CN109414685A - 基于zsm-5的催化剂的制备和在乙苯脱烷基化方法中的用途 - Google Patents
基于zsm-5的催化剂的制备和在乙苯脱烷基化方法中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109414685A CN109414685A CN201780040808.4A CN201780040808A CN109414685A CN 109414685 A CN109414685 A CN 109414685A CN 201780040808 A CN201780040808 A CN 201780040808A CN 109414685 A CN109414685 A CN 109414685A
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- zeolite
- zsm
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- silica
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- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WYLIRYQDDKDHLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC=CC=C1C.CC1=CC=CC=C1C Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C.CC1=CC=CC=C1C WYLIRYQDDKDHLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- ZHPNWZCWUUJAJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosilicon Chemical compound [Si]F ZHPNWZCWUUJAJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
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- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- VDGJOQCBCPGFFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-) silicon(4+) titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Si+4].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] VDGJOQCBCPGFFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
- B01J29/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/44—Noble metals
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/62—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead
- B01J23/622—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead with germanium, tin or lead
- B01J23/626—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead with germanium, tin or lead with tin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
- B01J29/405—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
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- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
- B01J29/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
- B01J29/48—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
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- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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Abstract
一种制备催化剂组合物的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:(a)用pH值至少为(8)的碱性溶液处理ZSM‑5沸石,然后进行离子交换,以获得处理过的沸石,(b)挤出处理过的沸石和粘合剂的混合物,并将沸石与含氟化合物的溶液接触,(c)将在步骤(b)中得到的挤出物的温度增加到至少200℃,以及(d)将步骤(c)中获得的挤出物与选自由IUPAC元素周期表第(10)族和第(11)族组成的组的一种或多种金属组合,以及一种使用通过所述方法制备的催化剂组合物转化含芳族烃的原料的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备催化剂组合物的方法和使用通过该方法制备的催化剂转化含芳族烃的原料的方法。
背景技术
乙苯是可以从石脑油热解或重整油中获得的芳族烃之一。重整油是通过催化转化在70℃到190℃范围内沸腾的直馏烃,例如直馏石脑油所获得的芳族产物。重整油原料自身是通过石油原油的分馏或蒸馏获得,其组成视原油的来源而变化,但通常芳族烃含量较低。在转化成重整油时,芳族烃含量显著增加且所得烃的混合物作为有价值的化学中间物的来源以及作为汽油的组分而变得高度合乎需要。主要组分是通常被称作BTX的一组芳族烃:苯、甲苯和二甲苯,包括乙苯。可以存在其它组分,例如其氢化同系物,例如环己烷。
BTX组中最有价值的组分是苯和二甲苯,且因此BTX经常进行以下处理以增加这两种芳族烃的比例:将甲苯加氢脱烷基化成苯,和将甲苯歧化成苯和二甲苯。在二甲苯中,对二甲苯是最有用的商品,且已开发了二甲苯异构化或烷基转移工艺以增加对二甲苯的比例。
汽油生产者可利用的另一种方法是将乙苯加氢脱烷基化成苯。
通常,汽油生产者将从重整油流中分离BTX,接着使BTX流进行二甲苯异构化,以使得对二甲苯组分最大化。二甲苯异构化是一种催化工艺。此工艺中所使用的一些催化剂具有不仅使二甲苯异构化且同时使乙苯组分脱烷基化的能力。通常,接着将对二甲苯分离出来,留下苯、甲苯(除非已经应用了甲苯转化工艺)和剩余的混合二甲苯,包括乙苯。此BTX流可通过与较重烃流接触通过烷基转移转化以增加二甲苯的产量,或可通过脱烷基化转化以选择性地消除乙苯且增加苯的产量,同时使二甲苯达到平衡浓度。后一种方法是本发明的目标。
在BTX处理的此较后阶段的乙苯脱烷基化中,主要问题是确保不仅高度转化成苯,而且避免二甲苯损耗。二甲苯通常可能由于例如苯与二甲苯之间的烷基转移以获得甲苯,或通过添加氢以形成例如烯烃或烷烃而损耗。
EP2027917描述了一种乙苯脱烷基化催化剂,其是如下制备的:混合至少20wt%的ZSM-5与至少30wt%的选自二氧化硅、氧化锆和二氧化钛的粘合剂,所述ZSM-5具有在20到150范围内的二氧化硅与氧化铝体积比并且采取其H+形式;干燥和煅烧所得挤出物;将铂和锡掺入煅烧的挤出物中;并干燥和煅烧由此得到的含金属的组合物。没有提到在使用这种催化剂的脱烷基化方法中获得的产物的对二甲苯含量。
US20130197290描述了一种乙苯脱烷基化催化剂,其是如下制备的:混合和挤出具有在20到150范围内的二氧化硅与氧化铝体积比的ZSM-5与水、二氧化硅源和碱金属盐,干燥和煅烧得到的挤出物,对煅烧的挤出物进行离子交换以降低碱金属含量,干燥离子交换后的挤出物,将铂和锡掺入到干燥的挤出物中并干燥和煅烧由此得到的含金属组合物。没有描述在使用这种催化剂的脱烷基化方法中获得的产物的对二甲苯含量。
US20160017238描述了一种用于将固体生物质转化成特种化工产品燃料的催化剂。
US4511547描述了一种制备结晶硅铝酸盐沸石的方法。
Christensen等人的文章:《中孔的沸石单晶催化剂:分层沸石中的扩散和催化(Mesoporous zeolite single crystal catalysts:Diffusion and catalysis inhierarchical zeolites)》在《当代催化(Catalysis Today)》,Elsevier NL,第128卷,第3-4期,2007年10月30日,第117-122页描述了在用乙烯对苯进行烷基化中使用中孔沸石催化剂。对所得结果的分析表明,在乙苯的脱烷基化中也应观察到中孔的有益效果。没有描述在使用这种催化剂的脱烷基化方法中获得的产物的对二甲苯含量。
发明内容
