CN109619001A - A kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method - Google Patents
A kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109619001A CN109619001A CN201910017787.5A CN201910017787A CN109619001A CN 109619001 A CN109619001 A CN 109619001A CN 201910017787 A CN201910017787 A CN 201910017787A CN 109619001 A CN109619001 A CN 109619001A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/59—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of crustaceans, e.g. lobsters or shrimps
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/51—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of gastropods, e.g. abalones or turban snails
- A01K61/53—Baskets therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture methods, comprising the following steps: (1) selection and construction in rice field: feeding rice field is fitted in selection, bedding of ditching, and independent irrigation and drainage system is arranged, and in rice field, the anti-escape wall of river crab is arranged in surrounding；(2) clear field disinfection, is arranged things concealed, transplants spiral shell, screens crab species and temporarily supports；(3) it applies fertilizer, rice-cultivating and water plant, and temporarily feeding crab species are launched after rice seedling is turned green；(4) river crab feeding management: a) during culture of Chinese mitten crab, the different breeding stage feeds different feeds；B) cultivation water regulation, regular replenishment organic fertilizer are carried out；C) prevent and control rice crab disease, remove harmful organisms in time；(5) river crab fishes: can be traped with phagostimulant and/or at night using lamp light trapping.It is used and breeding pollution it is an advantage of the invention that drug can be reduced, it is high yield, high-quality, nuisanceless.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of aquaculture, and in particular to a kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method.
Background technique
River crab category Crustachia, Decapoda, Grapsidae, Eriocheir.Its growth period is generally 2 years, in artificial intensive culture,
The time can be shortened.River crab likes that water quality is peace and quiet, the biggish water body environment of transparency, and water plant grows thickly, and bait is abundant, and river crab grows most
It is suitable for.
In the breeding process of river crab, raiser often feeds excessive bait, so not only to pursue culture efficiency
The waste of bait is caused, increases cost, and excreta, residual bait generated during cultivating river crab etc. is in water body
Accumulation, causes Dissolved Oxygen in Water to decline, so as to cause water eutrophication, while easily the disease of river crab being caused to occur.And in order to
The generation of disease is avoided, raiser generally requires largely to change water, and using the drug prevented and cured diseases, largely changes water and not only waste water
Resource, the discharge of aquaculture wastewater also result in the pollution of vicinity waters, are unfavorable for the sustainable development of ecological environment；And river crab pair
The toxicity of pesticide is more more sensitive than fish, therefore has strict requirements to the dispensing of drug in the breeding process of river crab, especially malicious
The stronger pesticide of property, in addition, the use of drug can also damage the ecological environment of surrounding water.Therefore, develop efficient, nothing
The aquaculture model of public hazards has great importance.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method, with reduce drug use and
Breeding pollution forms high yield, high-quality, the non-harmful cultivation that organises.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention uses following technical scheme, a kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab rice field
Cultural method, comprising the following steps:
(1) selection and construction in rice field: feeding rice field is fitted in selection, and independent irrigation and drainage system is arranged, in rice field in bedding of ditching
The anti-escape wall of river crab is arranged in surrounding；
(2) clear field disinfection, is arranged things concealed, transplants spiral shell, screens crab species and temporarily supports；
(3) it applies fertilizer, rice-cultivating and water plant, and temporarily feeding crab species are launched after rice seedling is turned green；
(4) river crab feeding management:
A) during culture of Chinese mitten crab, the different breeding stage feeds different feeds；
B) cultivation water regulation, regular replenishment organic fertilizer are carried out；
C) prevent and control rice crab disease, remove harmful organisms in time；
(5) river crab fishes: can be traped with phagostimulant and/or at night using lamp light trapping.
By the cultivating river crab in rice field, resource can be made full use of, realizes rice, river crab bumper harvests: rice and water plant
The organic matter in pond can not only be reduced, the nutritive salt in water body is absorbed, ammonia nitrogen in water is reduced, purifies water, increase dissolved oxygen, subtract
Few water eutrophication, moreover it is possible to avoid heat for river crab sunshade, sheltered situation is provided；River crab can ingest weeds and pest in rice field,
And the excrement of river crab itself, residual bait can be used as the fertilizer of rice, water plant；Spiral shell is the optimal living food bait of river crab, can
Promote river crab rapid growth, and can play the role of purifying water.It can be to avoid by the way that the anti-escape wall of river crab is arranged in rice field surrounding
The escape of river crab.By feeding different feeds in different phase, the nutritional need of river crab different stages of growth can be met, improved
The utilization rate of feed, the waste and pollution for reducing feed, and enhance the immunity of river crab.Without launching pesticide in breeding process,
River crab quality is high, and growth is fast, high survival rate.
Further, anti-escape side wall within the walls is smooth, and aptychus is seamless, to be better protected from river crab climbing.
Further, anti-escape wall slightly tilts inwardly, and tilt angle is 3-10 °, the anti-escape walled knot small at the big mouth in bottom
Structure, the benefit designed in this way be can either avoid river crab climb wall escape, and broken off river crab corner be superimposed climbing escape can
Can, improve the anti-escape effect of anti-escape wall.
