CN109574673A - 一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法 - Google Patents

一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法 Download PDF

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CN109574673A
CN109574673A CN201811294398.9A CN201811294398A CN109574673A CN 109574673 A CN109574673 A CN 109574673A CN 201811294398 A CN201811294398 A CN 201811294398A CN 109574673 A CN109574673 A CN 109574673A
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张兆泉
范武刚
董满江
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法,包括:(1)将废弃硼化物陶瓷经破碎,得到一次粉料;(2)将所得一次粉料经二次粉碎得到二次粉料,控制所述二次粉料中硼化物的颗粒尺寸在100目以上的含量占20wt%~90wt%;(3)将所得二次粉料置于盐酸溶液或硝酸溶液进行酸洗处理后,再进行多次筛分,得到颗粒尺寸为2mm以上的第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒、颗粒尺寸为2mm~100目的第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒和颗粒尺寸为100目以下的第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒;(4)将所得第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒装入搅拌磨中作为研磨介质,将第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒配成浆料注入搅拌磨进料,经过球磨混合后,得到D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体。

Description

一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法,尤其是用于回收处理废硼-10化合物陶瓷靶材及相关废弃物。
背景技术
硼化物陶瓷作为磁控溅射的靶材,用于在UO2燃料芯块表面制备含硼的涂层,作为整体式可燃毒物。可用的硼化物材料包括硼化锆、硼化钛、硼化铌、硼化钼等,当前用实际使用的多为硼化锆。为提高涂层效率,减少涂层厚度,燃料表面处理用富集硼-10的硼化锆作为靶材。在靶材制备及使用过程中,产生大量硼化物陶瓷废弃物,如新的靶材,一般用到重量的50%上下就废弃不用了;在制备靶材过程中,还产生大量的加工余料、制备失败产生的废弃硼化物陶瓷等。由于硼-10原料价格昂贵,所以这些废弃物具有较高的回收利用价值。
在现有技术中,硼化物陶瓷要研磨成超细粉体时,缺乏合适的研磨介质,特别制备相应的硼化物陶瓷研磨球的成本将非常高;如果用其它工业上有生产和销售的研磨球,将会在粉体中引入较多量的杂质。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明的目的在于提出一种把硼化物陶瓷废料经粉碎、回收得到超细硼化物粉体的方法,可以及将所得超细硼化物粉体用做烧结为硼化物靶材的原料,其具有较高的经济价值。
一方面,本发明提供了一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法,包括:
(1)将废弃硼化物陶瓷经破碎,得到一次粉料(硼化物一次颗粒);
(2)将所得一次粉料经二次粉碎得到二次粉料,控制所述二次粉料中硼化物的颗粒尺寸在100目(0.15mm)以上的含量占20wt%~90wt%;
(3)将所得二次粉料置于盐酸溶液或硝酸溶液进行酸洗处理后,再进行多次筛分,得到颗粒尺寸为2mm以上的第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒、颗粒尺寸为2mm~100目的第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒和颗粒尺寸为100目以下的第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒;
(4)将所得第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒装入搅拌磨中作为研磨介质,将第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒配成浆料注入搅拌磨进料,经过球磨混合后,得到D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体。
较佳地,步骤(1)中,所述一次粉料的颗粒尺寸为10毫米以下(例如,2~3mm)。
