CN109463200A

CN109463200A - A kind of oil tea mushroom cultivation method

Info

Publication number: CN109463200A
Application number: CN201811585412.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李威; 李敬; 黄宗历; 陈家平; 廖之锦
Original assignee: Guizhou Gui Fu Fungus Industry Development Co Ltd
Current assignee: Guizhou Gui Fu Fungus Industry Development Co Ltd
Priority date: 2018-12-24
Filing date: 2018-12-24
Publication date: 2019-03-15

Abstract

The present invention relates to oil tea mushroom technical field of cultivation, especially a kind of oil tea mushroom cultivation method, by being prepared to culture medium for cultivating, in conjunction with the selection and control of material composition；And bacteria developing period, fruiting period management are combined, and spray using nutrient solution, so that the oil tea mushroom production cycle shortens, the culture medium for cultivating fruiting amount of the enhancing of culture medium for cultivating fruiting ability, Unit Weight increases, and reduces oil tea mushroom and cultivates cost, improve yield, increases economic benefit.

Description

A kind of oil tea mushroom cultivation method

Technical field

The present invention relates to oil tea mushroom technical field of cultivation, especially a kind of oil tea mushroom cultivation method.

Background technique

Oil tea mushroom category Basidiomycotina is one of the edible fungus variety favored in recent years by people.Oil tea mushroom contains human body Required a variety of amino acid, such as glutamic acid, asparatate, glycine etc., 8 kinds for cannot especially being synthesized containing human body itself Amino acid.In addition, glucose, mycoprotein, B family vitamin, iron, potassium, zinc and selenium etc. that oil tea mushroom is also wanted containing needed by human body Multi mineral prime element, total reducing sugar is up to 54.36% or more, and raw sugar can reach 29.96%, and crude protein can reach 27.51%, egg White matter content is up to 19.55% or so, it is seen then that other mushrooms are obviously higher by, moreover, oil tea mushroom delicious flavour, gives off a strong fragrance, It is fresh and crisp.Think in theory of traditional Chinese medical science: oil tea mushroom is mild-natured, and Gan Wen is nontoxic, has kidney tonifying, diuresis, invigorating the spleen, antidiarrheal and other effects, Ideal effect is all had to kidney deficiency, frequent micturition, oedema and rheumatism, obese patient etc., also has auxiliary to children's low-heat, bed-wetting etc. Alleviate effect.To sum up, oil tea mushroom nutritive value is high, in good taste, has become the more satisfactory health food of people, is beauty Rare one of the edible mushroom of taste.

Currently, most study is edible fungus culturing culture medium aspect, example in planting edible mushroom cultivation Such as: disclosed in the solid medium of Patent No. 201510301671.6 corncob, sawdust, wheat bran, soybean residue, megasse, Cotton seed hulls, rice bran, sorghum flour, Bei Huashi, soybean skin are formulated, so that mycelial growth and breeding ability, mycelium is flourishing The diploma enhances the resistance, disease resistance and antioxygenic property of edible mushroom；Such as 201510630469.8 He of Patent No. again The mushroom cultivation material and pleurotus eryngii cultivating material of 201510630362.3 padding containing pig raising, using discarded padding, cotton seed hulls, weedtree Bits, corncob, wheat bran, lime is that raw material is configured to mushroom cultivation material and pleurotus eryngii cultivating material, so that padding is sent out by microorganism Ferment decomposes, and is more advantageous to the absorption of hypha of Pleurotus ostreatus or Pleurotus eryngii mycelia, nitrogen content is high, full of nutrition；Such as Patent No. again 201510441989.4 using tealeaves waste as the culture medium of edible fungus of primary raw material, by tealeaves waste is shredded Pretreatment, urea, calcium superphosphate, gypsum, potassium permanganate are dissolved in suitable quantity of water, processed tealeaves waste and cottonseed are poured into In shell, stir evenly edible mushroom culture medium；And by optimizing test to dosages such as urea, calcium superphosphate, gypsum, make To tealeaves offal treatment, improve organic matter resource reutilization efficiency, improve produce in bacterium rate and culture medium nutrition at The biological conversion rate divided.And have research for the oil tea mushroom growing and cultivation culture medium in edible mushroom, and such as: patent Application No. is 201810631228.9 to disclose sawdust, ginkgo leaf, soybean powder, conch meal, magnesium sulfate etc., by raw material sawdust It is handled, so that structure is more loose, ventilation is preferable；Such as number of patent application discloses orange peel for 201810631227.4 again Powder, carrot meal, ginkgo leaf, marine algae extract, protein etc. make it possible to rapidly promote the activation of oil tea mushroom parent species, promote Parent species are quickly rised in value, it is ensured that oil tea mushroom has good growing environment, improves the stability of mycelium pellet distribution.Also, above-mentioned In culture medium research process, also there is researcher to study cultivating method for edible fungi, such as Patent No. The 201510441989.4 cultivation side using tealeaves waste to disclose edible mushroom in the culture medium of edible fungus of primary raw material Method, but in the course of cultivation, since final-period management mode is inappropriate, culture medium nutrition supply is insufficient, causes to grow out Edible mushroom head is small, low output, and the later period directlys adopt water sprinkling, keeps culture medium humidity, and culture medium is caused to degenerate speed It is too fast, the decline of mushroom ability is produced, the fruiting weight of Unit Weight culture medium is affected, causes biological conversion rate lower.

