CN109438586A - 一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法及其应用,采用酶法提取美味牛肝菌多糖,该方法是在常温、常压下进行催化反应,降低了反应能耗,反应条件温和,没有副反应发生,该方法可以较好的保持美味牛肝菌多糖原有的结构和活性,提高了美味牛肝菌多糖的提取率,设备简单,可操作性强,而且成本低,易于实现生产工艺的连续化和工业化。美味牛肝菌多糖提取于天然植物,安全无毒、无刺激性,具有广谱抑菌效果,进一步扩大了美味牛肝菌多糖资源的应用范围,也为开发前景的抗菌药物或药物前体物质提供了理论支持。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及真菌多糖提取技术领域,特别的涉及一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法及其应用。
背景技术
食用菌多糖(polysaccharide)被称为“生物反应调节剂”,多由10个以上的单糖分子通过α-或β-糖苷键分枝或线性连接而成,是在自然界随处可见的一类天然高分子聚合物。多糖具有多种生理活性,参与了细胞识别、分化、癌变、凋亡、抗氧化等过程,与蛋白质、脂类、核酸共同作为组成生命活动的基础物质,目前有数百种多糖被发现,部分多糖已被临床应用,在食品、药品和化妆品中有广阔前景。因此从食用菌中提取多糖一直都是国内外研究的热点。
美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)又称大脚菇、白牛肝菌,是一种营养价值丰富的珍稀食用菌,其菌肉厚而细软,风味独特,香气浓郁,因其外形酷似牛肝而得名,被称为“牛肝菌之王”,是食药兼用经济价值较高的真菌。其富含丰富的蛋白质、生物碱以及多种维生素,具有滋补气血、健脾、美颜等功效,还能缓解手足麻木、四肢疼痛和抽搐等相关症状,在国内外的需求量都不断增加。美味牛肝菌多糖功效显著,具有降血压、抗衰老、抗疲劳、抗动脉粥硬化等,亦能增强人体免疫功能。专利CN201310480673.7公开了一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,该方法采用超声波辅助热水浸提法,操作复杂,提取效率低。至今关于美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的生物功能并未见有报道。
发明内容
针对现有技术的存在的上述不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法及其应用,解决现有提取方法操作复杂和提取效率低等问题。
本发明还提供了美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖在抑制细菌活性方面的应用,扩大了美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的应用范围,也为抑菌剂提供了更多的选择。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明采用如下的技术方案:一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将美味牛肝菌菌丝接种于PDA液体培养基中,28℃振荡培养7d,加入适量无水乙醇,然后离心弃上清,将菌丝烘干得到菌丝干粉;
2)将步骤1)得到的菌丝体干粉末加入去离子水中,常温下浸泡1~2h,然后加入复合酶充分酶解,再水浴加热使所述复合酶失活,冷却后离心收集上清液得到多糖浸提液,向所述多糖浸提液中加入乙醇沉淀12~24h后,离心取沉淀溶于去离子水中,即得到多糖溶液;所述复合酶为纤维素和果胶酶的混合物;
3)向步骤2)得到的多糖溶液中加入所述多糖溶液1/4体积的氯仿-正丁醇溶液,置于摇床剧烈振荡30~60min,室温放置1~2h,离心取上清,即得到粗多糖;
4)将得到的粗多糖重复步骤3)多次,直至蛋白完全去除,然后用旋转蒸发仪除去溶液中的溶剂,即得到美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖。
进一步,所述酶解时间为50~70min,酶解温度为35~45℃;所述复合酶的用量为菌丝体干粉末质量的0.4~0.8%。优选的,所述酶解时间为60~70min,酶解温度为40~45℃;所述复合酶的用量为菌丝体干粉末质量的0.6~0.8%;优选的,所述酶解时间为60min,酶解温度为40℃;所述复合酶的用量为菌丝体干粉末质量的0.6%。
当纤维素-果胶酶(2:1)用量低于0.6%时,随着酶用量增大,多糖提取率上升幅度较大,当酶用量大于0.6%时,随着酶用量增大,多糖提取率的增大幅度较缓,再增加酶量对多糖产量的增加无显著影响,催化能力已接近饱和,故酶用量为0.6%较适宜。
当酶解时间在60min前,随着酶解时间延长,多糖提取率随之上升,但当酶解时间达到60min时,多糖提取量最高,在反应60min后,随着时间的延长多糖提取量反而下降,可能由于酶反应时间过长,酶发生钝化现象,导致催化能力下降,因此酶解时间以60min较适宜。
当酶解温度在40℃以下时,美味牛肝菌多糖提取率随着酶解温度的上升逐渐提高,且增大幅度较大;但当温度升高到40℃以上,多糖提取率开始降低,由于酶是蛋白质,温度升高导致酶逐渐变性失活。在酶解温度为40℃时,多糖提取率最高,因此酶解温度为40℃较适宜。
pH值对多糖提取率的影响不大,但过酸过碱都会破坏酶的空间结构,降低它与底物的结合,故选择pH为6较适宜。
进一步,所述菌丝体干粉末与去离子水的料液比为1g:10~30ml。
进一步,所述纤维素酶与果胶酶的质量比为2:1。
进一步,所述氯仿-正丁醇溶液中氯仿与正丁醇的体积比为5:1。
