞会在基本培养基中生长,并对质粒的保留施加选择压力。遗憾的是,尽管这样的选择在低细胞密度下是可靠的,但含有质粒的宿主产生并分泌过多的所需代谢中间体,并在高细胞密度下允许互养。在互养中,含有质粒的细胞支持缺乏质粒的细胞的生长,并降低该选择系统在工业过程中的整体效率。
相反,选择必需非代谢靶基因进行补充导致质粒的稳定且严格的维持,但导致“锁定”表型——诸如具有infA/IF-1补充(等人J Biotechnol.2004;111(1):17-30)。在这种情况下,由基因组缺失的蛋白质(IF-1)通过稳定翻译的第一步是蛋白质产生所必需的,因此infA基因(因而IF-1蛋白质)的缺失对细菌是致命的,并且即使在培养基中提供IF-1时也会发生,因为没有用于拯救infA缺陷细胞的摄取途径,因而防止了互养。甚至短暂失去其补偿质粒的任何工程化宿主细胞也会迅速死亡。虽然这保持了严格的选择,但也意味着不可能繁殖无质粒的宿主细胞,因此无法引入新的质粒或进一步修饰该系统——因此表型被“锁定”,并且无法用于下游修饰或生产目的。
Croitoru等人Eur J Biochem 271(2004)534-544公开了大肠杆菌的翻译起始因子IF1的一系列功能性突变体。用infA的这些缓慢生长突变体来替代基因组infA基因将导致质粒补充的细胞的生长优势,但缺乏会排除缺乏质粒的细胞的严格选择。因此,具有这些特性的系统将总是含有显著比例的无质粒生物质,并导致质粒的工业产率低于当前基于抗生素的选择系统。
代谢(营养缺陷型)补充是众所周知的,但在高密度工业培养环境中导致严格性放松。其他补充策略对于质粒维持有效,但为不灵活的“一次性使用”系统。因此,需要这样的补充系统:其适用于工业用途,并且是允许重复多轮修饰以优化该系统的灵活系统。
发明内容
在第一方面,本发明提供了重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其中表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长。
在第二方面,本发明提供了在重组大肠杆菌中维持质粒的方法,其包括将重组质粒插入重组大肠杆菌细胞中,其中
-所述重组大肠杆菌细胞包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长,并且
-所述重组质粒包含编码蛋白质的必需大肠杆菌基因,所述蛋白质具有与所述大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能,因此允许在两种温度下生长。
在一个实施方案中,根据本发明的重组大肠杆菌细胞包含编码必需大肠杆菌基因的质粒,该质粒编码的必需大肠杆菌基因编码蛋白质,所述蛋白质具有与所述重组大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能。
在一个实施方案中,所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因是infA或其功能等同物。
在一个实施方案中,所述上游前导序列包含来自单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(L.monocytogenes)prfA的mRNA前导序列或其功能等同物。
通过将必需基因的基因组拷贝置于环境(温度)控制下,我们提供了这样一种系统,其中可通过在选择性温度下的培养实现严格的选择和维持,并且其中可繁殖并扩充空(无质粒)宿主细胞以备将来在许可温度下使用。这导致下游灵活性(对许多补充质粒系统使用相同宿主菌株的能力),而且消除了已知系统由于互养和严格性放松而造成的缺点。
附图简述
图1.质粒保留的限制性消化证实,样品1-16。
图2.质粒保留的限制性消化证实,样品17-48。
图3.质粒保留的限制性消化证实,样品49-80。
图4.质粒保留的限制性消化证实,样品81-100。
图5.通过在30℃下生长(样品1-50,孵育17小时;样品51-100,孵育22小时)对质粒保留表型的证实。
发明详述
本发明提供了修饰的细胞系,其能够在许可温度下复制,同时除非用补偿质粒进行补充,否则在非许可温度下不能存活。这类细胞系/质粒系统导致在严格的工业选择下便于下游使用。
在第一方面,本发明提供了重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其中表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长。
如本文所用的术语“基本上不允许在第一温度下生长”意指在所述第一温度下与正常生长相比不允许以任何显著速率生长,即生长速率小于正常生长速率的30%、小于正常生长速率的10%或小于正常生长速率的1%。相反,如本文所用的术语“允许在第二温度下生长”意指在所述第二温度下允许以与正常生长速率基本上相同的速率生长。
在第二方面,本发明提供了在重组大肠杆菌中维持质粒的方法,其包括将重组质粒插入重组大肠杆菌细胞中,其中
-所述重组大肠杆菌细胞包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长,并且
-所述重组质粒包含编码蛋白质的必需大肠杆菌基因,所述蛋白质具有与所述大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能,因此允许在两种温度下生长。
在一个实施方案中,根据本发明的重组大肠杆菌细胞包含编码必需大肠杆菌基因的质粒,该质粒编码的必需大肠杆菌基因编码蛋白质,所述蛋白质具有与所述重组大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能。
在一个实施方案中,所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因是infA或其功能等同物。
