CN109328956B - Method for preventing stiff seedlings in root extending period of ridge planting mulching film tobacco - Google Patents
Method for preventing stiff seedlings in root extending period of ridge planting mulching film tobacco Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
- A01G13/0275—Films
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Protection Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
A method for preventing stiff seedlings in a tobacco root extending period of ridge planting mulching films comprises the steps of ridging in a tobacco field, wherein the width of a film capable of being coated on the surface of a ridge is 60-70 cm, the vertical height between the ridge top and a furrow is 25-30 cm, the width of the bottom of the ridge is 35-50 cm, the ridge top surface is an arc surface, the side edge of the ridge is an inclined surface, the film is coated on the surface of the ridge, a vertical planting hole is drilled in the arc surface of the ridge top surface, tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the vertical planting hole, and the method comprises the steps of drilling inclined holes in one side or two sides of the ridge after the tobacco seedlings are planted in the vertical planting hole for 5-; the diameter of each inclined hole is 2-3 cm, the depth of each inclined hole is 25-30 cm, the included angle between each inclined hole and the orthographic projection surface of the ridge top surface is 44-48 degrees, the vertical distance between the surface opening of each inclined hole and the ridge top surface is 3-8 cm, and the vertical distance between the bottom opening and the ridge top surface is 15-20 cm; the surface area of the surface opening of the plurality of inclined holes is 0.002-0.004% of the surface area of the ridge. The method has the advantage that the incidence rate of the stiff seedlings in the root extending period can be effectively reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a planting method for a ridge planting mulching film tobacco root extending period, in particular to a method for preventing stiff seedlings in the ridge planting mulching film tobacco root extending period.
Technical Field
The period from the transplanting of the tobacco seedlings to the field to the completion of the tobacco leaf harvesting is the field period, which is about 120-150 days. According to the characteristics of the growth and development of tobacco, the dynamic change of the growth of tobacco plants and the stage morphological characteristics, the tobacco is divided into 4 closely-related growth and development periods, namely a seedling reduction period (from transplanting to survival), a root extending period (from survival to clump of plants), a vigorous growth period (from clump of plants to buds) and a maturation period (from buds to the end of tobacco leaf harvesting). The seedling returning stage refers to the stage of transplanting the tobacco seedlings to survive for about 7-10 days, and the seedling returning stage is usually not available in soil-carrying transplanting or nutrition tray seedling transplanting. The root extending period refers to the period from the survival of tobacco seedlings to the root of the tobacco seedlings, about 30 days, and is closely related to the yield of tobacco leaves.
The key technology in this period is: firstly, the seedlings are checked and replenished in time, and dead seedlings are often caused by improper transplanting technology, or the influence of burning sun, windy wind and drought, or the damage of diseases and insects, etc. Timely replenishing the seedlings within 3-5 days after transplanting, and ensuring the uniformity of the whole seedlings. And secondly, underground pests are controlled, and the tobacco underground pests are controlled by applying corresponding pesticides after transplanting. And thirdly, controlling water and squatting seedlings in the root extending period, keeping the water holding capacity of the field about 60 percent, and ensuring the massive growth and the downward binding of the main root system of the tobacco plant. And fourthly, soil is timely cultivated for surrounding ridges, deep intertillage is carried out 20-25 days after transplanting, and 15-20 cm of soil is cultivated, so that secondary rooting of rhizomes is promoted. And fifthly, topdressing is performed in time to ensure sufficient nutrition. Quick-acting fertilizer is mainly used, hole application is uniform, the distance from the tobacco plant is 10-15 cm, and a small amount of water can be applied in the topdressing. Sixthly, attention is paid to prevention of waterlogging and water accumulation.