Summary of the invention

In order to solve the above technical problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of oil tea mushroom cultivation method.

It is achieved particular by following technical scheme:

Oil tea mushroom cultivation method, comprising the following steps:

(1) culture medium is prepared: by oil tea waste 13kg, discarded padding 6kg, tea seed shell 8kg, wheat bran 5kg, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate Hydrogen potassium 0.1kg co-grinding is sieved, and pack obtains culture medium for cultivating；

(2) it disinfection inoculation: by medium sterilization, is inoculated on oil tea mycelium to culture medium for cultivating, is placed into 25-28 DEG C It is cultivated in constant incubator；

(3) bacterium germination period management: the temperature in control insulating box maintains 25-28 DEG C, the moisture content in packed culture medium It maintains between 25-40%, and according to every 5 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, until oil tea massee fruiting bodies grow out；

(4) fruiting period management: the temperature in adjustment insulating box maintains 30-34 DEG C, and the humidity controlled in insulating box maintains Between 65-75%, and every 7 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, until stop nutrient solution before harvesting in 25-33h and spray, harvesting, To obtain the final product.

It is preferred that the culture medium for cultivating, preparation method, comprising the following steps:

(1) tea seed shell is crushed, crosses 40 meshes, obtains tea seed shell powder；

(2) it uses aperture for the sieve of 4mm discarded padding, the addition of tea seed shell powder is mixed thoroughly, water adjustment is added to contain Water control is 90%, stacks 20 days at 40 DEG C of temperature, obtain heap blowing 30% in humidity；

(3) oil tea waste waters to moisture content is 20%, is ground into powder, and wheat bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate stirring is added Uniformly, being deposited in humidity is 80%, and temperature is to obtain fermentation material fermentation process 7 days at 60 DEG C；

(4) fermentation material is uniformly mixed with heap blowing, after conventionally packing or bottling, at 125-130 DEG C High-temperature sterilization 3-4h to get.

It is preferred that the discarded padding is mixed by green grass powder and husk, pine needle meal according to mass ratio for 1:3:0.5； Green grass powder is to crush to obtain powder by crossing 200 meshes；Pine needle meal is to crush to obtain powder by crossing 200 meshes；In sheep hurdle pad Circle 8 months.

It is preferred that the oil tea waste is the deadwood dead leaf crushed material for trimming to get off from tea oil tree.

It is preferred that the sieving was 40 meshes.

It is preferred that the step (3), nutrient solution fountain height sprays 300-400g with every kg culture medium for cultivating；The step Suddenly (4), nutrient solution fountain height spray 50-280g with every kg culture medium for cultivating.