有利的是,催化剂能够将乙苯转化成苯,同时获得具有增加的对二甲苯含量的产物。如果此类烷基芳族烃转化工艺可以在有限的二甲苯损失下进行,那么这将会是特别有利的。如果它可以在相对高的重量时空速度下操作,则该方法将是特别有利的。
本发明制备催化剂组合物的方法包含以下步骤:
(a)用pH值至少为8的碱性溶液处理ZSM-5沸石,然后进行离子交换,以获得处理过的沸石,
(b)挤出处理过的沸石和粘合剂的混合物,并将沸石与含氟化合物的溶液接触,
(c)将在步骤(b)中得到的挤出物的温度增加到至少200℃,以及
(d)将步骤(c)中获得的挤出物与选自由IUPAC元素周期表第10族和第11族组成的组的一种或多种金属组合。
另一种方法涉及使用根据上述方法制备的催化剂组合物转化含芳族烃的原料。
具体实施方式
在本发明中使用的ZSM-5优选具有至少25,最优选至少30,并且优选为至多100,最优选至多90,尤其是至多50的二氧化硅与氧化铝摩尔比(SAR)。最优选地,SAR为35到50。
整体或总体SAR可以通过多种化学分析技术中的任一种测定。这类技术包括X射线荧光、原子吸收和电感耦合等离子-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)。所有技术将提供基本上相同的体积比值。用于本发明中的二氧化硅与氧化铝摩尔比是通过X射线荧光测定。
沸石可以以多种粒度范围存在。通常,ZSM-5可具有20nm到30μm的数均粒径。已经使用数均晶粒尺寸在1到30微米范围内的大晶体尺寸沸石ZSM-5,并且使用数均粒径为20到200nm的小粒径ZSM-5制备了有用的催化剂。大晶体尺寸ZSM-5是优选的。
ZSM-5的微晶边缘处的平均SAR与微晶中心处的平均SAR的比率优选地大于1.15,更优选至少为3。通过能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)与透射电子显微镜(TEM)结合产生的元素图来测量在这些情况下的SAR。
最优选地,通过合成由包含氧化铝源、二氧化硅源、碱源和L-酒石酸或其水溶性盐的水性反应混合物来制备本发明中使用的ZSM-5。在US8574542中描述了优选用于本发明的ZSM-5的全部细节。
在步骤(a)中用pH值至少为8的碱性溶液处理ZSM-5。合适的碱性溶液的pH为8到15,更优选为9到15,更优选为10到14,更具体地为11到14。优选的溶液包含金属氢氧化物,更优选碱金属氢氧化物和/或碱土金属氢氧化物。最优选地,碱性溶液是包含5到30wt%的碱金属氢氧化物的水溶液。最优选的碱金属氢氧化物是氢氧化钾和氢氧化钠。优选地,沸石在用碱性溶液处理之后和在进行离子交换之前用水洗涤。不希望受任何理论的束缚,认为用碱性溶液处理可从ZSM-5中移除硅和/或二氧化硅。
用碱性溶液处理的ZSM-5随后进行离子交换。离子交换可以以本领域技术人员已知的任何方式进行,例如用盐的水溶液处理沸石。碱性溶液处理过的沸石优选用水洗涤并干燥,然后进行离子交换。优选地,沸石用含铵溶液处理。最优选地,沸石用含有铵盐,更优选含有硝酸铵的溶液处理。
在步骤中(a)得到的ZSM-5优选具有0.05到0.12ml/g的中孔体积。如本文中所使用的术语中孔是具有50到350埃范围内的孔径的ZSM-5的那些孔。步骤(a)中获得的ZSM-5优选具有0.10到0.15ml/g的微孔体积。如本文中所使用的术语微孔是具有小于50埃的孔径的催化剂的那些孔。在步骤(a)中获得的ZSM-5优选地具有70到200m m2/g的中孔BET表面积。微孔和中孔体积各自是从根据ASTM D4222-03测得的氮吸附和解吸等温线推导的。中孔BET表面积根据ASTM D4365-13测量。
将步骤(a)中得到的沸石与粘合剂混合。优选地,粘合剂是耐火氧化物,更优选为选自由二氧化硅、氧化锆和二氧化钛及其混合物组成的组的耐火氧化物。
最优选地,将二氧化硅用作本发明的催化剂组合物中的粘合剂。所述粘合剂可以是天然存在的二氧化硅或可呈胶状沉淀物、溶胶或凝胶形式。二氧化硅的形式不受限制且二氧化硅可呈以下各种形式中的任一种:结晶二氧化硅、玻璃状二氧化硅或无定形二氧化硅。术语无定形二氧化硅涵盖湿法类型,包括沉淀的二氧化硅和二氧化硅凝胶或热解或煅制的二氧化硅。二氧化硅溶胶或胶状二氧化硅通常通过阴离子、阳离子或非离子型材料来稳定的无定形二氧化硅在液体(通常水)中的不沉降分散体。
二氧化硅粘合剂优选为两种二氧化硅类型的混合物,最优选地是粉末形式二氧化硅和二氧化硅溶胶的混合物。适宜地,如通过ASTM C690-1992或ISO 8130-1测量的,粉末形式二氧化硅具有50到1000m2/g范围内的B.E.T.表面积;以及2纳米到200微米的范围内的平均粒度,优选在2到100微米的范围内,更优选2至60微米,尤其是2到10微米。非常适合的粉末形式二氧化硅材料是可从德固赛(Degussa)购得的Sipernat50(一种主要具有球形粒子的白色二氧化硅粉末)(Sipernat是商品名称)。非常适合的二氧化硅溶胶是由伊卡化学品(Eka Chemicals)出售的在Bindzil商品名称下的那些二氧化硅溶胶。如果混合物包含粉末形式二氧化硅和二氧化硅溶胶,那么所述两种组分可以粉末形式与溶胶形式的重量比为1:1到10:1,优选2:1到5:1,更优选2:1到3:1范围内的形式存在。粘合剂也可主要仅由粉末形式二氧化硅组成。