Further, in step (4), the organic fertilizer that is supplemented the preparation method is as follows: the Enteromorpha that 1) will be salvaged in seawater
It is cleaned up with clear water, dries, crushes, obtain enteromorpha powder；2) each component of following mass fraction: 50-60 parts of pig manure, wheat straw is weighed
25-35 parts, 15-20 parts of rice bran, 15-25 parts of enteromorpha powder, 10-15 parts of corn stover, 10-15 parts of watermelon peel, 6-10 parts of granatum,
3-5 parts of folium artemisiae argyi, 2-3 parts of cordate houttuynia, 2-3 parts of dried yeast powder, 1-2 parts of Bacillus acidi lactici；3) by load weighted folium artemisiae argyi and herba houttuyniae powder
It is broken, 30 times of the clear water that weight is folium artemisiae argyi and cordate houttuynia total weight is added, after impregnating 2 hours at 70-80 DEG C, filters to take gained filter
Liquid；4) pig manure is put into fermentor, the resulting filtrate of step 3) is added and stirred evenly, sealed, after 2-3 hours, be added and claim
Measured wheat straw, rice bran, enteromorpha powder, corn stover, watermelon peel, granatum, dried yeast powder, Bacillus acidi lactici, stir evenly postposition
It is sealed by fermentation 5-8 days at room temperature.The harmful bacteria in pig manure, fungi can be killed by above-mentioned fermentation process, and resulting
N, P ratio of fermentation organic fertilizer are suitable for that can increase fertilizer water quality, promote the growth and breeding of rice, water plant and phytoplankton.Of the invention
The dosage of fertilizer is to apply 5-20 kilograms per acre, and when fertilising is preferably used for multiple times on a small quantity, in case the short time, which launches, excessively leads to it
Oxygen consumption causes greatly very much water hypoxia when decomposing again in water body, and the transparency of water body is controlled in 30-40cm in paddy system.
Further, after button crab enters pond, water temperature can start to feed bait when reaching 8-10 DEG C.In the entire culture-cycle,
Cultivate early period (4-6 month): crab species are launched soon, and food ration starts to increase, and growth starts, and protein content is not in the feed fed
Lower than 40%, and animal protein content accounts for 50% of Tot Prot or more, suitably collocation small fish and shrimp, corn, soya-bean cake, oatmeal etc.,
Daily ration, feeding quantity is the 2-3% of river crab weight.Cultivate mid-term (7-8 month): water temperature is higher, river crab intensity of feeding relative drop, to throw
It feeds based on vegetal bait, reduces animal protein supply, protein content 38% or so in bait drops compared with cultivating early period
The accounting of total protein and the accounting of the animal protein in albumen in low feed, and using natural animal plant bait in rice field
Material, such as zoobenthos, spiral shell and water plant eat food and inhabit for young crab it is hidden.Daily ration, feeding quantity is 5% or so of crab body weight around here.Cultivation
Later period (9-10 month): water temperature is gradually reduced, and the river crab intensity of feeding is gone up, and protein content is 35.5%-36.5% in bait, is answered
Reach 36% or so.This phase is exactly river crab reproduction shelling and fattening stage, the supply of Ying Zengjia animal protein, animal protein content
It is 50% or more of Tot Prot, daily ration, feeding quantity is 8% or so of weight.
Further, per half a month feed addition immunopotentiator mixed bait it is primary, each 3-5 days.
Further, artificial crabhole is set on the slope that crab ditch, crab slip, the crabhole that crab ditch vis-a-vis, crab slip is staggered,
Disabled with reducing river crab and mutually grappling.
Further, in the present invention, the mode for carrying out regulating and controlling water quality includes that flocculant is periodically added, and flocculant is added every time
After 1-2 days, enzyme preparation is added.1) preparation method of the flocculant is the following steps are included: weigh sweet potato according to the mass ratio of 1:1
Then leaf and banana skin are crushed and are mixed, the citric acid solution with 0.10mol/L of quality such as mixtures is added into mixture,
It mixes, room temperature 2-3h is put into a centrifuge, and is centrifugated 5-10min with 5000r/min, is given up supernatant, gained is sunk
Starch drying to moisture content is 15% or less；2) aloe is cleaned up, grinding takes its juice；3) by the resulting aloe of step 2)
Juice is mixed with the resulting desciccate of step 1) according to the mass ratio of 1:2, is placed in Muffle kiln roasting, maturing temperature 500-
600 DEG C, calcining time 2-3h；4) diatomite is crushed through ballmillmixer, crosses 200 meshes；5) gleditsia sinensis is ground, and takes its juice
Liquid；6) by the product of roasting of step 3), the diatomite of step 4), the gleditsia sinensis juice of step 5) and calcium lignosulfonate, 100 mesh
Wheaten starch according to 50-80:30-40:10-12:5-10:1-3 mass ratio mix, then use magnetic stirrer 100-
120 minutes to get.The enzyme preparation is as following ingredients raw material through obtained by wet granulation: neutral proteinase, basic protein
Enzyme, acid protease, carbohydrase, starch, xanthan gum, bentonite, wherein containing neutral proteinase 15000U/ in every gram of enzyme preparation
G, alkali protease 10000U/g, acid protease 10000U/g, carbohydrase 2000U/g, starch 300mg/g, xanthan gum 30mg/
G, bentonite 10mg/g.