一种抑菌剂,其主要成份采用上述提取方法获得的美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖。
进一步,所述菌为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌中的一种或多种。
抑菌机理:美味牛肝菌多糖主要成分为D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-乳糖、D-葡萄糖,其中D-甘露糖含量占30%~60%。D-甘露糖可以与细菌细胞壁上的外源凝集素结合,使细菌细胞壁和细菌膜通透性增大,使细胞壁趋于溶解发生细菌溶解而死亡。
相比现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1、本发明采用酶法提取美味牛肝菌多糖,该方法是在常温、常压下进行催化反应,降低了反应能耗,反应条件温和,没有副反应发生,该方法可以较好的保持美味牛肝菌多糖原有的结构和活性,提高了美味牛肝菌多糖的提取率,设备简单,可操作性强,而且成本低,易于实现生产工艺的连续化和工业化。
2、本发明采用分光光度法和牛津杯进行抑菌试验,结果表明,美味牛肝菌多糖对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用,美味牛肝菌多糖提取于天然植物,安全无毒、无刺激性,因此在皮肤消毒、食品防腐、人体抑菌等方面具有良好的应用前景。进一步扩大了美味牛肝菌多糖资源的应用范围,为开发前景的抗菌药物或药物前体物质提供了理论支持。
附图说明
图1为美味牛肝菌多糖对菌的抑制率;
其中,Sa表示鼠伤寒沙门氏菌;Mo表示白色念珠球菌;Ba表示枯草芽孢杆菌;St表示金黄色葡萄球菌。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。以下实施例中所用试剂无特别说明均为普通市售。美味牛肝菌菌丝来源于长江师范学院微生物实验室,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌来源于中科院微生物所。
一、一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法
实施例1
1)将美味牛肝菌菌丝接种于PDA液体培养基中,28℃振荡培养7d,加入适量无水乙醇,8000r/min离心10min,重复3次,弃上清,将菌丝置于培养皿中于50℃烘干得到菌丝干粉;
2)将1g步骤1)得到的菌丝体干粉末加入20ml的去离子水中得到菌丝体溶液,常温下浸泡1h,然后加入复合酶(纤维素酶:果胶酶=2:1),复合酶的用量为菌丝体质量的0.4%,然后在pH值为5和35℃的条件下酶解50min,再于90℃水浴30min灭酶活,冷却后离心收集上清液得到多糖浸提液,向多糖浸提液中加入乙醇沉淀24h后,离心取沉淀溶于去离子水中,即得到多糖溶液;
3)向步骤2)得到的多糖溶液中加入多糖溶液体积1/4的氯仿:正丁醇(5:1),置于摇床剧烈振荡30min,室温放置1h,5000r/min离心20min,得到粗多糖;
4)将得到的粗多糖重复步骤3)多次,直至蛋白完全去除,然后用旋转蒸发仪除去溶液中的溶剂,即得到美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖。
采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量:
S1:配置0.2mg/mL的葡萄糖标准液,分别取0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6及1.8ml的葡萄糖标准液,然后用蒸馏水补至2.0ml,再分别加入6%苯酚1.0ml及浓硫酸5.0ml,摇匀放置10min,沸水浴显色20min以后于490nm测吸光度值,以2.0ml水按同样显色操作为空白,横坐标为葡萄糖含量,纵坐标为吸光度值,绘制葡萄糖标准曲线。
S2:吸取0.2ml的多糖溶液,以蒸馏补至2.0ml,然后加入6%苯酚1.0ml及浓硫酸5.0ml,摇匀,室温放置10min,沸水浴显色20min以后于490nm测吸光度值,然后根据葡萄糖标准曲线,计算得到美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的质量浓度,按下式计算美味牛肝菌多糖提取率。
经计算本实施例得到的美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取率为6.85%。
以下实施例的步骤和参数同实施例1,仅酶解温度、酶解时间和酶用量不同,具体见表1。
表1
实施例 | 酶解温度/℃ | 酶解时间/min | 酶用量/% | 提取率/% |
实施例1 | 35 | 50 | 0.4 | 6.85 |
实施例2 | 35 | 60 | 0.6 | 7.13 |
实施例3 | 35 | 70 | 0.8 | 6.82 |
实施例4 | 40 | 50 | 0.4 | 7.37 |
实施例5 | 40 | 60 | 0.6 | 8.33 |
实施例6 | 40 | 70 | 0.8 | 6.72 |
实施例7 | 45 | 50 | 0.4 | 7.5 |
实施例8 | 45 | 60 | 0.6 | 6.25 |
实施例9 | 45 | 70 | 0.8 | 7.89 |
由表1可以看出,当酶用量为0.8%、酶解时间为60min。酶解温度为40℃时,美味牛肝菌多糖的提取率达到最高,采用以上试验方法,经过5次重复试验,美味牛肝菌多糖的提取率均值达到8.56%。
二、美味牛肝菌多糖在抑制细菌活性上的应用
将金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠菌接种于斜面培养基,将细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌)在37℃下培养24h,将白色念珠菌在28℃下培养48h,而后在无菌环境下将已活化的待测菌与无菌水混合均匀得到菌悬液。