较佳地,步骤(1)中,所述废弃硼化物陶瓷为硼-10化合物陶瓷,优选为硼-10化锆、硼-10化钛、硼-10化铌、硼-10化钼中的至少一种。
较佳地,步骤(2)中,在二次粉碎过程中,将所得一次粉料装入容器中,并加入球磨介质和水,然后进行球磨处理,所述球磨处理的参数包括:球磨介质为5~20mm铁球;溶剂为水,球磨转速为10~100转/分钟,球磨时间为0.5~10小时;优选地,所述一次粉料和球磨介质的质量比为1:(1~5),所述一次粉料和溶剂的质量比为1:(0.4~5)。
较佳地,步骤(3)中,所述盐酸溶液的浓度为0.1~12mol/L,所述硝酸溶液的浓度为0.1~6mol/L;所述酸洗处理的时间为0.5~5小时。其中,酸洗处理主要是除去破碎、和二次粉碎阶段带入的金属杂质。
较佳地,步骤(3)中,直接将酸洗处理后的二次粉体的颗粒尺寸筛分至10μm以下,优选为筛分至5μm以下,更优选为筛分至2μm以下,得到所述硼化物粉体。
较佳地,步骤(4)中,在球磨过程中,控制第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒的装填比例为搅拌磨的研磨腔容积的30%~80%,优选为50~80%。
较佳地,步骤(4)中,所述球磨混合的参数包括:转速维持在400~1800rpm;电流控制在4~7A之间。其中,当搅拌磨电机电流明显变小时,补加第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒以提升粉碎效率。作为一个示例,维持转速为1000rpm时,电流为4A~6A之间(优选4~5A),当电流小于4A时,补加第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒;或当电流超过6.5A时,补加溶剂(水、乙醇等)、控制降低浆料的进料速度或者调节至更低转速。
较佳地,步骤(4)中,所述浆料的溶剂为水或乙醇,固含量为30~65wt%。
较佳地,将步骤(3)中所得颗粒尺寸为2mm以上的第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒重复步骤(2)~步骤(4),直至得到D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体。即,重复步骤(2)~步骤(4),直至最后所得硼化物的浆料中有足够多的超细颗粒,粉碎过程的终点可以通过目视、沉降或粒度分析判断。
再一方面,本发明还可提供了一种利用根据上述的方法制备的硼化物粉体制备的硼化物陶瓷靶材。
本发明中,重新利用废弃硼化合物陶瓷,特别用于处理溅射后残余的含富集硼-10化合物的陶瓷靶材、靶材加工时产生的切割余料、靶材制备时的残次品等。将废弃的硼化物陶瓷首先经过破碎、二次粉碎后分出一定量的较大的颗粒作为研磨介质,然后经超细粉碎等处理过程后,得到超细的硼化合物粉体。所得的硼化合物粉体可以单独烧结为陶瓷或者与新制备的粉体混合一起烧结为陶瓷。
具体实施方式
以下通过下述实施方式进一步说明本发明,应理解,下述实施方式仅用于说明本发明,而非限制本发明。
本发明的目的在于用于处理废弃的硼化物陶瓷,特别是用于处理用过的硼化物靶材及生产中废弃的硼化物陶瓷。
在实际应用中产生的废弃硼化物陶瓷最大尺寸多在数毫米至十几厘米。这些材料首先要经过破碎过程,最大尺寸降低到10毫米以下,得到一次粉体。破碎的方法包括,但不限于以下的方法或设备:用手工的办法砸碎、用设备破碎,破碎设备包括颚式破碎机、锤式破碎机、辊式破碎机等。
破碎后的陶瓷颗粒进一步的粉碎,得到含100目以上颗粒的粉料,且颗粒尺寸在100目以上的含量占粉料总量的20wt%~90wt%。可用于该步骤的粉碎设备包括,但不限于以下设备:气流粉碎机、球磨机、行星磨、震动磨等。在这一步的粉碎过程中,有的设备利用粉料自身的颗粒互相作用达到粉碎的目的,有的设备需要加入额外的研磨介质,研磨介质的选择有两种,一种是采用铁基磨介,另一种是采用同质的硼化物陶瓷制作的磨介。作为一个示例,将一次粉料装入球磨罐中,并加入球磨介质和水,然后进行球磨处理,得到二次粉料。球磨处理的参数包括:球磨介质为颗粒尺寸5~20mm的铁球;溶剂为水,球磨转速为10~100转/分钟,球磨时间为0.5~5小时。
在上述两步处理过程之后,分离较粗的组分作为研磨介质,用于超细粉碎步骤。粗颗粒的最小尺寸与超细粉碎的具体方法和设备有关。采用搅拌磨时,可以分离100目以上的颗粒作为研磨介质,100目以下的颗粒作为被粉碎的物料。
在破碎及粉碎过程中引入的金属杂质,可在粗颗粒分离前后采用酸洗的方法除去,也可以在超细粉碎步骤完成后仅酸洗处理所得的超细硼化物粉体产品。酸洗处理一般用盐酸或硝酸,反应完成后充分清洗后得到干净的研磨介质、粉体原料或最终产品。其中,盐酸的浓度可为0.1~12mol/L。硝酸的浓度可为0.1~6mol/L。酸洗处理的时间可为0.5~5小时,根据工艺周期,在盐酸或硝酸溶液中浸泡更长时间是可以的,但并非是必要的。