The usage amount of flocculant of the invention is to launch 500-1000g per acre, and the usage amount of enzyme preparation of the invention is every
Mu launches 100-200g.The rapid subsidences such as the residual bait excrement in water body can be made to water body bottom by using flocculant of the invention
Portion, and by using enzyme preparation can organic pollutants such as the residual bait in degrading cultivation water, excrement, biological residuum rapidly, keep away
Exempt from water hypoxia and water quality degenerates, effectively improvement water body environment, and then inhibit the harmful microorganism in water body, improves exempting from for river crab
Epidemic disease power reduces the disease incidence of river crab.Further, since flocculant green non-pollution of the invention, flocculant is heavy together with residual bait excrement
It drops to bottom of pond and can be used as fertilizer and be absorbed and utilized by rice, water plant.Compared with existing cultural method, the present invention is by periodically making
It can guarantee that water quality is pure and fresh with flocculant and enzyme preparation, avoid water hypoxia and water quality from degenerating, reduce the quantity of exchanged water during cultivation, because
This reduces the discharge of aquaculture wastewater, reduces the waste of water body and the pollution to surrounding enviroment.
To sum up, compared with prior art, it the invention has the advantages that by the cultivating river crab in rice field, can make full use of
Resource, realize rice, river crab bumper harvests: rice and water plant can not only reduce the organic matter in pond, absorb the nutrition in water body
Salt, reduce water in ammonia nitrogen, purify water, increase dissolved oxygen, reduce water eutrophication, moreover it is possible to be river crab sunshade avoid heat, provide it is hidden
Cover place；River crab can ingest weeds and pest in rice field, and the excrement of river crab itself, residual bait can be used as rice, water plant
Fertilizer；Spiral shell is the optimal living food bait of river crab, can promote river crab rapid growth and play the role of purifying water.
It can be to avoid the escape of river crab by the way that the anti-escape wall of river crab is arranged in rice field surrounding.By feeding different feeds in different phase,
The nutritional need that river crab different stages of growth can be met improves the utilization rate of feed, reduces the waste and pollution of feed, and enhances
The immunity of river crab.Without launching pesticide in breeding process, river crab quality is high, and growth is fast, high survival rate.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment below facilitates a better understanding of the present invention, but does not limit the present invention.Experiment in following embodiments
Method is unless otherwise specified conventional method.
Embodiment 1
A kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method, comprising the following steps:
(1) selection and construction in rice field: feeding rice field is fitted in selection, and independent irrigation and drainage system is arranged, in rice field in bedding of ditching
The anti-escape wall of river crab is arranged in surrounding:
Crab farming rice field selection it is water-tight, have abundant water resources, water quality is good, pollution-free, irrigation and drainage convenience, environment quiet, traffic just
The field of benefit concentrated in flakes, if area is too small, unit area cost of investment is just high, and water body convection current and exchange capacity are poor, water temperature
Height, water quality are easier to deteriorate；In addition, the retention capacity of soil in crab farming rice field is eager to excel, soil property is fertile, in favor of breeding planktonic organism etc.
Living body bait, soil are advisable with the strong clay of keeping fertility, loam or clay.
Crab species are excavated on one side in rice field and temporarily support ditch, or utilize the edge of a field nature water storage ditch, as temporarily feeding ditch after leveling.Ditch
Wide 2 meters or more, 2 meters of the depth of water or more.Annular ditch is excavated on the inside of ridge, the soil dug out is not leaked for building earth dyke, earth dyke compacting
Water, 1-2 meters of furrow width, 0.8-1.5 meters deep, slope ratio 1:(1.3-1.5).To make to have enough Water spaces in order to river crab in system
Several traverse furrows and cross ditch are excavated in activity in rice field, and furrow width, ditch depth are 0.5 meter or so, the circular groove phase with surrounding
It is logical, the mellow soil of excavation is uniformly dissipated and is sprinkled upon in rice furrow face；The reasonable Arrangement of field ditch is conducive to raise field face, increases water body and holds
Amount, convenient management operation usually；In the present embodiment, field ditch, circular groove and temporary feeding ditch area account for the gross area in crab farming rice field
10% or so.
In irrigation and drainage system, diagonally it is arranged into discharge outlet, so that water body uniformly circulates in rice field, pipeline is left from bottom of trench 30cm
The right side, the deep benefit that pipeline is buried are discharge lower layer's anoxic waters when being conducive to change water.Water inlet relies primarily on water pump, when water inlet
60 mesh nylon bolting silks are set at pump outlet, prevent the entrance of harmful organism, small fish and fish-egg；It is blocked in discharge outlet installation
Net, to prevent river crab escape；
In the present embodiment, the anti-escape side wall within the walls is smooth, and aptychus is seamless, anti-escape to be better protected from river crab climbing
Wall slightly tilts inwardly, and tilt angle is 5 °, and the anti-escape walled structure small at the big mouth in bottom, the benefit designed in this way is can either
It avoids river crab from climbing wall escape, and has broken off river crab and be superimposed the possibility of climbing escape in corner, improve the anti-escape effect of anti-escape wall.