在将粉末形式二氧化硅单独地用作本发明的催化剂组合物中的粘合剂的情况下,优选利用小粒子形式,所述小粒子具有如通过ASTM C690-1992测量的2到10微米范围内的平均粒度。在此类材料中发现载体强度的额外改善。非常适合的小粒子形式是可以商品名称Sipernat 500LS从德固赛购得的那些小粒子形式。
优选地,将二氧化硅组分用作纯二氧化硅且不与其它耐火氧化物组分组合。最优选的是,二氧化硅基本上不含任何其它无机氧化物粘合剂材料,且尤其不含氧化铝。按总的难熔氧化物粘合剂仅最多仅存在最大2wt%的氧化铝。
本发明的载体优选地包含:与30到90wt%的ZSM-5组合的10到70wt%的粘合剂,更具体地与40到80wt%的ZSM-5组合的20到60wt%的粘合剂,更具体地与45到75wt%的ZSM-5组合的25到55wt%的粘合剂,最具体地说是与50到70wt%的ZSM-5组合的30到50wt%的粘合剂。
沸石和耐火氧化物粘合剂的混合物可以成形为任何适宜形式,例如粉末、挤出物、丸剂和颗粒。优选的是通过挤出塑形。为制备挤出物,通常会将沸石与粘合剂(优选地二氧化硅),和视需要的胶溶剂组合,并混合以形成粘团或稠膏。胶溶剂可为将改变混合物的pH使得足以引起固体粒子的解聚的任何材料。胶溶剂是众所周知的且涵盖:有机酸和无机酸,例如硝酸;和碱性物质,例如氨、氢氧化铵、碱金属氢氧化物,优选氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾、碱土氢氧化物;和有机胺,例如甲胺和乙胺。氨是优选的胶溶剂且可例如通过氨前驱体以任何适合的形式提供。氨前驱体的实例是氢氧化铵和尿素。尽管可能仍然需要额外氨以给予适当的pH变化,氨有可能作为二氧化硅组分的部分存在,特别是在使用二氧化硅溶胶的情况下。已发现挤出期间存在的氨量影响挤出物的孔隙结构,这可提供有利特性。适合地,挤出期间存在的氨量按总的干燥混合物计可在0到5wt%的范围内,按干燥物计优选地为0到3wt%,更优选地为0到1.9wt%。
在本发明方法的步骤(b)中,在步骤(a)中得到的沸石与含氟化合物的溶液,优选水溶液接触。氟化合物可以是氟本身或含有氟作为化合物或盐的一部分。不希望受任何理论的束缚,用含氟化合物的溶液处理沸石被认为使沸石脱铝。氟化合物能够与沸石中的四面体铝反应,通常通过起初水解成氟离子,然后从骨架中提取不溶性AlF3形式的铝,而不同的元素则能够进入去除铝后产生的空位。优选地,溶液含有氟化铵。
沸石可以与含氟化合物本身或在已经被掺入挤出物中之后进行接触。因此,步骤(b)可包含挤出处理过的沸石和粘合剂的混合物,随后用含氟化合物的溶液处理挤出物,或步骤(b)可包含使步骤(b)中获得的沸石与含氟化合物的溶液接触并随后混合这种沸石与粘合剂。在许多情况下,优选使含沸石的挤出物与含氟化铵的溶液接触。
最优选地,沸石与选自由氟硅酸盐和氟钛酸盐组成的组的化合物(最优选选自氟硅酸盐的组的化合物)的溶液接触。在US4753910中更详细地描述了这些工艺。最优选地,氟处理包含使沸石与氟硅酸盐溶液接触,其中氟硅酸盐由下式表示:
(A)2/bSiF6
其中‘A’是具有化合价‘b’的除H+以外的金属或非金属阳离子。阳离子‘b’的实例是烷基铵、NH4+、Mg++、Li+、Na+、K+、Ba++、Cd++、Cu+、Ca++、Cs+、Fe++、Co++、Pb++、Mn++、Rb+、Ag+、Sr++、Tl+和Zn++。优选地‘A’是铵阳离子。
包含氟硅酸盐的溶液优选是水溶液。盐的浓度优选为至少0.005摩尔/升的氟硅酸盐,更优选至少0.007,最优选至少0.01摩尔/升的氟硅酸盐。浓度优选为至多0.5摩尔/升的氟硅酸盐,更优选至多0.3摩尔/升,最优选至多0.1摩尔/升的氟硅酸盐。优选地,氟硅酸盐溶液与沸石的重量比为50:1至1:4的氟硅酸盐溶液与沸石。如果沸石与粘合剂一起存在,则这些重量比不考虑粘合剂。
含氟硅酸盐的水溶液的pH值优选为2到8,更优选为3到7。
沸石材料优选与氟硅酸盐溶液接触0.5到20小时,更具体地为1到10小时。温度优选为10到120℃,更具体地为20到100℃。氟硅酸盐的量优选为每100克总沸石量至少有0.002摩尔的氟硅酸盐,更具体地每100克总量至少0.003,更具体地至少0.004,更具体地每100克总沸石量至少有0.005摩尔的氟硅酸盐。氟硅酸盐的量优选为每100克总沸石量至多有0.5摩尔的氟硅酸盐,更优选至多0.3,更优选为每100克总沸石量至多有0.1摩尔的氟硅酸盐如果沸石与粘合剂一起存在,则这些重量比不考虑粘合剂。