It is preferred that the nutrient solution is in 1L water containing marine algae extract 12g, Notogineng Extract 3g, magnesium sulfate 0.2g, corruption Grow sour ammonium 3g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.5g, glucose 25g, yeast powder 3g, vitamin C 0.4g.

It is preferred that the nutrient solution is to be uniformly mixed Notogineng Extract and marine algae extract, mixture is obtained；And to sulfuric acid Magnesium, ammonium humate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, glucose, yeast powder, after vitamin C is all added to the water dissolution completely, then by mixture It is added, is uniformly mixed, sterilization treatment 3-5min, sprays immediately at 121 DEG C.

It is preferred that the Notogineng Extract be Radix Notoginseng is pulverized it is last, be added alcohol steep three times, merging filter three times Liquid, heating concentration, spray drying are prepared.

Compared with prior art, the technical effect of the invention is embodied in:

By being prepared to culture medium for cultivating, in conjunction with the selection and control of material composition；And combine bacteria developing period, fruiting phase pipe Reason, and sprayed using nutrient solution, so that the oil tea mushroom production cycle shortens, the enhancing of culture medium for cultivating fruiting ability, Unit Weight Culture medium for cultivating fruiting amount increases, and reduces oil tea mushroom and cultivates cost, improve yield, increases economic benefit.

This researcher optimizes research in the course of the research, to the effective component in culture medium for cultivating, specific research behaviour Make as follows:

Optimize discarded padding: adjusting in parts by weight, by 1 part of discarded padding dosage, 2 parts, 3 parts, 4 parts, 5 parts, 6 parts, 7 Part, 8 parts, 9 parts, 10 parts prepared, every part be 1kg, other are prepared according to the dosage of embodiment 1, and keep other battalion It is constant to support substance, it is best using 6 parts and 7 parts growths between growth period of hypha, but in later period oil tea massee fruiting bodies well-grown one Group is that discarded padding is 7 parts, and 1kg culture medium output condition is as shown in table 1 below:

Table 1

	1 part	2 parts	3 parts	4 parts	5 parts	6 parts	7 parts	8 parts	9 parts	10 parts
											Yield (kg)	0.861	0.786	0.834	0.881	1.098	1.315	1.317	1.124	0.973	0.754

Seen from table 1, for discard padding additional amount number, it will influence oil tea mushroom production process in mycelia growth And fructification late growth, and then influence oil tea mushroom yield；The reason is that, the discarded padding of Different adding amount be other at After split-phase interaction, the relative amount of nutritional ingredient will change, so that part nutritional ingredient is superfluous, mycelia be caused to inhale Receipts are not good, influence mycelia growth.

Optimization oil tea waste: it adjusts in parts by weight, by 5 parts of discarded padding dosage, 8 parts, 10 parts, 12 parts, 13 parts, 15 Part, 17 parts, 19 parts, 20 parts, 22 parts prepared, every part be 1kg, other are prepared according to the dosage of embodiment 2, and are kept Other nutriments are constant, between growth period of hypha, grown using the 13 parts and 15 parts culture medium oil tea mushroom silks prepared Most preferably, more excellent one group is using 13 parts of culture mediums being formulated, specific 1kg culture medium yield feelings but in later period sporophore growth Condition is as shown in table 2 below:

Table 2

	5 parts	8 parts	10 parts	12 parts	13 parts	15 parts	17 parts	19 parts	20 parts	22 parts
											Yield (kg)	0.573	0.612	1.187	1.193	1.254	1.248	1.213	0.931	0.867	0.884

As can be seen from Table 2, be not The more the better for the additional amount of oil tea waste yet, but combine discarded padding with The effect of being realized under the collective effects such as tea seed shell, wheat bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, therefore for there is the mutual of dosage between each other Promote improved effect.