(2) system ditch system is made to built rice fishing in winter slack phase altogether and carries out ditch cleaning, removes the mud in ditch.Mid-March
With quick lime to temporarily feeding ditch disinfection, then plus water gradually adjusts water level to 80cm or more, and things concealed is arranged along waterside with reed, supplies
Crab species are inhabited hidden with shell, and things concealed setting accounts for 15% or so of temporarily feeding ditch area.Spiral shell is the optimal living food bait of river crab,
It can promote river crab rapid growth and play the role of purifying water, according to 50kg/ mus of transplanting spiral shells, be allowed to free breeding
Growth.
Select neat specification, the complete stalwartness of quick, the disease-free and injury-free, limbs of activity Clintonia udensis river crab as putting object in a suitable place to breed,
Sex premature individual is rejected, crab strain specification is 120-160/kg, and crab species use 10mg/L potassium permanganate to soak before launching temporarily feeding ditch
Bubble disinfection half an hour, prevent causal organism from propagating.Crab species are equably put into after disinfection in limes marginis or ditch on water plant, allow its nature
It disperses, Multipoint Uniform is launched.Small fish or river crab compound feed 1 time are fed at dusk daily during temporarily supporting, and daily ration of feeding accounts for crab
The 2-3% of weight, according to water temperature, weather condition and crab species ingest situation adjustment.Temporarily support during, cultivation water level generally 80cm with
On, early period, water temperature was low, and water is shallower, as temperature increases, gradually plus water.During temporarily supporting, water 1/5-1/4 is changed within every 8-10 days, to prevent
Anoxic and water quality degenerate.
(3) base manure, the method that fertilising uses single fertilization are used sufficient, i.e. phosphorus, potash fertilizer once uses sufficient, and nitrogenous fertilizer 90% makees base fertilizer
In being manured into soil, 10% nitrogenous fertilizer is only stayed to do top dressing.Rice-cultivating and water plant (water plant can be eel grass, water hyacinth etc.), rice
Applied before rice transplanting nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer 90%, add water, start rice transplanting rice-cultivating and water plant after 10 days, water plant accounts for temporarily feeding groove face
Long-pending 10% or so；Late May, rice seedling are turned green after tiller, and fence when temporarily supporting is removed, by the close of 300-500/mu
Degree, crab species are evenly spread in entire field face.
(4) river crab feeding management:
A) during culture of Chinese mitten crab, the different breeding stage feeds different feeds；
Crab species from natural water area enter artificial breeding environment after, once condition license can largely ingest, entire growth period
Interior generally to will appear 2 animated periods of ingesting, one is that time early summer river crab food ration is larger, the other is mature in river crab sexual gland
Before, also referred to as grand period of growth of river crab.Also to guarantee in addition to vegetal bait will furnish good supplies in this 2 peak periods of ingesting
The supply of animal bait.River crab suitable water temperature of ingesting is 14-22 DEG C, and the end of spring and the beginning of summer and autumn are the peaks that river crab ingests
Phase is more contained with autumn especially.So feeding food species and quantity should be according to the different growth and development stages and seasonal variations of river crab
It is adjusted accordingly.In the present embodiment, after button crab enters pond, water temperature starts to feed bait when reaching 8-10 DEG C.In the entire culture-cycle,
Cultivate early period (4-6 month): crab species are launched soon, and food ration starts to increase, and growth starts, and protein content is not in the feed fed
Lower than 40%, and animal protein content accounts for 50% of Tot Prot or more, suitably collocation small fish and shrimp, corn, soya-bean cake, oatmeal etc.,
Daily ration, feeding quantity is the 2-3% of river crab weight.Cultivate mid-term (7-8 month): water temperature is higher, river crab intensity of feeding relative drop, to throw
It feeds based on vegetal bait, reduces animal protein supply, protein content 38% or so in bait drops compared with cultivating early period
The accounting of total protein and the accounting of the animal protein in albumen in low feed, and using natural animal plant bait in rice field
Material, such as zoobenthos, spiral shell and water plant eat food and inhabit for young crab it is hidden.Daily ration, feeding quantity is 5% or so of crab body weight around here.Cultivation
Later period (9-10 month): water temperature is gradually reduced, and the river crab intensity of feeding is gone up, and protein content is 36% or so in bait, this phase is just
River crab reproduction shelling and fattening stage, the supply of Ying Zengjia animal protein, animal protein content be the 50% of Tot Prot with
On, daily ration, feeding quantity is 8% or so of weight.Four that " timing quantifies, determines matter, fixed point " is followed when feeding determine principle, while regarding water
Temperature, water quality, paddy growth situation, river crab Individual Size and quantity, situation of ingesting etc., appropriate adjustment bait throwing in.Periodically: daily bait throwing in
It 2 times, when with 8-9 in morning, feeds and is advisable when 4-5 in afternoon.It is quantitative: to be fed according to controls such as the growth phase of river crab, season, water temperatures
Amount cannot neglect full famine suddenly, is advisable with feeding the rear 4-5 hours feed that will be fed and eating up, and general feeding volume in morning accounts for 1/3, at dusk
Account for 2/3.Determine matter: i.e. animal and plant bait ratio can be reduced suitably in 3-4:6-7, summer animal bait ratio, prevent water quality from disliking
Change, cloudy day or when very high temperature throw less or do not throw.Fixed point: i.e. every 25m2A bait throwing in point is fixed, is striven to prevent bait throwing in unevenness
Food cannibalisation.