According to the national tobacco production flavor type partition plan of China, the tobacco production regions of Chongqing, Hubei and Shanxi parts belong to 3 regions: the mellow tobacco leaf style is 28-32 degrees north latitude, the tobacco leaf production is comprehensively covered by a mulching film, and the adopted transplanting mode and root extending period management measures are as follows:
before 2015, a high-stem strong seedling transplanting mode is adopted, the stem of a tobacco seedling is 8-10 cm, and in the late ten days of 5 months, the aim of 'not planting six-month tobacco' is advocated, but high-stem and exposed-stem seedlings are common during transplanting and easily cause partial stiff seedlings because the stem is too high, the soil layer of a tobacco field in a mountainous area is thin, the ridge forming body is not high, the height is often lower than 25 cm or less than 20 cm, and a film uncovering and earthing measure must be adopted 15-20 days after the transplanting to promote the growth of rootstock side rooting.
After 2016, a partial parturition area refers to a well cellar type transplanting mode of a Guizhou parturition area, well cellar type transplanting is implemented, a well cellar space with the depth of 18-20 cm and the diameter of 9-12 cm is drilled downwards from the center of a ridge body vertically, young seedlings are transplanted, the stem height of the tobacco seedlings is only about 3 cm, the tobacco seedlings are placed into the well cellar about 10 days before the conventional transplanting, the tobacco seedlings grow out of the ridge surface after the tobacco seedlings survive for 10-15 days in the well cellar space, only a small amount of roots contact with soil during the period, stem stems are not in contact with the soil about 12 cm, the transplanting time is advanced to 5 months in middle, but the stem lignification degree is high, the roots are deep, the soil is less in contact, the root stretching and the development are poor, the stiff seedlings are caused, and the well cellar soil is required to be sealed, and the membrane culture soil is enlarged to promote the rooting of the lateral stems.
A well cellar type transplanting mode of small seedlings under a film is adopted in self exploration in the Hubei producing area, namely on the basis of well cellar type transplanting, another film is additionally covered on the ridge surface for heat preservation and moisture preservation, the time of tobacco seedlings under the film is about 5-7 days, the transplanting time is further advanced to the late 4-5 months, the transplanting time is advanced, but the tobacco leaves in 5 months are in a root extending period, the whole root extending time is long, the growth period is delayed, the growth period can not be well advanced by transplanting in advance, the phenomena of poor root extending and obvious increase of stiff seedlings exist in a large range of a part of the producing area due to the special climate of 5 months in the Hubei producing area.
The reason that the ridge planting film tobacco causes the root system to develop badly and the large-scale stiff seedling is that:
1. the humidity of the ridge body is too high: firstly, the soil moisture absorption characteristic, the soil moisture content of the alpine tobacco district (about 1200 meters) in the west of the jaw is big, the water retention capacity is strong, underground water level is higher simultaneously, the low easy vapor condensation of night temperature, the ridge body absorbs underground moisture or absorb the moisture in the air rapidly after the dry soil moisture ridging, the ridge body moisture can reach more than 65% in 24-48 hours, if meet precipitation weather, then can reach more than 70%, the humidity is too big to cause the root system in earlier stage to be difficult for rolling down and growing, miss and stretch the vigorous period of root, the root system lignification to cause stiff seedling. The seedling rate in the alpine tobacco region reaches more than 10 percent. Secondly, the influence of climate, rainfall before and after planting (4-5 middle ten days of the month) is large, overcast and rainy continuously after planting, the diameter of the well opening of the tobacco pit is 9-10 cm, the humidity of the tobacco pit is too large, the downward root stretching is not facilitated, the water-controlling squatting effect is poor, the time of the root stretching period is prolonged, and the growth of the seedlings after being clustered is slow, so that the stiff seedlings are caused.
2. Unstable ambient temperature: in order to prolong the effective growth period, the transplanting time of the tobacco leaves is advanced to the late 4 months to the early 5 months for transplanting, and the climate characteristic of the area with the fragrance type is that the temperature difference between day and night is large in the middle 5 months. Firstly, the high temperature is scalded in the daytime, the highest temperature of the middle noon in 5-month-first ten days of the middle mountain tobacco area (about 800 m) reaches more than 30 ℃, the cellar opening of the tobacco planting well covered by the mulching film can reach 42-46 ℃, and the leaves are injured or the heart leaves are scalded by the high temperature, so that the growth is stopped; and secondly, the low-temperature freezing injury at night is caused, the temperature difference is large in the middle of 5 months or the late ten days of a high mountain tobacco area (about 1200 m), the highest temperature is nearly 20 ℃ at noon in a sunny day, the lowest temperature is about 5 ℃ lower, and the temperature is nearly zero at night in the middle of 5 months in part of the year, so that the severe temperature difference causes growth retardation or obvious freezing injury of overground parts and underground parts, and root extension is influenced, thereby causing seedling stiffness.