载体成形后,将载体进行热处理,其包含将载体的温度提高到至少200℃,更具体地为200到1000℃。热处理包含煅烧,在其之前可以进行干燥。干燥温度适当地为50到200℃;干燥时间适当地为0.5到5小时。煅烧温度非常适合在200到800℃的范围内,优选在300到600℃的范围内。对于载体的煅烧,需要相对短的时间,例如0.5到3小时。
本发明的催化剂优选地包含0.001到5wt%的选自由第10族和第11族组成的组,优选地选自第10族的一种或多种金属。优选地,金属选自由钯和铂组成的组。最优选地,催化剂按催化剂的总量上的金属的量计包含0.001到0.1wt%的铂和/或钯,最优选地为铂。量优选地为0.01到0.05wt%。另外,此种催化剂可含有一种或多种其它催化活性金属化合物,最优选地为锡和/或铼,更具体地为锡或铼。
可使用用于组合沸石、粘合剂(例如二氧化硅)和任选的其它载体组分;使其成形;和金属组分混合;及任何后续的有用工艺步骤(例如干燥、煅烧和还原)的标准技术来制备本发明的催化剂。
金属可通过本领域中常见的方法来定位于所形成的载体上。金属可以在成形之前沉积在载体材料上,但优选的是将其沉积在已成形载体上。
用来自金属盐溶液的金属浸渍孔容积是一种将金属定位于已成形载体上的非常适合的方法。金属盐溶液可具有1到12范围内的pH。适宜使用的铂盐是氯铂酸和铵稳定的铂盐。
金属浸渍后,催化剂组合物优选进行热处理,其包含将载体和催化剂组合物的温度分别增加到至少200℃,更具体地为200到1000℃。热处理包含煅烧,在其之前可以进行干燥。干燥温度适当地为50到200℃;干燥时间适当地为0.5到5小时。煅烧温度非常适合在200到800℃的范围内,优选在300到600℃的范围内。对于煅烧催化剂组合物,采用在低加热速率下斜线上升的受控制温度以确保金属的最佳分散可能是必要的。这种煅烧可能需要5到20小时。
在使用前,通常最好确保催化剂组合物上的金属呈金属(且非氧化)形式。因此,使组合物经受还原条件是有用的,所述还原条件为例如在150到600℃范围内的温度下在还原气氛(例如在任选地用惰性气体或惰性气体的混合物(例如氮气和二氧化碳)稀释的氢气中)中加热0.5到5小时。
本发明的催化剂组合物特别适用于芳族烃的转化,更具体地乙苯的选择性脱烷基化,更具体地乙苯脱烷基化以及同时二甲苯异构化。
乙苯原料最适合地直接来源于重整单元或石脑油裂解单元或者是二甲苯异构化单元的流出物。此类原料通常包含含有7到9个碳原子的烃,且确切地说是除乙苯以外的邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、甲苯和苯中的一种或多种。通常,按烃原料的总量计,原料中的乙苯的量在0.1到50wt%范围内,且总的二甲苯含量通常为至少20wt%。通常,二甲苯不会处于热力学平衡,并且相比于热力学平衡,对二甲苯的含量将因此低于其它异构体的含量。
在氢气存在的情况下使原料与催化剂接触。这可以在固定床系统、移动床系统或流体化床系统中进行。这类系统可以连续或分批方式操作。优选在固定床系统中进行连续操作。催化剂可以用于一个反应器中或用于串联或在摆动系统中操作的几个独立的反应器中,以确保在催化剂更换期间连续操作。
所述方法适宜在300到500℃范围内的温度下,在0.1到50巴(10到5,000kPa)范围内的压力下,使用0.5到20g进料/g催化剂/小时范围内的重量时空速度进行。通常使用0.05到30巴(5到3,000kPa)范围内的氢分压。进料与氢气的摩尔比在0.5到100的范围内,通常是1比10摩尔/摩尔。当本发明的催化剂尤其适用于较高重量时空速度方法使用时,优选的操作条件包含:7到17g进料/g催化剂/小时范围内,更具体地8到14g进料/g催化剂/小时的重量时空速度;5到25巴(500kPa到2,500kPa),更具体地8到15巴(800kPa到1,500kPa)的总压力;以及1到5摩尔/摩尔范围内的进料与氢气的摩尔比。
现将通过以下实例说明本发明。
实例
实例1
ZSM-5制备如下。将92g固体氢氧化钠和125g L-酒石酸溶于3.5l水中,然后向其中加入175g铝酸钠溶液以制备均匀溶液。然后,在搅拌下将660g硅酸粉末缓慢加入该混合溶液中,以制备均匀浆化的含水反应混合物。将反应混合物置于高压釜中,并在关闭高压釜后,在搅拌下使其在160℃下反应72小时。此后,将反应产物从高压釜中取出,用蒸馏水洗涤直至其pH几乎为中性,然后过滤并在120℃下干燥过夜。由此获得的产物是命名为“Original ZSM-5”的沸石,其性质如下表1所示。所得产物的晶体尺寸为几微米。
碱处理的ZSM-5制备如下。将200克10wt%的NaOH溶液加入到在2000克水中包含如上所述制备的188g ZSM-5的浆液中。得到的混合物的pH值为13.4,并将其加热至80℃并在该温度下保持2小时。随后,滤出固体,用3升水洗涤并在100℃下干燥过夜。
