CN109759054A - 一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料及其制备方法。一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料,其特征是:该纳米催化剂复合材料包括具有纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝载体;纳米氧化铝双通孔结构内部和表面负载有非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2‑x)催化剂。一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法,其特征是:纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:1)通过电子束热蒸发工艺将二氧化锰负载到纳米氧化铝载体上;2)在一定氢压,温度,氢化时间的条件下对纳米氧化铝载体上的二氧化锰催化剂进行氢化处理,获得非化学计量比的纳米二氧化锰(MnO2‑x)催化剂。本发明具有室温分解甲醛的催化活性高,活性氧浓度可调,催化剂稳定性好,制备工艺简单,成本低廉等特点,可广泛应用于空气中甲醛污染物的治理,尤其是室内和车内的甲醛污染物的治理。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于空气净化催化应用材料领域,特别是涉及一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
甲醛(HCHO)是一种常见的室内空气污染物,能与人体蛋白质中的氨基发生作用,影响蛋白质功能的正常发挥。甲醛可能对人体的嗅觉等感官系统,呼吸系统,免疫系统和中枢神经系统产生损伤,还有可能对人体遗传产生不良影响。甲醛浓度较低时可能会对眼睛和上呼吸道产生刺激,引起急性过敏反应,中等浓度时可能会导致呼吸道严重灼伤,流涕,呼吸困难,头痛等症状,浓度过高可能会导致肺水肿,肺炎,诱发基因突变,甚至导致死亡。室内或车内甲醛的主要来源是装修材料和家具材料中的粘合剂。特别是新装修的房间内,室内大量装修材料会散发出大量的甲醛,致使室内空气中甲醛的含量严重超过国家标准。
目前采用的甲醛去除方法有多种,可以粗略地分为开窗通风法、吸附法、光催化氧化法、臭氧氧化法和金属氧化物催化降解法。开窗通风法操作简单,但由于甲醛释放周期长,长期效果不明显。利用吸附法去除甲醛,只是将甲醛富集到吸附剂上,并不能将其分解,而且进行脱附时会造成二次污染。光催化氧化法中,目前普遍使用的光催化剂为二氧化钛,其能对甲醛和有机物等进行催化降解,但是由于二氧化钛光催化剂只对紫外光有响应,催化降解效率难以满足实际要求,而且系统设计要求较高,大规模推广有难度。臭氧氧化法是利用臭氧的强氧化性来催化甲醛分解,但是臭氧本身具有毒性,人在浓度为0 .1-1ppm的臭氧中就会产生头痛,眼睛灼热,且呼吸道会受刺激,难以实际应用于去除室内空气中的甲醛。金属氧化物催化降解法是目前比较有前景的降解甲醛技术,它利用具有催化作用的金属氧化物在常温条件下催化甲醛分解,具有快速反应且使用过程无损耗的特点。
在金属氧化物催化降解法中,目前研究较多的催化剂主要有铂、钯、钌等贵金属、稀土金属氧化物、过渡金属及其氧化物等。其中铂、钯、钌等贵金属催化剂具有稳定性好、催化效率高等优点,但由于价格昂贵,限制了其应用。稀土金属和过渡金属由于相对价格低廉、催化活性较高而成为了贵金属的替代材料。许多过渡金属由于具有多种可变价态,其氧化物中易形成复杂的缺陷,因此具有较强的氧化还原性能。如专利CN107626299A、CN105107524B、CN106238065B中公开了锰,铜,银,铁,铈的一种或多种复合氧化物在常温下显示出对甲醛明显的催化分解活性,在公开的这些复合催化剂组合中,主要利用不同金属氧化物之间的储氧特性差异来调控活性氧浓度,实际操作中其协同效应很难实现,而且这些复合氧化物制备方法的工艺过程比较复杂,难以获得一致性好的催化剂材料,难以实现广泛的实际应用。
在一个气固的催化反应体系中,含甲醛等污染物空气与催化剂的接触效率直接决定了最终的催化效果,因此催化剂和载体的比表面积选择也很关键。现有的催化剂材料大部分是微米级堆积颗粒,没有足够大的比表面积,在催化降解醛等污染物反应过程中,很难利用催化剂的催化活性。
发明内容
本发明为解决现有技术中存在的问题,提供了一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料及其制备方法。这种纳米复合材料制备过程简单,活性氧浓度可调,能在室温下快速高效催化分解室内或车内空气中的甲醛。
本发明的目的之一是提供了一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料,所述的纳米催化剂复合材料包括具有纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝载体;纳米氧化铝双通孔结构内部和表面负载有非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂;
所述的室温分解甲醛催化剂为非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂。