3. The concentration difference of the fertilizer: firstly, the high mountain tobacco district takes dry soil moisture tectorial membrane, fertilizes, ridging and plastic mulching integration operation, has the phenomenon that the fertilizer is uneven, chemical fertilizer is not fully dissolved and fermented partially to broadcast, and the root system contacts high concentration fertilizer and causes the root burn after the tobacco leaf is transplanted, does not contact fertilizer and causes the developmental delay, very easily causes the root system dysplasia. And secondly, the salting-out phenomenon of the ridge surface covered by the mulching film is obvious under frequent and violent temperature changes, and the salinization of the ridge surface and the soil around the root system influences the growth of the root system.
4. The influence of plant diseases and insect pests: firstly, because the tobacco seedlings are under the film in the transplanting mode, the humidity of the well cellar space is high, the moisture insect pests (such as wild slugs) are serious, the damage is large, the seedling shortage and the seedling supplement are more, or the field uniformity is poor; secondly, under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, the bacterial diseases, such as anthracnose, are caused to occur in advance due to high humidity, and the seedling rate is aggravated.
5. Farm work impact: firstly, the influence of pesticide use is realized, the transplanting is carried out by regulating the pesticide, the commonly used insect-resist agent is mainly high-efficiency chlorine hydrogen pyrethrin, the pesticide liquid is directly irrigated into roots from the upper part of a tobacco plant and is easy to contact heart leaves, so that the phytotoxicity of partial heart leaves or the tobacco plant is caused, and leaf deformity, branchy and multiple buds are easily caused to cause stiff seedlings; secondly, the top dressing is affected improperly, potassium nitrate fertilizer is used for top dressing to intensively regulate water for top dressing, about 500 kilograms of water is needed per mu, the limitation of water source conditions or input labor is met, partial farmers directly break the film around the tobacco plants in a dry application mode and broadcast the fertilizer, the fertilizer does not enter root systems, the fertilizer concentration on the surface of the ridge body is too high, precipitation causes fertilizer loss, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, and meanwhile, the salt damage on the ridge surface is increased, and the seedling is aggravated; thirdly, the farm work operation is various, after planting, the farm work operation such as seedling supplementing, insect prevention, topdressing, film breaking and soil enclosing, or the influence of burning sun, windy wind and rainfall, and the mechanical damage and the influence of flowing soil and covering the core appear in part of fields, thereby aggravating the stiff seedlings.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems, the invention provides a method for preventing the stiff seedlings in the root extending period of ridge planting mulching film tobacco, which can effectively reduce the incidence rate of the stiff seedlings in the root extending period.
The technical scheme for realizing the aim is that the method for preventing the stiff seedlings in the tobacco root stretching period of the ridge planting mulching film comprises the steps of ridging in a tobacco field, wherein the ridge height is 25-30 cm, the width of a mulch which can be covered on the ridge surface is 60-70 cm, the ridge top surface is an arc surface, the ridge side edge is an inclined surface, mulching is carried out on the ridge surface, vertical planting holes are drilled in the arc surface of the ridge top surface, tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the vertical planting holes, and the method for preventing the stiff seedlings in the tobacco root stretching period of the ridge planting mulching film comprises the steps of drilling the inclined holes in one side or two sides of the ridge after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the vertical planting holes for 5-10 days;
the diameter of each inclined hole is 2-3 cm, the depth of each inclined hole is 25-30 cm, the included angle between each inclined hole and the orthographic projection surface of the ridge top surface is 44-48 degrees, the vertical distance between the surface opening of each inclined hole and the ridge top surface is 3-8 cm, and the vertical distance between the bottom opening and the ridge top surface is 15-20 cm;
the surface area of the surface opening of the plurality of inclined holes is 0.002-0.004% of the surface area of the ridge.