在一个实施方案中,所述上游前导序列包含来自单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA的mRNA前导序列或其功能等同物。
如本文所用的术语“其功能等同物”旨在表示表现出基本上相同的主要功能的替代物。
为了校正等人的infA/IF-1补充系统的不可修饰的表型,我们利用了单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA mRNA前导区。在单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌中,prfA前导区段起到控制关键侵入蛋白质翻译的热传感器的作用——禁止在低于30℃的环境温度下(在表面上、食品中等)翻译,但允许mRNA在37℃的温度下(一旦被合适的宿主摄入)翻译。mRNA前导区通过在30℃下自身折叠并形成封闭核糖体结合位点和AUG起始密码子的稳定发夹来实现这一点。该结构在高于37℃(潜在宿主的生理温度)的温度下解链并解折叠,因此允许核糖体结合和翻译(Johansson等人Cell.2002(110)551-61)。虽然病原细菌的热传感器RNA前导区段在进化上被调整为工业上有用的温度转换(30℃至37℃,单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA和鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Y.pestis)lcrF),但是对于这类构建体还存在许多其他可能的选择。例如,ROSE(热休克基因表达的阻遏物)元件、肠沙门氏菌(S.enterica)的FourU元件、大肠杆菌的rpoH、蓝藻集胞藻(Synechocystis)的hsp17、黑腹果蝇(D.melanogaster)的hsp90和噬菌体lambda(λ)的cIII全部含有类似的RNA-热传感器基序。虽然这些元件在低于许可温度时抑制翻译,但它们用来阻止热休克蛋白在常温下的翻译,并且这些系统的许可温度对细菌发酵(通常超过42℃)无用。相反,存在冷休克RNA-热传感器,其中mRNA稳定性在正常生理条件下受到部分折叠和核酸酶敏感性的不利影响,但是在低于25℃下在更广泛和紧凑的折叠后得到稳定并允许mRNA积累和翻译。虽然这些系统不是直接有用的,但预期修饰这些元件或基于其原理设计完全合成的元件(Waldminghaus等人Biol Chem.2008 389:1319-26)可提供具有所需性质的替代热传感器。
因此,通过用来自单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA的mRNA前导序列或等同的翻译控制机制替换大肠杆菌细胞系中的上游基因组序列,实现对必需infA宿主基因的基于温度的控制。由于这些区域在30℃或更低的温度下功能性地阻断融合的IF-1/infA基因产物的翻译,因此其迅速地诱导工程化宿主的死亡,除非该基因从也可含有感兴趣的生产基因的质粒得到反式补充。在大肠杆菌的小的必需基因上游整合相当于单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA的热传感器的任何方法预期都具有相同的表现。虽然许多基因被认为对于大肠杆菌是“必需的”,但大多数都是条件特异性的,并且在许多丰富培养基、缓慢生长或替代代谢系统中失去了对它们的需求——只有一小部分是真正必需的,并且在移除后导致完全的细胞消除。可选择除infA以外的多种真正必需的非代谢大肠杆菌基因用于补充系统,诸如infC/IF-3、dnaJ、dnaK、era、frr、ftsL、ftsN、ftsZ、grpE、mopA、mopB、msbA、nusG、parC、rpsB或trmA可用作替代物。在这些替代物中,由于对补充质粒大小的限制,小基因是优选的,因此基于基因长度的排名偏好为infA、mopB、ftsL、infC、nusG、frr和grpE,因为其他候选基因的长度和复杂性平均在三倍以上。
在这种布置(prfA前导区段与基因组infA拷贝的5'侧融合)中,将4个氨基酸添加到IF-1的N末端,并且该融合体的翻译由发酵环境的温度调节。在许可温度(37℃及以上)下,无质粒宿主细胞由于prfA前导区解折叠并且infA基因翻译为IF-1而可以生长,从而允许进一步的蛋白质合成和细胞存活。在严格的选择温度(25℃至30℃)下,prfA前导区保持折叠,从而阻止进一步的蛋白质合成并迅速导致无质粒宿主细胞死亡。
另外一个令人惊讶的益处是,因prfA前导区而添加至融合体的4个氨基酸(MNAQ)降低了融合IF-1产物的效率,而不会完全损害其活性——因此,尽管无质粒宿主细胞可在许可温度(37℃及以上)繁殖,但它们的倍增时间增加了约2-4倍。这导致另外的和意外的“温和选择”,其中含有天然infA的质粒即使在最宽容的培养条件下也赋予工程化宿主细胞显著的生长优势。预期可存在必需基因的其他小修饰,诸如Croitoru等人Eur J Biochem271(2004)534-544公开的infA突变体,这也将提高这些系统的选择效率(减少选择所需的低温暴露的持续时间、进一步降低许可温度下的生长速率等)。虽然单独的此类修饰不能导致完全取消选择缺乏质粒的细菌,但可包含它们以与基于RNA的翻译对照相组合地优化选择性能。
这些必需基因补充系统的其他期望特征包括不会为野生型细菌提供任何选择性优势——因此使不良的水平基因转移(HGT,一种关键的监管机构关注事件)之后环境持久性的可能性减至最小。
我们的实践是利用标准重组技术特异性引入天然的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA前导序列(PrfA的5'端直至前4个氨基酸,127bp)替代在起始AUG密码子的上游出现的天然大肠杆菌infA mRNA前导序列,从而产生必需基因IF-1的温度控制的杂合融合体(或infA::prfA)。