Optimization tea seed shell: it adjusts in parts by weight, by 5 parts of discarded padding dosage, 6 parts, 7 parts, 8 parts, 9 parts, 10 parts, 11 Part, 12 parts, 13 parts, 14 parts prepared, every part be 1kg, other are prepared according to the dosage of embodiment 3, and keep other Nutriment is constant, and between growth period of hypha, when using 8 parts and 10 parts of tea seed shell, the growth of oil tea mycelium is more excellent；? Excellent group during later period sporophore growth is the tea seed shell for using 10 parts, wherein 1k culture medium output condition such as the following table 3 It is shown:

Table 3

	5 parts	6 parts	7 parts	8 parts	9 parts	10 parts	11 parts	12 parts	13 parts	14 parts
											Yield (kg)	0.863	0.798	0.881	1.197	1.087	1.208	1.093	0.943	0.875	0.832

It is shown by the data of table 3 as it can be seen that not also being The more the better for the additive amount of tea seed shell, but need closing Under suitable range and discarded padding, oil tea waste, wheat bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate collective effect, oil tea can be helped to improve The growth of mycelium improves the oil tea mushroom yield of Unit Weight culture medium, reduces cost.

And will be chosen after above-mentioned each material composition optimization it is optimal prepare, the culture medium for cultivating after preparing are as follows:

Oil tea waste 13kg, discarded padding 7kg, tea seed shell 10kg, wheat bran 5kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1kg, other Nutrient content unchanged, and according to above-mentioned oil tea mushroom cultivation management, the cultivation of oil tea mushroom is carried out, as the result is shown: oil tea mushroom yield is not Ideal, biological conversion rate maintain 185.3% or so, and biological conversion rate=100%* oil tea mushroom yield/cultivation culture Base weight amount.

Further above-mentioned formula is adjusted according to the Parameters variation situation during optimizing and revising, by oil tea After waste 13kg, discarded padding 6kg, tea seed shell 8kg, wheat bran 5kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1kg are prepared, and combine Above-mentioned oil tea mushroom cultivation management method and culture medium for cultivating preparation method is handled, so that biological conversion rate reaches 195% or more, the fruiting amount for improving oil tea mushroom of high degree reduces oil tea mushroom cultivation cost.

This researcher in the course of the research, in oil tea mushroom cultivation, is cultivated, and planting according to above-mentioned culture medium During training, the sprinkling without nutrient solution is handled, and as the result is shown: biological conversion rate maintains 120% or so, is only sending out The bacterium phase sprays nutrient solution, in fruiting phase without sprinkling, biological conversion rate is caused to maintain 134.5% or so；And in fruiting Phase sprays nutrient solution, does not spray nutrient solution in bacteria developing period, biological conversion rate maintains 129% or so as the result is shown.

Moreover, during sprinkling, this researcher trains the kg cultivation every lower than 300g of bacteria developing period nutrient solution fountain height Base is supported, fruiting amount is caused significantly to be affected, biological conversion rate maintains 156% or so, and nutrient solution fountain height is high Biological conversion rate in fruiting phase is caused to maintain 148% or so in the every kg culture medium for cultivating of 400g, it is seen then that in bacteria developing period Excessive sprinkling nutrient solution and very few sprinkling nutrient solution, cause culture medium for cultivating biological conversion rate undesirable, and maintain spray When the amount of spilling is in the range of 300-400g every kg culture medium for cultivating, biological conversion rate is obviously improved, and reaches 195% or more.

And for being lower than the every Kg culture medium for cultivating of 50g in fountain height in the nutrient solution fountain height research process of fruiting phase When, fruiting is undesirable, and mushroom head is smaller；And in fountain height kg culture medium for cultivating every higher than 280g, there is rotten mushroom phenomenon, part mushroom There is stain, goes rotten in head, and cultivation is caused to be lost.

Other unaccomplished matters in the invention, those skilled in the art are referring to operation in the prior art Can, such as: marine algae extract uses flooding.

Specific embodiment

It is limited below with reference to specific embodiment technical solution of the present invention is further, but claimed Range is not only limited to made description.

In the examples below, the discarded padding is 1:3:0.5 according to mass ratio by green grass powder and husk, pine needle meal It mixes；Green grass powder is to crush to obtain powder by crossing 200 meshes；Pine needle meal is to crush to obtain powder by crossing 200 meshes； At sheep hurdle washer 8 months；The oil tea waste is the deadwood dead leaf crushed material for trimming to get off from tea oil tree.