B) cultivation water regulation is carried out；
Since temperature is high in rice growing season, water evaporation quantity is big, and river crab excreta is more, the decomposition of ditch system inner part substance
And the external world puts into rotting for substance, the water quality that rice fishing is made altogether in system easily degenerates.Efficient water quality adjustment is that rice fishing is total
Make the key gone on smoothly.
In breeding process, the water level control that system is made in rice fishing altogether takes into account rice and crab.After rice transplanting, with individual grow up and
The increasingly rising of temperature, river crab scope of activities also constantly expand, and the requirement to water surface area and water level is also continuously improved.In production
Resistance to deep water is needed in conjunction with rice, water level is stepped up after rice tillering is considerable to 20cm, hereafter gradually to rice full heading time
Deepen to the highest depth of water of 35-40cm, Grain Filling gradually reduces water level depending on temperature change, is maintained at 25-30cm, and receiving
Rice the last week drains water body in rice field, receives rice with benefit, river crab, which has captured, at this time terminates.
Rice field ditch system water is regularly replaced during breeding, to ensure that water quality is pure and fresh.The side filled in row can be taken by changing water
Method, 4-6 month change water 1/5-1/4 in every 8-10 days；It 7-8 month changes weekly water l-2 times, changes water 1/3 every time.Further, since field
Between evaporated quantity of water it is big, should inject new water at any time, keep the depth of water；After September part, it is primary to be changed to change for every 5-10 days water, changes water every time
1/4-1/3.Water inlet water source wants pollution-free, water inlet will influent source as far as possible upper water, discharge outlet wants unimpeded, and drainage pipeline is clear
To ditch bottom, the water of lower layer's anoxic is excluded when to change water.When weather is especially hot, it is calm it is sultry, mist weather, deepen in ditch
Water level.
The content of calcium is extremely important to river crab shell in water, malnutritive if calcium deficiency, often leads to river crab shell not
Then, large quantities of death.Periodically sterilizing and replenishing the calcium to water body, the pH value of adjustable water body kills the helminth and germ in water,
Facilitate absorption and safe shell of the crab body to calcium.It is mainly watered using quick lime and supports ditch temporary, encloses that ditch and field ditch are bold and vigorous to be poured, often
The moon is primary, and dosage is 20kg/ mus.It is noted that applying raw stone in production in the case where original water body hardness is inherently big
Ash should be prudent.Application is excessive, can reduce the concentration of available phosphorus, influence the growth of phytoplankton and water plant, in addition content of organics
Relatively low pond, quick lime dosage is excessive, also can excessively reduce water body fertilizer degree.
C) prevent and control rice crab disease, remove harmful organisms in time；
Early stage, water temperature was lower, and disease is less at crab cultivation stages.Mid-term is increased at crab cultivation stages, water temperature, the bait of investment
Material increases, and water-bed organic matter accumulation aggravation is that frequent period occurs for disease.The Major Diseases that river crab in rice field is made in rice fishing altogether have water
Swollen disease, black gill disease, fin rot, long defect, tremble disease etc..Rely mainly on prevention, per half a month feed addition immunopotentiator with bait
Material is primary, and the immunopotentiator can be vitamin C etc., and each 3-5 days.The cultivation later period can targetedly apply Tiny ecosystem
Preparation effectively decomposes the cultivation deposit of water-bed accumulation, pathogen is avoided to breed, and reduces disease and frees.It is appropriate to increase water injection rate,
Improve water level.Heavy rain season pays attention to suitably draining, and keeps water level water quality, prevents disease.Change of water quality is paid attention at any time, is regulated and controled
Good water quality factor provides good ecological environmental condition for river crab growth, reduces disease.
Harmful organisms are removed in time, and harmful organisms mainly have water snake, water rat, frog, water in rice crab three dimensional-planting-breeding system
Birds, predacious fish etc., river crab night is movable at shoal or the nearly water of earth dyke, the soft crab of especially rigid shell, action
Slowly, most vulnerable to attack.