Preferably, the inclined hole is a cone, the diameter of the surface opening is 1-2 cm, and the diameter of the bottom opening is 3-4 cm.
Preferably, the depth of the vertical planting hole is 10-15 cm.
Preferably, additional fertilizer is applied from the inclined hole in the root extending period.
The invention has the advantages that the method has the advantages that,
1. directly reduce soil humidity, improve the isolated state of plastic film ridge body moisture. Change soil density around the root system, change the soil water potential around the root system, obviously improve the root system humidity condition, do benefit to the accuse water seedling of squatting, root system humidity is too big one of the important factors that causes stiff seedling, the tobacco plant gets into and stretches the root period after transplanting, ridge body moisture should suitably be controlled at 55-65%, but often plant preceding ridge body humidity too big or the rainfall after planting is too much, cause the root system to develop badly, break the ridge body and external, the ridge body and the deep humidity isolated state of soil that the tectorial membrane caused through punching, can directly adjust ridge body humidity, effectively reduce hole point upper portion root system humidity or effectively arrange the stagnation, promote to stretch the root.
2. The temperature of the root system is stably increased, and the temperature-humidity interaction effect of the mulching film is increased. The method comprises the following steps that (1) moisture removal and temperature rise are conducted in a ridge body, the free energy of soil moisture is closely related to the soil temperature, a daily change curve of a soil layer of more than 20 cm is almost parallel lines, holes in the soil are increased after holes are punched, the ventilation and water permeability condition of soil (bottom layer) at the bottom of the ridge is improved, the heat absorption, temperature rise and heat preservation capability of the soil can be improved, meanwhile, when the soil temperature rises, the viscosity and surface tension of soil water are reduced, and the permeability coefficient of the soil water is increased along with the reduction; due to the fact that the hole depth is 25-30 cm and the vertical depth of the ridge surface is within 15-20 cm, after the hole is punched, the permeability of the soil is increased, the heat absorption or heat dissipation capacity is improved, the day and night temperature difference of the root system soil (the soil temperature at the position of 10-15 cm) is smaller, and relative stability and improvement of the temperature of the root system soil are facilitated.
3. And the water and fertilizer coupling efficiency of the ridge body is enhanced. Effectively realize that nutrient composition shifts up or the diffusion, the liquid manure coupling of reinforcing soil and fertilizer, because temperature rises, the water level sinks, and fertilization layer fertilizer obtains better dissolving, diffusion, because the air moisture of the body upper strata of ridge rises, and dissolved fertilizer nutrient composition shifts up to some extent, fully contacts with the root system, does benefit to the promotion of the body of ridge and root system nutrition coupling efficiency.
4. Reduce the negative effect of mulching film. Effectively reduces the harm of high temperature and salting out and reduces the negative effect of mulching. The ridge body is provided with permeable air holes in a side exhaust mode, so that the moisture discharge amount at the periphery of the tobacco plant is reduced, the temperature of the underground part of the tobacco plant is reduced, the adverse reactions of scalding leaves and the like of the tobacco plant caused by high temperature are reduced, the salting-out damage of the upper part of the ridge surface when the mulching film is fully covered is reduced, and the seedling stiffness caused by high temperature or salt damage is effectively prevented.
5. The pesticide is applied accurately, and the pollution caused by pesticide damage is effectively reduced. The probability that pesticide agents in the tobacco field directly contact stems and leaves is reduced, and the direct damage of the pesticide and other medicines to the heart and leaves of tobacco plants is avoided; the pesticide can directly reach the root system, so that the absorption is facilitated, the accurate pesticide application is realized, the variety, frequency and dosage of the pesticide are effectively reduced, the pesticide residue is reduced to a certain extent, and the pollution to soil and environment is reduced.
6. Saves resources and improves the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer. The inclined holes are used for fertilizing or irrigating, water and fertilizer directly reach the root system, ineffective application such as upper ridge surface evaporation or runoff loss is reduced, the utilization rate of the water and fertilizer is greatly improved, fertilizer and water resources are saved, farm work operation such as fertilizer and water is convenient, and farm work operation workers are reduced to a certain extent.