Embodiment 1

Oil tea mushroom cultivation method, comprising the following steps:

(1) culture medium is prepared: by oil tea waste 13kg, discarded padding 6kg, tea seed shell 8kg, wheat bran 5kg, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate Hydrogen potassium 0.1kg co-grinding, crosses 40 meshes, and pack obtains culture medium for cultivating；

(3) bacterium germination period management: the temperature in control insulating box maintains 25-28 DEG C, the moisture content in packed culture medium It maintains between 25-40%, and according to every 5 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, fountain height sprays 300g with every kg culture medium for cultivating； Until oil tea massee fruiting bodies grow out；

(4) fruiting period management: the temperature in adjustment insulating box maintains 30-34 DEG C, and the humidity controlled in insulating box maintains Between 65-75%, and every 7 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, fountain height sprays 50g with every kg culture medium for cultivating；Until harvesting In preceding 25-33h, stop nutrient solution sprinkling, harvesting to get.

Nutrient solution is in 1L water containing marine algae extract 12g, Notogineng Extract 3g, magnesium sulfate 0.2g, ammonium humate 3g, phosphorus Acid dihydride potassium 6.5g, glucose 25g, yeast powder 3g, vitamin C 0.4g.Marine algae extract and Notogineng Extract are flooding. Raw material is directly mixed to join in water and is configured to nutrient solution.

Embodiment 2

On the basis of embodiment 1, oil tea mushroom cultivation method, comprising the following steps:

(3) bacterium germination period management: the temperature in control insulating box maintains 25-28 DEG C, the moisture content in packed culture medium It maintains between 25-40%, and according to every 5 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, fountain height sprays 400g with every kg culture medium for cultivating； Until oil tea massee fruiting bodies grow out；

(4) fruiting period management: the temperature in adjustment insulating box maintains 30-34 DEG C, and the humidity controlled in insulating box maintains Between 65-75%, and every 7 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, fountain height sprays 280g with every kg culture medium for cultivating；Until harvesting In preceding 25-33h, stop nutrient solution sprinkling, harvesting to get.Notogineng Extract is last, addition ethyl alcohol leaching that Radix Notoginseng is pulverized It mentions three times, merges filtrate three times, heating concentration, spray drying is prepared.

Other are the same as embodiment 1.

Embodiment 3

(3) bacterium germination period management: the temperature in control insulating box maintains 25-28 DEG C, the moisture content in packed culture medium It maintains between 25-40%, and according to every 5 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, fountain height sprays 350g with every kg culture medium for cultivating； Until oil tea massee fruiting bodies grow out；

(4) fruiting period management: the temperature in adjustment insulating box maintains 30-34 DEG C, and the humidity controlled in insulating box maintains Between 65-75%, and every 7 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, fountain height sprays 180g with every kg culture medium for cultivating；Until harvesting In preceding 25-33h, stop nutrient solution sprinkling, harvesting to get.

Above-mentioned culture medium for cultivating preparation method is: (1) crushing tea seed shell, cross 40 meshes, obtain tea seed shell powder；

(4) fermentation material is uniformly mixed with heap blowing, after conventionally packing or bottling, at 125-130 DEG C High-temperature sterilization 3-4h to get.Other are the same as embodiment 1.

Embodiment 4

On the basis of embodiment 2, (1) crushes tea seed shell, crosses 40 meshes, obtains tea seed shell powder；

(4) fermentation material is uniformly mixed with heap blowing, after conventionally packing or bottling, at 125-130 DEG C High-temperature sterilization 3-4h to get.Other are the same as embodiment 2.

Embodiment 5

On the basis of embodiment 2, nutrient solution is to be uniformly mixed Notogineng Extract and marine algae extract, obtains mixture； And to magnesium sulfate, ammonium humate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, glucose, yeast powder, after vitamin C is all added to the water dissolution completely, then It feeds the mixture into, is uniformly mixed, sterilization treatment 3-5min, sprays immediately at 121 DEG C.Other are the same as embodiment 2.