(5) river crab fishes: at night using phagostimulant and the comprehensive trapping of light.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment and the specific difference of embodiment 1 are: in step (2), a water was changed without every 8-10 days, it only need to be every
After being added flocculant 1-2 days, enzyme preparation is added in flocculant of 10-20 days investments.In step (4), without refreshing the water periodically,
The flocculant of addition in every 10-15 days is only needed, after being added flocculant 2 days, enzyme preparation is added.In step (4), without in feed
Add immunopotentiator.The preparation method of the flocculant the following steps are included: 1) according to the mass ratio of 1:1 weigh sweet potato leaves and
Then banana skin is crushed and is mixed, the citric acid solution with 0.10mol/L of quality such as mixtures is added into mixture, mixes,
Room temperature 3h, puts into a centrifuge, and is centrifugated 5min with 5000r/min, gives up supernatant, and gained sediment is dry extremely
Moisture content is 15% or less；2) aloe is cleaned up, grinding takes its juice；3) by the resulting aloe juice of step 2) and step
1) resulting desciccate is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:2, is placed in Muffle kiln roasting, and maturing temperature is 550 DEG C, calcining time
2.5h；4) diatomite is crushed through ballmillmixer, crosses 200 meshes；5) gleditsia sinensis is ground, and takes its juice；6) by step 3)
Product of roasting, the diatomite of step 4), the gleditsia sinensis juice of step 5) and calcium lignosulfonate, 100 mesh wheaten starch press
According to the mass ratio mixing of 60:30:12:9:2, then with magnetic stirrer 120 minutes to get.The enzyme preparation is by following
Each component raw material is through obtained by wet granulation: neutral proteinase, alkali protease, acid protease, carbohydrase, starch, wherein
Contain neutral proteinase 15000U/g, alkali protease 10000U/g, acid protease 10000U/g, saccharification in every gram of enzyme preparation
Enzyme 2000U/g, starch 300mg/g, xanthan gum 30mg/g, bentonite 10mg/g.
The usage amount of flocculant of the invention is to launch 500-1000g per acre, and the usage amount of enzyme preparation of the invention is every
Mu launches 100-200g.The rapid subsidences such as the residual bait excrement in water body can be made to water body bottom by using flocculant of the invention
Portion, and by using enzyme preparation can organic pollutants such as the residual bait in degrading cultivation water, excrement, biological residuum rapidly, keep away
Exempt from water hypoxia and water quality degenerates, effectively improvement water body environment, and then inhibit the harmful microorganism in water body, improves exempting from for river crab
Epidemic disease power reduces the disease incidence of river crab.Further, since flocculant green non-pollution of the invention, can be used as fertilizer by rice, water
Grass is absorbed and utilized.Compared with existing cultural method, the present invention is by periodically can guarantee that water quality is clear using flocculant and enzyme preparation
Newly, it avoids water hypoxia and water quality from degenerating, reduces the quantity of exchanged water during cultivation, almost only need basis without changing water during cultivation
Situation suitably supplements the water body of evaporation, therefore reduces the discharge of aquaculture wastewater, reduces the waste of water body and to surrounding enviroment
Pollution.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment and the specific difference of embodiment 1 are: after crab ditch, crab slip and to be formed, in ditch, slipping by slope from field face 25
At interval of 30-35cm 15 degree of oblique angles, deep 20~30 centimetres of artificial cave are arranged, crab ditch vis-a-vis, crab slip in centimeters
Crabhole is staggered, so that river crab is hidden and lives in caves, and reduces river crab and mutually grapples and disable.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment and the specific difference of embodiment 1 are: in step (4), the preparation of fertilizer used by the present embodiment
Method is as follows: 1) cleaning up the Enteromorpha salvaged in seawater with clear water, dry, crush, obtain enteromorpha powder；2) following quality is weighed
The each component of number: 60 parts of pig manure, 25 parts of wheat straw, 20 parts of rice bran, 25 parts of enteromorpha powder, 12 parts of corn stover, 15 parts of watermelon peel, stone
8 parts of pomegranate skin, 3 parts of folium artemisiae argyi, 3 parts of cordate houttuynia, 2 parts of dried yeast powder, 1 part of Bacillus acidi lactici；3) by load weighted folium artemisiae argyi and herba houttuyniae powder
It is broken, 30 times of the clear water that weight is folium artemisiae argyi and cordate houttuynia total weight is added, after impregnating 2 hours at 70-80 DEG C, filters to take gained filter
Liquid；4) pig manure is put into fermentor, the resulting filtrate of step 3) is added and stirred evenly, after sealing 2 hours, addition is weighed
Wheat straw, rice bran, enteromorpha powder, corn stover, watermelon peel, granatum, dried yeast powder, Bacillus acidi lactici, be placed on after mixing evenly
It is sealed by fermentation 6 days at room temperature.The harmful bacteria in pig manure, fungi can be killed by above-mentioned fermentation process, and resulting fermentation
N, P ratio of organic fertilizer are suitable for that can increase fertilizer water quality, promote the growth and breeding of rice, water plant and phytoplankton.Fertilizer of the invention
Dosage be to apply 8 kilograms per acre, when fertilising, is used for multiple times on a small quantity, excessively it is caused to divide again in water body in order to avoid the short time launches
Oxygen consumption causes greatly very much water hypoxia when solution, and the transparency of water body is controlled in 30-40cm in paddy system.
Embodiment 5
The present embodiment and the specific difference of embodiment 1 are: the mode replenished the calcium is that the conch meal of crushing is added into feed,
It does not use quick lime to be watered to support ditch temporary, enclose ditch and field ditch and sprinkle and pour.