将干燥的产物加入到含有374g硝酸铵和2000g水的溶液中。将混合物加热至70℃,在70℃下保持1小时,过滤并用水洗涤。重复用硝酸铵溶液和水处理,最后将物质在100℃下干燥过夜。由此获得的产物是被命名为“碱处理的ZSM-5”的沸石,其性质如下表1所示。
表1
原始ZSM-5 | 碱处理的ZSM-5 | |
二氧化硅与氧化铝的摩尔比 | 41 | 37 |
Na<sub>2</sub>O的重量% | 0.01 | 0.00 |
BET表面积(m<sup>2</sup>/g) | 438 | 451 |
微孔容积(cc/g) | 0.155 | 0.138 |
中孔容积(cc/g) | 0.027 | 0.093 |
中孔BET表面积(m<sup>2</sup>/g) | 45 | 111 |
孔容积分布(cc/g) | ||
260-600A | 0.005 | 0.006 |
100-260A | 0.003 | 0.006 |
50-100A | 0.002 | 0.010 |
20-50A | 0.018 | 0.070 |
微孔和中孔体积各自是从根据ASTM D4222-03测得的氮吸附和解吸等温线推导。根据ASTM D4365-13测量中孔BET表面积。
将沸石粉末与低钠级二氧化硅(来自德固赛的Sipernat 50)、可商购的铵稳定的二氧化硅溶胶(由伊卡化学品以商品名称Bindzil出售)混合,且使用按干燥物计为1.5wt%的氢氧化铵溶液(含有25wt%氨)挤出,以获得按干燥物计包含60wt%的沸石、26.7wt%的Sipernat 50和13.3wt%的二氧化硅溶胶的载体。在约550℃下干燥且煅烧绿色挤出物1小时,以达到用于工业应用的足够强度。
所得载体按干重计含有40wt%的二氧化硅粘合剂和60wt%的沸石。
各ZSM-5和碱处理的ZSM-5的挤出物的样品在800℃下煅烧,随后用0.02M六氟硅酸铵水溶液处理。随后将处理过的样品洗涤,干燥并煅烧。
用pH低于2的含铂溶液浸渍上述每个载体的孔容积。所述溶液由H2PtCl6制备而来。金属的浓度可以提供具有按总催化剂计为0.025wt%浓度的最终催化剂。一旦完成浸渍,在125℃下干燥催化剂3小时,且随后以足够低的斜线上升速率在目标为480℃的两步煅烧步骤中煅烧,以实现金属相的充分分散。总煅烧程序持续12小时。
实例2
对如表3中描述的催化剂A、B、C和D进行催化测试,其模拟乙苯脱烷基化的典型工业应用条件。此活性测试使用工业进料,其组成在表2中概述。
表2
在活性测试
进料组合物中使用的进料的组成
一旦催化剂处于其还原状态就执行活性测试,这是通过将干燥且煅烧的催化剂暴露于450℃的大气氢(>99%纯度)1小时来实现的。
还原之后,在没有冷却步骤的情况下加压反应器,且引入进料。此步骤有助于加强催化剂老化,且因此允许在稳定操作下比较催化性能。
在扩大潜在负面操作影响的条件下收集催化数据点。因此,不是在理想的工业操作条件下而是在允许更好地区分用于评估本申请中的催化剂的各种性能参数的那些条件下测量性能。
在当前情况下,使用12g进料/g催化剂/小时的重量时空速度、2.5mol.mol-1的氢气与进料比和1.2MPa的总系统压力。温度在340℃与380℃之间变化,以实现所需转化以供更容易地比较。
在下表2中展示包括所获得产物的性能特征。
乙苯转化率(EB转化率)为通过催化剂转化成苯和乙烯或其它分子的乙苯的重量百分比。所述百分比定义为进料中乙苯的wt%减去产物中乙苯的wt%除以进料时间中乙苯的wt%乘以100%。
PXate是测量二甲苯反应混合物对于对二甲苯来说达到平衡的程度的一种度量。其定义如下:
其中PX表示对二甲苯。
二甲苯损耗被计算为进料中二甲苯的wt%减去产物中二甲苯的wt%除以进料时间中二甲苯的wt%乘以100%。
表3
上述实验结果表明,本催化剂组合物提供了将总乙苯转化为苯的性能,这增加了产物中对二甲苯的量。此外,本催化剂允许将乙苯转化为苯,同时二甲苯损耗有限。
Claims (14)
1.一种制备催化剂组合物的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:
(a)用pH值至少为8的碱性溶液处理ZSM-5沸石,然后进行离子交换,以获得处理过的沸石,
(b)挤出所述处理过的沸石和粘合剂的混合物,并将所述沸石与含氟化合物的溶液接触,
(c)将在步骤(b)中得到的挤出物的温度增加到至少200℃,以及