在此之后,宿主菌株可通过在37℃的许可温度下生长而以“空”或可接受状态繁殖,尽管具有四倍生长速率的缺陷。一旦提供了含有感兴趣基因以及天然infA ORF的补充质粒,生长温度可降至30℃,所有缺乏质粒的宿主细胞将会迅速死亡,并且将会产生用于保留质粒的强大选择压力。即使在37℃的完全许可温度下生长时,含有质粒的细胞也具有生长优势,因为4氨基酸PrfA/IF-1融合体与补充质粒提供的天然IF-1相比具有较差的活性。
以下实施方案说明了本发明,并且不应以任何限制方式来理解。
1.重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其中表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长。
2.重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其中表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关在没有天然基因补充的情况下基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长。
3.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述重组大肠杆菌细胞不包含所述必需大肠杆菌基因的其他由基因组编码形式。
4.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含编码必需大肠杆菌基因的质粒,该质粒编码的必需大肠杆菌基因编码蛋白质,所述蛋白质具有与所述大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能。
5.根据实施方案4所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中与所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因相比,由所述质粒编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因编码在所述重组大肠杆菌细胞中具有更高活性的基因产物。
6.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述上游前导序列包含来自单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA的mRNA前导序列或其功能等同物。
7.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述必需大肠杆菌基因编码参与转录或翻译的蛋白质。
8.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因是infA或其功能等同物。
9.根据实施方案8所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中由所述infA或其功能等同物表达的蛋白质具有比由天然大肠杆菌infA编码的蛋白质(IF1)更低的活性。
10.根据实施方案8-9中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述infA或其功能等同物具有肽MNAQ作为其N末端序列。
11.根据实施方案5-10中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中由所述质粒编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因是天然大肠杆菌infA。
12.根据实施方案5-11中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中当所述必需大肠杆菌基因主要由质粒表达而不是主要或仅由所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因表达时,所述大肠杆菌细胞在允许生长的任何温度下的生长速率更高。
13.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述第一温度低于所述第二温度。
14.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述第一温度与所述第二温度之间的差异为至少约1℃、至少约2℃、至少约5℃或至少约7℃。
15.根据前述实施方案中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述第一温度约为30℃且所述第二温度约为37℃。
16.根据实施方案15所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述第一温度为27℃至33℃并且所述第二温度为34℃至40℃。
17.在重组大肠杆菌中维持质粒的方法,其包括将重组质粒插入重组大肠杆菌细胞中,其中
-所述重组大肠杆菌细胞包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长,并且
-所述重组质粒包含编码蛋白质的必需大肠杆菌基因,所述蛋白质具有与所述大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能,因此允许在两种温度下生长。
18.根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述重组大肠杆菌细胞如权利要求4-16中任一项所定义。
实施例
实施例1.