The yield and biological conversion rate of embodiment 1-5 cultivation oil tea mushroom are counted, result is as shown in table 4 below:

Table 4

By the data of table 4 as it can be seen that the oil tea mushroom cultivation management technology and culture medium for cultivating of the invention, nutrient solution spray Processing is spilt, can aid in the fruiting amount for improving culture medium for cultivating, improves culture medium for cultivating biological conversion rate, reduces culture medium Loss, make full use of the nutritional ingredient in culture medium for cultivating, reduce oil tea mushroom and cultivate cost, improve yield, reduce economic damage It loses.

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, Anyone skilled in the art in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, according to the technique and scheme of the present invention and its Inventive concept is subject to equivalent substitution or change, should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. a kind of oil tea mushroom cultivation method, which comprises the following steps:

(1) culture medium is prepared: by oil tea waste 13kg, discarded padding 6kg, tea seed shell 8kg, wheat bran 5kg, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1kg co-grinding is sieved, and pack obtains culture medium for cultivating；

(2) it disinfection inoculation: by medium sterilization, is inoculated on oil tea mycelium to culture medium for cultivating, is placed into 25-28 DEG C of constant temperature It is cultivated in incubator；

(3) bacterium germination period management: the temperature in control insulating box maintains 25-28 DEG C, and the moisture content in packed culture medium maintains Between 25-40%, and according to every 5 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, until oil tea massee fruiting bodies grow out；

(4) fruiting period management: the temperature in adjustment insulating box maintains 30-34 DEG C, and the humidity controlled in insulating box maintains 65- Between 75%, and every 7 days sprinkling one time of nutrition liquid, until before harvesting in 25-33h, stop nutrient solution sprinkling, harvesting to get.

2. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the culture medium for cultivating, preparation method, packet Include following steps:

(2) it uses aperture for the sieve of 4mm discarded padding, the addition of tea seed shell powder is mixed thoroughly, water is added to adjust water content Control is 90%, stacks 20 days at 40 DEG C of temperature, obtain heap blowing 30% in humidity；

(3) oil tea waste waters to moisture content is 20%, is ground into powder, and addition wheat bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate stir evenly, Being deposited in humidity is 80%, and temperature is to obtain fermentation material fermentation process 7 days at 60 DEG C；

(4) fermentation material is uniformly mixed with heap blowing, after conventionally packing or bottling, the high temperature at 125-130 DEG C Sterilize 3-4h to get.

3. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the discarded padding by green grass powder and Husk, pine needle meal are mixed according to mass ratio for 1:3:0.5；Green grass powder is to crush to obtain powder by crossing 200 meshes；Pine needle Powder is to crush to obtain powder by crossing 200 meshes；At sheep hurdle washer 8 months.

4. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the oil tea waste is from oil tea The deadwood dead leaf crushed material to get off is trimmed on tree.

5. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sieving was 40 meshes.

6. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the step (3), nutrient solution fountain height with Every kg culture medium for cultivating sprays 300-400g；The step (4), nutrient solution fountain height spray 50- with every kg culture medium for cultivating 280g。

7. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as described in claim 1 or 6, which is characterized in that the nutrient solution is contained in 1L water Marine algae extract 12g, Notogineng Extract 3g, magnesium sulfate 0.2g, ammonium humate 3g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.5g, glucose 25g, ferment Female powder 3g, vitamin C 0.4g.

8. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that the nutrient solution be by Notogineng Extract and Marine algae extract is uniformly mixed, and obtains mixture；And to magnesium sulfate, ammonium humate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, glucose, yeast powder, dimension life It after plain C is all added to the water dissolution completely, then feeds the mixture into, is uniformly mixed, the sterilization treatment 3- at 121 DEG C 5min sprays immediately.

9. oil tea mushroom cultivation method as claimed in claim 8, which is characterized in that the Notogineng Extract is to grind Radix Notoginseng After powder, alcohol steep is added three times, merges filtrate three times, heating concentration, spray drying is prepared.