Experimental result
Research experiment during first arrival in 2 months in 2014 is in by the end of October, 2017 in Tianjin Xie Yuan aquaculture Co., Ltd into
Row is explored and is tested repeatedly, and has carried out examining experiment in early Febuary, 2018 in mid-October, 2018, and experiment is examined in setting
Processing it is as follows: using the cultural method of embodiment 1- embodiment 5 as experimental group, with existing common cultural method be control
Group, each control group and experimental group separately design 3 parallel laboratory tests.
The processing of control group is as follows:
(1) selection and construction in rice field: the selection of crab farming rice field is water-tight, have abundant water resources, water quality is good, pollution-free, irrigation and drainage
Convenience, environment quiet, traffic convenience concentration field in flakes.The soil in crab farming rice field is sandy loam or gravel soil.In rice field
Surrounding builds escaping-preventing facilities.
(2) it cleans up the pond disinfection: in winter slack phase system ditch system being made to built rice fishing altogether and carry out ditch cleaning, remove the silt in ditch
Mud.Mid-March, then plus water gradually adjusted water level to 80cm or more, is set with reed along waterside with quick lime to temporarily feeding ditch disinfection
Things concealed is set, is inhabited for crab species hidden with shell, things concealed setting accounts for 15% or so of temporarily feeding ditch area.Selection neat specification,
Activity is quick, disease-free and injury-free, the complete healthy and strong Clintonia udensis river crab of limbs is as object is put in a suitable place to breed, rejects sex premature individual, crab species rule
Lattice are 120-160/kg, and crab species use 10mg/L potassium permanganate soaking disinfection half an hour before launching temporarily feeding ditch, prevent cause of disease
Biotransmission.Juvenile crab etc. is equably put into limes marginis after disinfection, it is allowed to disperse naturally, Multipoint Uniform is launched.During temporarily supporting daily
Feed small fish or river crab compound feed 1 time at dusk, daily ration of feeding accounts for the 2-3% of crab body weight, according to water temperature, weather condition and
Crab species ingest situation adjustment.During temporarily supporting, water level is cultivated generally in 80cm or more, early period, water temperature was low, and water is shallower, with temperature liter
Height, gradually plus water.During temporarily supporting, changes water 1/5-1/4 within every 8-10 days, degenerated with oxygen deficit proof and water quality.
(3) base manure, the method that fertilising uses single fertilization are used sufficient, i.e. phosphorus, potash fertilizer once uses sufficient, and nitrogenous fertilizer 90% makees base fertilizer
In being manured into soil, 10% nitrogenous fertilizer is only stayed to do top dressing.Applied before rice transplanting nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer 90%, add water, after 10 days
Start rice transplanting rice-cultivating；Late May, rice seedling are turned green after tiller, and fence when temporarily supporting is removed, by 300-500/mu
Density evenly spreads to crab species in entire field face.
(4) daily management: river crab mainly manually feeds feed during the entire process of pond culture.Feeding material is
Common commercial particulate feed.Bait is launched on the slight slope close to water level line or shoal when feeding, generally the water surface per acre
3-5 feeding points being evenly distributed of selection, not only ingested convenient for observation river crab, activity condition, but also were conducive to remove residual bait.When feeding
Between to adapt to the habit hidden by day and come out at night of river crab, front and back at dusk can be selected in, once or twice a day, according to circumstances appropriateness is grasped.River
Requirement of the crab to condition of water quality is higher than fish, especially has bigger sensibility to the water body of pollution.Pond water quality is good, is conducive to
The growth and development of river crab, and meat flavour is delicious.In order to keep the pure and fresh of water quality, using the method often changed water with add water.It is clear in time
Except harmful organisms, harmful organisms mainly have water snake, water rat, frog, aquatic bird class, predacious fish in rice crab three dimensional-planting-breeding system
Movable at shoal or the nearly water of earth dyke, the soft crab of especially rigid shell is slow in action, most vulnerable to attack at, river crab night.
Pharmaceutical chemistry poisoning and artificial capture method etc. can be used in the method for prevention and treatment.
In late September, 2018, the river crab of cultivation just reach listing specification successively, wait test after harvesting list.
Experiment shows the river crab cultivated according to the cultural method of embodiment 1- embodiment 5, and (on October 13rd, 2018) is flat at the end of experiment
Equal weight is 113.27-132.20g, and the average weight of the cultivating river crab of control group is 99.69g at the end of experiment, and experimental group is aobvious
It writes and is higher than control group.During experiment, the river crab high survival rate cultivated according to the cultural method of embodiment 1- embodiment 5 is in control
Group, the survival rate of embodiment 1- embodiment 5 are 38.97-42.15%, and the average survival of control group is 31.45%, experiment knot
Fruit see the table below:
The breeding situations of table 1 each experimental group and control group
In addition, the cultural method using embodiment 2 can degenerate to avoid water hypoxia and water quality, without changing during cultivation
Water only needs the water body of according to circumstances appropriate supplement evaporation, reduces the discharge of aquaculture wastewater, reduce the waste of water body and to week
The pollution of surrounding environment realizes green non-pollution cultivation.