为了利用pVAX1卡那霉素抗性选择标记排除先前质粒变体的污染,将一个ICC小瓶刮擦两次,并用来分别接种含有卡那霉素或萘啶酮酸的无动物LB琼脂板。将板在37℃下孵育17小时,之后进行检查。在卡那霉素板上未观察到生长,表明不存在会干扰分析的亲本pVAX1载体。
含有infA补充质粒的工程化宿主(infA::prfA)的第1-100次传代以每周11次传代进行,每个工作日在37℃下传代2次(12小时),每个周末在30℃下传代1次(48小时)。由于大肠杆菌在LB培养基中的标准倍增时间为20-30分钟,因此每个工作日的传代反映24轮细胞分裂。所有传代均在补充有15微克/ml萘啶酮酸的液体无动物LB培养基中进行(选择是针对基于DH5α的菌株,而不是针对质粒的存在)。从每次传代产生甘油储备物,并将其保留直至获得所有100次传代以供同时处理。
使用甘油储备物的刮擦物接种5ml过夜培养物,该培养物利用Qiagen miniprep试剂盒按照供应商说明书使用真空歧管进行处理(由于凝胶尺寸限制,每次运行16或32个培养物)。不尝试收集OD600读数用于细胞输入归一化,并且所有制备均基于标准体积进行。对1微升每种小量制备物进行PstI/XhoI消化,以从插入物(约4Kbp)中分离出骨架(约2.4Kbp),而不对由每次小量制备产生的质粒浓度进行校正。每块凝胶在电泳时具有旁侧Tridye 2-Log梯状条带,第一个样品泳道为未消化的质粒,所有样品均用SybrSafe染料进行可视化。尽管缺乏核酸量的对照,但所有消化物泳道均显示出质粒的存在和预期的消化模式。这些结果证明了通过该选择系统对质粒稳定和长期的维持。
传代1-100的甘油储备物也在50格的无抗生素、无动物LB琼脂板上进行划线,并在30℃下孵育过夜。对划线接种物不尝试进行控制。所有甘油储备物代表性划线均导致显著的生长,因此导致质粒保留。用缺乏质粒的宿主细胞划线的板未观察到生长。这些结果还证明了通过该选择系统对质粒的有效维持,以及在长期传代期间缺乏逃逸突变体的产生。
通过对从传代1和传代100分离的质粒(6,383个碱基对)的完全Sanger测序确定质粒漂变。用至少2倍深度的双链读取进行测序,并且如果完整性有问题则重新进行测序。未检测到明显的漂变(<1个不清楚的碱基判定/1000bp;没有多碱基变化、倒位、添加或缺失;在设备和方案的读取错误容限内)。这些结果表明,该选择系统不会在质粒上引入将会对工业质粒的生产有害的显著的突变压力或重组压力,该质粒经过超过2,400轮的细胞分裂是序列稳定的。
通过以下步骤,在没有抗生素选择的情况下确定质粒在工程化(infA::prfA)宿主细胞与未修饰宿主细胞中的持久性:用先前使用的infA补充质粒一式三份转染化学感受态大肠杆菌细胞或进行模拟转染。将细胞接种到250mL摇瓶中并培养10小时,然后进行取样以通过Qiagenminiprep确定质粒DNA产量。在这些条件下,预计几乎没有初始细胞呈质粒阳性,并且在没有正选择压力的情况下预计有快速的质粒丢失——因为质粒维持会由于增加的代谢需求而减缓生长,并且对含有质粒的细胞增加了其自身的负选择压力。平均DNA(质粒)产量均展现出约0.02μg的标准误差。这表明infA补充型质粒在野生型大肠杆菌中不持久,或者预计释放到环境中。
表1.