所述的催化剂载体为具有纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝。
所述的纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂的非化学计量比x在0.05-0.2之间,优选0.08-0.15。
所述的纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝孔径在80-350 nm之间,优选100-300 nm。
该非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂负载于纳米氧化铝双通孔结构内部和表面,由于非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2-x)具有大量的氧空位缺陷浓度,可在其表面和表面层吸附大量的活性氧,从而提高室温分解甲醛的催化活性,同时纳米氧化铝双通孔结构载体具有很高的机械强度,耐热性和耐腐蚀性,可方便设计甲醛催化降解反应器。
本发明的目的之二是提供一种纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法,所述的纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:1)通过电子束热蒸发工艺将二氧化锰负载到纳米氧化铝载体上;2)在一定氢压,温度,氢化时间的条件下对纳米氧化铝载体上的二氧化锰催化剂进行氢化处理,获得非化学计量比的纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂。
所述的氢化处理条件的氢气压力范围为1.5-2.5MPa,优选1.8-2.2MPa。
所述的氢化处理条件的温度范围为280-420oC,优选320-380oC。
所述的氢化处理条件的氢化处理时间范围为2-6小时,优选3-5小时。
采用氢化处理工艺的目的是可以获得可调控的氧空位浓度以及晶格氧和表面氧的比例,从而调控二氧化锰表面吸附氧的浓度,达到提高纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)甲醛催化降解活性的目的。
本发明具有的优点和积极效果:
室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料及其制备方法,由于采用了本发明全新的技术方案,因此具有了以下主要特点:
1.活性氧浓度可控。通过调节非化学计量二氧化锰(MnO2-x)中的x值,可获得不同氧空位浓度以及晶格氧和表面氧的比例;
2.催化剂复合材料性能稳定,一致性好。由于本发明采用的是单一组份的非化学计量二氧化锰(MnO2-x)材料,采用电子束热蒸发工艺负载,催化剂的稳定性一致性有保障。
3.结构简单。由于采用的纳米氧化铝双通孔结构载体具有很高的机械强度,以及纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂的一体化负载,可实现甲醛降解反应器的小型化。
4.室温分解甲醛的非化学计量二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂,无需额外能源,降解过程对环境污染小。
综上所述,本发明具有室温分解甲醛的催化活性高,活性氧浓度可调,催化剂稳定性好,制备工艺简单,成本低廉等特点,可广泛应用于空气中甲醛污染物的治理,尤其是室内和车内的甲醛污染物的治理。
附图说明
图1为孔径100 nm的氧化铝双通孔结构载体SEM照片
图2为负载在AAO上的纳米级二氧化锰SEM照片
图3为静态甲醛降解的检测装置(1-甲醛检测仪;2-容器盖;3-取样头;4-玻璃容器;5-光催化剂;6-光源;7-注气口;8-变压器)
图4为静态甲醛降解结果。(a)非化学计量二氧化锰MnO1.89(氢化条件320oC/1.5MPa/4小时);(b)非化学计量二氧化锰MnO1.85(氢化条件350oC/2.0MPa/4小时);(c)非化学计量二氧化锰MnO1.82(氢化条件380oC/2.5MPa/5小时);
具体实施方式
为能进一步了解本发明的发明内容、特点及功效,兹例举以下实施例,并配合附图详细说明如下:
请参阅附图1、图2、图3和图4。
实施例1
采用孔径为100nm的AAO氧化铝双通孔结构载体,孔结构如附图1所示,圆形纳米氧化铝载体的直径φ50mm,厚度120μm。二氧化锰靶材由纯度为99.99%的二氧化锰粉末压制而成。纳米催化剂复合材料按以下步骤制备:第一步,在一台真空电子束蒸发台中,采用适当工艺将一定量的二氧化锰负载到AAO氧化铝双通孔结构载体上,图2为负载在AAO上的纳米级二氧化锰形貌。第二步,将负载有二氧化锰的双通孔氧化铝载体置于一台高压氢化反应器中,先抽真空,然后以5oC/min的升温速率升到320oC,充纯氢压力至1.5MPa,保温4小时,然后自然冷却到室温,最后卸压,获得氢化处理的纳米催化剂复合材料。X射线衍射检测结果显示氢化处理后的样品仍是典型的二氧化锰斜方晶相,但晶胞体积有所变小,经计算测定x为0.11(MnO1.89)。
室温甲醛降解实验在图3所示的静态检测装置中进行,将纳米催化剂复合材料5放入密闭器皿4底部,用微量进样针从注气口7注入一定量的甲醛气体,甲醛检测仪通过取样头3实时检测容器内甲醛浓度的变化,每隔5分钟记录一次数据。测试结果如图4(a)所示,100分钟室温甲醛的降解率为57.6%。