To sum up, the river crab immunity cultivated using cultural method of the invention is strong, and cultivation survival rate is high, cultivation quality
The income of raiser can be improved in height.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be pointed out that: for the ordinary skill people of the art
For member, without departing from the principle of the present invention, several improvement can also be made, these improvement should be regarded as guarantor of the invention
Protect range.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
(1) selection and construction in rice field: feeding rice field is fitted in selection, and independent irrigation and drainage system is arranged, in rice field surrounding in bedding of ditching
The anti-escape wall of river crab is set；
(2) clear field disinfection, is arranged things concealed, transplants spiral shell, screens crab species and temporarily supports；
(3) it applies fertilizer, rice-cultivating and water plant, and temporarily feeding crab species are launched after rice seedling is turned green；
(4) river crab feeding management:
A) during culture of Chinese mitten crab, the different breeding stage feeds different feeds；
B) cultivation water regulation, regular replenishment organic fertilizer are carried out；
C) prevent and control rice crab disease, remove harmful organisms in time；
(5) river crab fishes: being traped with phagostimulant and/or using lamp light trapping.
2. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: anti-escape side within the walls
Wall is smooth, and aptychus is seamless.
3. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: anti-escape wall is inside
Side slightly tilts, and tilt angle is 3-10 °, the anti-escape walled structure small at the big mouth in bottom.
4. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step (4),
The organic fertilizer supplemented the preparation method is as follows: 1) Enteromorpha salvaged in seawater is cleaned up with clear water, dry, crush, obtain
Enteromorpha powder；2) each component of following mass fraction: 50-60 parts of pig manure, 25-35 parts of wheat straw, 15-20 parts of rice bran, enteromorpha powder is weighed
15-25 parts, 10-15 parts of corn stover, 10-15 parts of watermelon peel, 6-10 parts of granatum, 3-5 parts of folium artemisiae argyi, 2-3 parts of cordate houttuynia, dry ferment
2-3 parts of female powder, 1-2 parts of Bacillus acidi lactici；3) load weighted folium artemisiae argyi and cordate houttuynia are crushed, it is that folium artemisiae argyi and cordate houttuynia are total that weight, which is added,
30 times of clear water of weight after impregnating 2 hours at 70-80 DEG C, filters to take gained filtrate；4) pig manure is put into fermentor, is added
Enter the resulting filtrate of step 3) and stir evenly, seals, after 2-3 hours, load weighted wheat straw, rice bran, enteromorpha powder, corn is added
Stalk, watermelon peel, granatum, dried yeast powder, Bacillus acidi lactici stir evenly and are placed on sealing and fermenting 5-8 days at room temperature.
5. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: after button crab enters pond,
Water temperature starts to feed bait when reaching 8-10 DEG C；Protein content is not less than 40% in the feed that 4-6 month feeds, and animal protein contains
Amount accounts for 50% of Tot Prot or more, and daily ration, feeding quantity is the 2-3% of river crab weight；7-8 month reduces the accounting of total protein in feed
And the accounting of the animal protein in albumen, daily ration, feeding quantity is 5% or so of crab body weight around here；It is moved in the feed that 9-10 month feeds
Object protein content is 50% or more of Tot Prot, and daily ration, feeding quantity is 8% or so of weight.
6. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: per half a month feeds
The mixed bait for adding immunopotentiator is primary, and each 3-5 days.
7. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: slipped in crab ditch, crab
Slope on set artificial crabhole, the crabhole that crab ditch vis-a-vis, crab slip is staggered.
8. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: carry out water quality tune
The mode of control includes that flocculant is periodically added, and after being added flocculant 1-2 days every time, enzyme preparation is added.
9. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 8, it is characterised in that: the flocculant
Preparation method the following steps are included: 1) weigh sweet potato leaves and banana skin according to the mass ratio of 1:1, then crush and mix, to mixed
The citric acid solution being added in object with 0.10mol/L of quality such as mixtures is closed, is mixed, room temperature 2-3h is put into centrifuge
In, 5-10min is centrifugated with 5000r/min, gives up supernatant, is 15% or less by gained sediment drying to moisture content；
2) aloe is cleaned up, grinding takes its juice；3) by the resulting aloe juice of step 2) and the resulting desciccate of step 1)
It is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:2, is placed in Muffle kiln roasting, maturing temperature is 500-600 DEG C, calcining time 2-3h；4) by silicon
Diatomaceous earth is crushed through ballmillmixer, crosses 200 meshes；5) gleditsia sinensis is ground, and takes its juice；6) by the product of roasting of step 3),
The diatomite of step 4), the gleditsia sinensis juice of step 5) and calcium lignosulfonate, 100 mesh wheaten starch according to 50-80:30-
The mass ratio of 40:10-12:5-10:1-3 mixes, and then uses magnetic stirrer 100-120 minutes.
10. efficient, non-harmful river crab paddy field aquaculture method according to claim 8, it is characterised in that: the enzyme preparation
As following ingredients raw material through obtained by wet granulation: neutral proteinase, alkali protease, acid protease, carbohydrase, shallow lake
Powder, xanthan gum, bentonite, wherein containing neutral proteinase 15000U/g, alkali protease 10000U/g, acid in every gram of enzyme preparation
Property protease 10000U/g, carbohydrase 2000U/g, starch 300mg/g, xanthan gum 30mg/g, bentonite 10mg/g.
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