7. Effectively reduces the proportion of the runt seedlings, improves the uniformity of the field, and advances and prolongs the effective growth period. Due to the improvement of the root system environment, the tobacco plants can grow early and quickly in the root extending period, the root system can grow more robustly, the proportions of seedling shortage, diseased seedling and runt seedling are greatly reduced, the growth vigor of the tobacco plants is more robustly grown, and the field uniformity is improved; the growth period of the tobacco plants is 3-5 days earlier than the conventional growth period, and the tobacco plants enter the vigorous growth stage in advance, so that the effective growth period of the tobacco leaves is effectively prolonged, and the maturity and the quality of the tobacco leaves are integrally promoted.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the ridge structure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a preferred structure of the inclined hole of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a preferred arrangement of the oblique holes of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of comparative experimental ridge-1.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of comparative experimental ridge-2.
As shown in the figure, the ridge-1, the inclined hole-2, the membrane-3 and the vertical planting hole-4.
Detailed Description
Ridging 1 in the tobacco field, as shown in figure 1, the height of the ridge 1 is 25-30 cm, the width of the top of the ridge surface is 50-60 cm, the length of the ridge is determined according to the drainage and planting habits of the field, the top surface of the ridge 1 is an arc surface, the side edges of the ridge are inclined surfaces, coating a film 3 on the surface of the ridge, drilling vertical planting holes 4 on the cambered surface of the top surface of the ridge, preferably, the depth of the vertical planting holes 4 is 10-15 cm, transplanting tobacco seedlings into the vertical planting holes 4, a method for preventing stiff seedlings in a tobacco root extending period of ridge planting mulching films comprises the steps of selecting to form inclined holes 2 on one side or two sides of a ridge 1 in a sunny day after transplanting tobacco seedlings in vertical planting holes 4 for 5-10 days, wherein whether the inclined holes are one or two inclined holes can be determined according to weather conditions, generally speaking, the inclined holes 2 on one side are firstly formed, the inclined holes 2 on the other side are not formed when the humidity of the ridge 1 is controlled to be 55% -65% within 72 hours, and the inclined holes 2 on the other side are formed when the humidity of the ridge 1 is more than 70% within 72 hours;
the diameter of each inclined hole 2 is 2-3 cm, the hole depth is 25-30 cm, the included angle between each inclined hole 2 and the orthographic projection surface of the top surface of each ridge 1 is 44-48 degrees, the vertical distance between the surface opening of each inclined hole 2 and the top surface of each ridge is 3-8 cm, the vertical distance between the bottom opening of each inclined hole 2 and the top surface of each ridge is 15-20 cm, and the distance between the adjacent inclined holes 2 on the side edge of each ridge 1 on the same side is at least 5 cm;
the surface area of the surface of the inclined holes 2 is 0.002-0.004% of the surface area of the ridge 1.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 2, the inclined hole 2 is a cone, the diameter of the front opening is 1-2 cm, the diameter of the bottom opening is 3-4 cm, and the inclined hole 2 can also be a cylinder.
Preferably, additional fertilizer is applied from the inclined hole 2 in the root extending period.
As shown in fig. 3, two inclined holes 2 are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the ridge 1, and another preferred inclined hole 2 may be alternatively arranged on two sides of the ridge 1.
The advantages of the inclined hole 2 are as follows:
1. the inclined holes are ventilation cooling holes, the high-temperature and high-humidity ventilation holes of the film-covered ridge bodies are formed after the inclined holes are drilled, exhaust pressure of a well cellar opening of a tobacco plant is decomposed, temperature and humidity of the well cellar opening are reduced, a large amount of hot and humid gas at the well cellar opening is effectively prevented or reduced from scalding blades and heart leaves, and the influence of high temperature on tobacco seedling development is reduced.