2.1美味牛肝菌多糖对不同菌的抑制效果
抑菌圈大小用牛津杯法:将牛津杯无缝放置于涂布的培养基上,再将多糖溶液和无菌水分别加入牛津杯内,分别培养一段时间后,测定各菌抑菌圈的大小。结果如表2。
表2美味牛肝菌多糖抑菌圈的大小
由表2抑菌圈大小可知,对照组无菌生理盐水对以上的病原菌没有抑菌作用,美味牛肝菌多糖对各供试菌均有不同的抑菌效果,抑菌圈直径均显著高于对照(p<0.05)。其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制圈直径最大,其次为白色念珠球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。
分别将10mL美味牛肝菌多糖溶液和10mL无菌水加入4种待测菌的菌悬液中,细菌和霉菌分别在37℃和28℃下培养24h和48h,培养后分别测定两组各菌悬液在490nm处的吸光度值,并进行比较,计算其抑菌率。结果如图1。
由图1可知,美味牛肝菌多糖对几种供试菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达到66.08%;其次是白色念珠球菌,抑制率为63.59%;而对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果相对较弱,抑制率分别为55.75%和51.88%。
2.2美味牛肝菌多糖的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)
配制质量浓度为5mg/mL的美味牛肝菌多糖溶液,加入不同比例的美味牛肝菌多糖于活化的菌悬液中,使美味牛肝菌多糖的质量浓度为0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%、2.0%、2.4%,金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的菌悬液在37℃下培养24h,将白色念珠菌在28℃下培养48h。培养结束后,记录不出现浑浊即无菌生长的液体培养基中的多糖浓度,即MIC。结果如表3所示。
表3美味牛肝菌多糖的最小抑菌浓度
注:“+”表示有微生物生长,“-”表示无微生物生长
由表3可见,美味牛肝菌多糖对几种供试菌具有普遍的抑菌效果,随着美味牛肝菌多糖浓度的递增,抑菌效果不断增强。美味牛肝菌多糖对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度分别是0.8%、1.2%、2.0%和2.4%。
综上,美味牛肝菌多糖对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有显著的抑菌效果,因此在皮肤消毒、食品防腐、人体抑菌等方面具有良好的应用前景。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不以本发明为限制,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)将美味牛肝菌菌丝接种于PDA液体培养基中,28℃振荡培养7d,加入适量无水乙醇,然后离心弃上清,将菌丝烘干得到菌丝干粉;
2)将步骤1)得到的菌丝体干粉末加入去离子水中,常温下浸泡1~2h,然后加入复合酶充分酶解,再水浴加热使所述复合酶失活,冷却后离心收集上清液得到多糖浸提液,向所述多糖浸提液中加入乙醇沉淀12~24 h后,离心收集沉淀溶于去离子水中,即得到多糖溶液;所述复合酶为纤维素和果胶酶的混合物;
3)向步骤2)得到的多糖溶液中加入所述多糖溶液1/4体积的氯仿-正丁醇溶液,置于摇床剧烈振荡30~60 min,室温放置1~2 h,离心取上清,即得到粗多糖;
4)将得到的粗多糖重复步骤3)多次,直至蛋白完全去除,然后用旋转蒸发仪除去溶液中的溶剂,即得到美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖。
2.根据权利要求1所述美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,其特征在于,所述酶解时间为50~70min,酶解温度为35~45℃;所述复合酶的用量为菌丝体干粉末质量的0.4~0.8%。
3.根据权利要求2所述美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,其特征在于,所述酶解时间为60~70min,酶解温度为40~45℃;所述复合酶的用量为菌丝体干粉末质量的0.6~0.8%。
4.根据权利要求1所述美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,其特征在于,所述菌丝体干粉末与去离子水的料液比为1g:10~30ml。
5.根据权利要求1所述美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,其特征在于,所述纤维素酶与果胶酶的质量比为2:1。
6.根据权利要求1所述美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖的提取方法,其特征在于,所述氯仿-正丁醇溶液中氯仿与正丁醇的体积比为5:1。
7.一种抑菌剂,其特征在于,其有效成份采用权利要求1~6任一项所述提取方法获得的美味牛肝菌菌丝多糖。
8.根据权利要求7所述抑菌剂,其特征在于,所述菌为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌中的一种或多种。
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