粉体原料经过最后一步超细粉碎得到可用于烧结的粉体。超细粉碎的设备可以选用球磨机、行星磨、搅拌磨等,优先选择搅拌磨。磨介选用前面破碎和粉碎后分离出来的硼化物粗颗粒。具体来说,将酸洗处理后的二次粉料进行多次筛分,得到颗粒尺寸为2mm以上的第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒、颗粒尺寸为2mm~100目的第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒和颗粒尺寸为100目以下的第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒。选用其自身一体的第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒装入搅拌磨中作为球磨介质,避免了杂质的引入,将第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒配成浆料(固含量为30~65wt%)注入搅拌磨进料,开始进行球磨过程。在球磨过程中,由于第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒和第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒之间相互作用,使得作为球磨介质第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒的粒径逐渐减少转化为第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒直至形成D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体,因此需要同步球磨过程中控制第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒的装填比例为搅拌磨的研磨腔容积的30%~80%,优选为50~80%,更优选为60~80%。其中,球磨混合的参数包括:转速维持在400~1800rpm;电流控制在4~7A之间。具体来说,在转速不变的情况下,当电流明显变小时,即表明有一定量的第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒消耗,被粉碎变成更细的颗粒,需要补加第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒,并控制第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒的装填比例为搅拌磨的研磨腔容积的30%~80%之间,使得其电流回归至4~7A之间即可。当不再加入第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒或第三硼化物陶瓷颗的浆料进料完成后,继续球磨一定时间,直至最后浆料中有足够的超细颗粒,重点判断可采用目视、沉降或粒度仪分析等方法判断,最终得到D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体。此外,将上述筛分得到的颗粒尺寸为2mm以上第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒可经过进一步的破碎和粉碎过程,转化为第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒和第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒。
在本发明另一实施方式中,将酸洗处理后的二次粉碎,经筛分后得到颗粒尺寸10μm以下的粉体,可以用作靶材制备的粉体原料。如果能进一步分离得到尺寸5μm以下或2μm以下的粉体,烧结性能会进一步提高。
下面进一步例举实施例以详细说明本发明。同样应理解,以下实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,本领域的技术人员根据本发明的上述内容作出的一些非本质的改进和调整均属于本发明的保护范围。下述示例具体的工艺参数等也仅是合适范围中的一个示例,即本领域技术人员可以通过本文的说明做合适的范围内选择,而并非要限定于下文示例的具体数值。
实施例1:
将硼-10化锆溅射余料、加工边角料20公斤,用锤子砸碎,得到最大尺寸在10mm以下的颗粒,然后经颚式破碎机破碎,得到最大尺寸为2~3mm的颗粒。再然后继续将颗粒装入25L铁桶,加入30kg直径为5~10mm铁球及6L水,球磨24小时。从球磨桶中取出物料,分离掉铁球,用吸铁石去除铁粉末后,装入10L塑料桶,加适量水浸没物料,加200mL浓度为6mol/L的盐酸溶液浸泡2小时,其间搅拌3~5次。粉末过滤并清洗至pH值大于6。再经烘干、以及多次筛分得到2mm以上第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒(0.34kg),2mm~100目第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒(4.85kg),100目以下第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒(13.4kg)。取第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒3kg,装入容积为1L的搅拌磨;13.4kg第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒加6kg水配成浆料注入搅拌磨进料。