实施例2
用infA补充系统验证质粒保留。
为了验证基于infA的质粒保留选择系统如期望的那样起作用,使质粒转化的细菌生长100次传代(每次传代约36次倍增/代,共检查了3,600代的潜在漂变或质粒丢失)。传代1-100以每周11次传代产生,每个工作日在37℃下传代2次,每个周末在30℃下传代1次。所有传代均在补充有15微克/ml萘啶酮酸的液体无动物LB培养基(Teknova大豆蛋白胨)中进行(选择是针对基于DH5α的菌株,而不是针对质粒的存在)。从每次传代产生甘油储备物,并将其保留直至获得所有100次传代以供同时处理。
使用甘油储备物的刮擦物接种5ml过夜培养物,该培养物利用Qiagen miniprep试剂盒按照供应商说明书使用真空歧管进行处理(由于凝胶尺寸限制,每次运行16或32个培养物)。不尝试收集OD600读数用于细胞输入归一化,并且所有制备均基于标准体积进行。对1微升每种小量制备物进行PstI/XhoI消化,以从插入物(约4Kbp)中分离出骨架(约2.4Kbp),而不对由每次小量制备产生的质粒浓度进行校正。每块凝胶在电泳时具有旁侧Tridye 2-Log梯状条带(NEB https://www.neb.com/products/n3200-2-log-dna-ladder-01-100-kb),第一个样品泳道为未消化的质粒,并用SybrSafe染料进行可视化。在图1-4中,尽管缺乏核酸量的对照,但所有消化物泳道均显示出质粒的存在和预期的消化模式(对于传代1-16、17-48、49-80和81-100,分别参见图1-4)。
作为额外的确认,还将传代1-100的甘油储备物在50格的无抗生素、无动物LB琼脂板上进行划线,并在30℃下孵育过夜。对划线接种物不尝试进行控制。如图5所示,所有甘油储备物代表性划线均导致显著的生长,因此导致质粒保留。
实施例3
InfA补充系统对规模放大的适用性。
为了验证基于infA的质粒保留选择系统在生产规模下如期望的那样起作用,在以特定产率增强的温度转变步骤运行的50L中试分批补料发酵罐中使用质粒转化的细菌。使用添加有酵母提取物的基本培养基,使得倍增速率降低至0.88/小时。在接种后17小时00分开始分批补料,并通过pO2级联参数的连续增加(在32小时15分搅拌,在40小时30分加压,然后在45小时40分空气流动)实现30%溶解氧的调节。正如预期,生物量增加率在转变到42℃后立即降低。使用模拟即时裂解后产生过程的小规模质粒提取程序,估计产生的质粒DNA的量为1.03±0.17g/L。

Claims (15)

1.重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其中表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长。
2.重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其中表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关在没有天然基因补充的情况下基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述重组大肠杆菌细胞不包含所述必需大肠杆菌基因的其他由基因组编码形式。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其包含编码必需大肠杆菌基因的质粒,该质粒编码的必需大肠杆菌基因编码蛋白质,所述蛋白质具有与所述大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能。
5.根据权利要求4所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中与所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因相比,由所述质粒编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因编码在所述重组大肠杆菌细胞中具有更高活性的基因产物。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述上游前导序列包含来自单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌prfA的mRNA前导序列或其功能等同物。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述必需大肠杆菌基因编码参与转录或翻译的蛋白质。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因是infA或其功能等同物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中由所述infA或其功能等同物表达的蛋白质具有比由天然大肠杆菌infA编码的蛋白质(IF1)更低的活性。
10.根据权利要求5-9中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中由所述质粒编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因是天然大肠杆菌infA。
11.根据权利要求5-10中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中当所述必需大肠杆菌基因主要由所述质粒表达而不是主要或仅由所述由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因表达时,所述大肠杆菌细胞在允许生长的任何温度下的生长速率更高。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述第一温度低于所述第二温度。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的重组大肠杆菌细胞,其中所述第一温度与所述第二温度之间的差异为至少约1℃、至少约2℃、至少约5℃或至少约7℃。
14.在重组大肠杆菌中维持质粒的方法,其包括将重组质粒插入重组大肠杆菌细胞中,其中
-所述重组大肠杆菌细胞包含由基因组编码的必需大肠杆菌基因,其表达由不与所述必需大肠杆菌基因天然关联的上游前导序列调节,其中所述上游前导序列具有作为热敏开关的功能,所述热敏开关基本上不允许在第一温度下生长但允许在第二温度下生长,并且
-所述重组质粒包含编码蛋白质的必需大肠杆菌基因,所述蛋白质具有与所述大肠杆菌细胞由基因组编码的所述必需大肠杆菌基因相同或基本上相同的功能,因此允许在两种温度下生长。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述重组大肠杆菌细胞如权利要求4-13中任一项所定义。
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