实施例2
室温降解甲醛催化剂复合材料的制备过程同实施例1,但负载有二氧化锰的双通孔氧化铝载体的氢化条件改为氢化温度350 oC,氢化压力2.0MPa,保温4小时,X射线衍射实验测定的x为0.15(MnO1.85)。
室温甲醛降解实验同实施例1,测试结果如图4(b)所示,100分钟室温甲醛的降解率为70%。
实施例3
室温降解甲醛催化剂复合材料的制备过程同实施例1,但负载有二氧化锰的双通孔氧化铝载体的氢化条件改为氢化温度380 oC,氢化压力2.5MPa,保温5小时,X射线衍射实验测定的x为0.18(MnO1.82)。
室温甲醛降解实验同实施例1,测试结果如图4(c)所示,100分钟室温甲醛的降解率为54.5%。
以上实施例仅用于说明本发明,而并非对本发明的限制,有关技术领域的普通技术人员,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,还可以做出各种变化和变型,因此所有等同的技术方案也属于本发明的范畴,本发明的专利保护范围应由权利要求限定。
Claims (7)
1.一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料,其特征是:该纳米催化剂复合材料包括具有纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝载体;纳米氧化铝双通孔结构内部和表面负载有非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂;一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法,其特征是: 纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:1)通过电子束热蒸发工艺将二氧化锰负载到纳米氧化铝载体上;2)在一定氢压,温度,氢化时间的条件下对纳米氧化铝载体上的二氧化锰催化剂进行氢化处理,获得非化学计量比的纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纳米催化剂复合材料,其特征是:所述的室温分解甲醛催化剂为非化学计量比的纳米金属二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的纳米催化剂复合材料,其特征是:所述的催化剂载体为具有纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝。
4.根据权利要求1和2所述的纳米催化剂复合材料,其特征是:所述的纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂的非化学计量比x在0.05-0.2之间。
5.根据权利要求1和3所述的纳米催化剂复合材料,其特征是:所述的纳米级双通孔结构的氧化铝孔径在80-350 nm之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法,其特征是: 纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:1)通过电子束热蒸发工艺将二氧化锰负载到纳米氧化铝载体上;2)在一定氢压,温度,氢化时间的条件下对纳米氧化铝载体上的二氧化锰催化剂进行氢化处理,获得非化学计量比的纳米二氧化锰(MnO2-x)催化剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种室温分解甲醛的纳米催化剂复合材料的制备方法,其特征是: 所述的氢化处理条件的氢气压力范围为1.5-2.5MPa,温度范围为280-420oC,氢化处理时间范围为2-6小时。
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- 2019-02-25 CN CN201910136997.6A patent/CN109759054A/zh active Pending
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US11648329B1 (en) | 2021-11-24 | 2023-05-16 | Rht Limited | Air purifiers |
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CN114392735A (zh) * | 2022-02-08 | 2022-04-26 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | 一种α-MnO2催化剂及其制备方法和用途 |
CN114392736A (zh) * | 2022-02-17 | 2022-04-26 | 苏州道一至诚纳米材料技术有限公司 | 常温净化甲醛的催化膜及其制备方法与用途 |
CN115025770A (zh) * | 2022-05-20 | 2022-09-09 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | 一种MnO2/γ-Al2O3低维纳米复合材料及其制备方法与应用 |
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