在进料过程中,控制搅拌磨转速维持1000rpm,电流约4~6A,当电流小于4A时补加第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒,控制第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒的装填比例为搅拌磨的研磨腔容积的50%~80%,使其电流回归至4~6A之间。第一遍进料完成后继续维持自动循环10小时,加水清洗研磨腔,将所得物料储存在50L塑料桶中,搅拌均匀,沉降10min后,得到均匀的硼化锆粉体浆料。取出部分浆料,抽滤,所得粉体D50=3.7μm,最大颗粒约10~15μm。
实施例2:
实施例1所得的硼化锆粉体,加入粘结剂及5%碳化硼粉混合配料,干燥后装入石墨模具,热压烧结,Ar气氛下在2100℃、30MPa保温1h,所得陶瓷的致密度为5.34g/cm3(约0.89TD%)。
实施例3:
实施例1所得的硼化锆粉体,与D50=1.5μm的硼化锆粉按1:1混合,加入粘结剂及5%碳化硼粉混合配料,干燥后装入石墨模具,热压烧结,Ar气氛下在2100℃、30MPa保温1h,所得陶瓷致密度为5.57g/cm3(约0.93TD%)。
实施例4:
取部分实施例1所得的硼化锆粉体浆料,沉降30min后倾析至另外的烧杯中,抽滤。所得硼化锆粉体D50=0.8μm,最大颗粒约2~3μm。取部分粉体加入粘结剂及5%碳化硼粉混合配料,干燥后装入石墨模具,热压烧结,Ar气氛下在2100℃、30MPa保温1h,所得陶瓷的致密度为5.84g/cm3(约0.97TD%)。

Claims (10)

1.一种利用废弃硼化物陶瓷制备硼化物粉体的方法,其特征在于,包括:
(1)将废弃硼化物陶瓷经破碎,得到一次粉料;
(2)将所得一次粉料经二次粉碎得到二次粉料,控制所述二次粉料中硼化物的颗粒尺寸在100目以上的含量占20wt%~90wt%;
(3)将所得二次粉料置于盐酸溶液或硝酸溶液进行酸洗处理后,再进行多次筛分,得到颗粒尺寸为2mm以上的第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒、颗粒尺寸为2mm~100目的第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒和颗粒尺寸为100目以下的第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒;
(4)将所得第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒装入搅拌磨中作为研磨介质,将第三硼化物陶瓷颗粒配成浆料注入搅拌磨进料,经过球磨混合后,得到D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述一次粉料的颗粒尺寸为10毫米以下。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述废弃硼化物陶瓷为硼-10化合物陶瓷,优选为硼-10化锆、硼-10化钛、硼-10化铌、硼-10化钼中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,在二次粉碎过程中,将所得一次粉料装入容器中,并加入球磨介质和水,然后进行球磨处理,所述球磨处理的参数包括:球磨介质为5~20mm铁球;溶剂为水,球磨转速为10~100转/分钟,球磨时间为0.5~10小时;优选地,所述一次粉料和球磨介质的质量比为1:(1~5),所述一次粉料和溶剂的质量比为1:(0.4~5)。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述盐酸溶液的浓度为0.1~12mol/L,所述硝酸溶液的浓度为0.1~6mol/L;所述酸洗处理的时间为0.5~5小时。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,直接将酸洗处理后的二次粉体的颗粒尺寸筛分至10μm以下,优选为筛分至5μm以下,更优选为筛分至2μm以下,得到所述硼化物粉体。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,在球磨过程中,控制第二硼化物陶瓷颗粒的装填比例为搅拌磨的研磨腔容积的30%~80%,优选为50~80%。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,所述球磨混合的参数包括:转速维持在400~1800rpm;电流控制在4A~7A之间。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,所述浆料的溶剂为水或乙醇,固含量为30~65wt%。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,将步骤(3)中所得颗粒尺寸为2mm以上的第一硼化物陶瓷颗粒重复步骤(2)~步骤(4),直至得到D50为0.5~5μm的硼化物粉体。
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