(d)将步骤(c)中获得的挤出物与选自由IUPAC元素周期表第10族和第11族组成的组的一种或多种金属组合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(b)包含挤出处理过的沸石和二氧化硅粘合剂的混合物,随后用含氟化合物的溶液处理所述挤出物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中步骤(b)包含用包含氟硅酸盐的溶液处理所述挤出物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述金属选自由铂和钯组成的组。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述挤出物进一步与选自由锡和铼组成的组的一种或多种金属组合。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中待处理的所述ZSM-5沸石具有25到100的二氧化硅与氧化铝的摩尔比(SAR)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中在步骤(a)中待处理的所述ZSM-5沸石具有在35到50的范围内的SAR。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(a)中待处理的所述ZSM-5沸石具有20纳米到30微米的数均粒径。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述催化剂组合物包含(i)ZSM-5沸石,以载体的总重量计,其量在40到80wt%范围内,(ii)粘合剂,以载体的总重量计,其量在20到60wt%范围内;(iii)以催化剂的总重量计,0.001到5wt%的选自第10族的金属。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中ZSM-5由包含氧化铝源、二氧化硅源、碱源和L-酒石酸或其水溶性盐的含水混合物制备。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(a)的碱性溶液处理包含用金属氢氧化物溶液处理ZSM-5。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(a)的离子交换包含用含铵溶液处理所述沸石。
13.一种转化含有芳族烃的原料的方法,其使用根据权利要求1到12中任一项制备的催化剂组合物。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述原料包含0.1到50wt%范围内的乙苯和至少20wt%的二甲苯,所有量均以烃原料的总量计。
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PCT/EP2017/065789 WO2018002012A1 (en) | 2016-06-29 | 2017-06-27 | Preparation of a zsm-5-based catalyst; use in ethylbenzene dealkylation process |
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US11684910B2 (en) | 2018-07-16 | 2023-06-27 | Battelle Energy Ailiance, LLC | Composite media for non-oxidative ethane dehydrogenation, and related ethane activation systems and method of processing an ethane-containing stream |
KR20230056782A (ko) * | 2020-09-30 | 2023-04-27 | 엑손모빌 케미칼 패턴츠 인코포레이티드 | C8 방향족 탄화수소의 전환 방법 |
US11872544B2 (en) * | 2020-10-08 | 2024-01-16 | Phillips 66 Company | Modified ZSM-5 catalyst for converting light hydrocarbons to liquid fuels |
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SG11201810740PA (en) | 2019-01-30 |
US10773249B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 |
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WO2018002012A1 (en) | 2018-01-04 |
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