2. The inclined holes are settlement draining holes, and the soil moisture has four types: the moisture absorption water is formed by absorbing water vapor from the air by dry soil, and is ineffective for plants; film-like water, which is the water adsorbed on the surface of soil particles and is a weak effective water for plants; capillary water is water absorbed by pores of soil capillaries, is divided into capillary hanging water (not connected) and capillary supporting water (connected with underground water) according to whether the capillary hanging water is connected with the underground water or not, and is most valuable to plants; gravity water, excess water, is the water in the soil aeration gap, will flow out soon, and is basically ineffective for plants. By changing the density of the soil under the roots and forming a water potential gradient, the humidity difference of the soil on the upper part and the lower part of the pore cavity is formed, and the water is effectively drained and the humidity is reduced. When the humidity of the ridge body is too high, the soil density in the hole is low, capillary water in the high-density area at the upper part (root part) is adjusted or permeated to the low-density area, or gravity water is drained out; the gravity water can be directly stored in the hole tip and part of the hole cavity, and the gravity water is permeated into the soil at the lower part of the hole due to gravity and concentration, so that the redundant water in the root ridge body is drained, the excessive water in the root soil or the upper part of the ridge body is effectively prevented, the risk of mildew and rot of the root soaking is reduced, and the root is favorably pricked.
3. The inclined hole is a precise medicine filling hole. After planting, the insect-preventing and disease-preventing liquid medicine can be directly poured through the side holes to form effective protection around the root system, the liquid medicine does not directly contact leaves or roots, does not damage heart leaves or roots, and is beneficial to the protection of the root system and the heart leaves.
4. The inclined holes are salting-out harm-reducing holes. After transplanting, the tobacco seedlings are small, the ridge surface is irradiated by the sun in a large area, the phenomenon of soil salt surface segregation is prominent, the ridge surface is a high-temperature high-humidity area, and after inclined holes are formed, the salting-out phenomenon of high temperature and high humidity on ridge body soil is concentrated around side hole openings, so that the salting-out amount of the ridge surface well cellar opening and the soil around tobacco plants is reduced, and the risk of salt damage of the tobacco plant hilling part is reduced.
5. The inclined holes are topdressing positioning holes. After transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer water irrigation or direct topdressing is carried out in the holes according to a production scheme at a proper time, so that the fertilizer water can smoothly reach the root soil, and the rooting and early growth and quick growth are facilitated.
And (3) comparison test: the method is characterized in that three A \ B \ C test fields are selected at a place with an altitude of 935 m, each test field adopts the same field management method, 500 plants are respectively planted in each test field, A adopts the method of the patent, B (shown in figure 4) is different from A in that inclined holes are not drilled, only vertical planting holes are drilled, tobacco seedlings are planted in the vertical planting holes, C (shown in figure 5) is different from A in that inclined holes are not drilled, straight holes are drilled beside the vertical planting holes, the stiff seedlings are classified by the industry universal standard, and the stiff seedlings are classified by the tobacco enterprise standard of a test production area.
A: the tobacco plants are transplanted by adopting a 45-degree oblique-punching mulching film tobacco well cellar, the ridge height and the ridge direction are consistent with those of the conventional mulching film, the two sides of the tobacco plants (vertical to the trend of the ridge rows) are obliquely punched at about 45 degrees (42-46 degrees), the punching distance is 20-25 cm from the tobacco plants, the aperture is 2-3 cm, the punching depth is 25-30 cm, and the bottom opening is 3-5 cm below the root tips.
Adopting a conventional non-punching mulching film covering well for cellar type transplanting, wherein the ridge height after film covering is 25-30 cm, and the total width of the ridge surface is 70-80 cm; after the well cellar type transplanting, the depth of the root system in the middle of the ridge is 12-15 cm, the distance between the core leaf and the ridge surface film opening is 2-3 cm, and the vertical distance between the root tip and the furrow is 10-15 cm.
And (3) transplanting by adopting a vertical perforated mulching film tobacco well cellar, wherein the ridge height and the ridge direction are consistent with those of conventional mulching films, the two sides of a transplanted tobacco plant are vertically perforated by 12-15 cm, the aperture is 2-3 cm, the perforation depth is 17-20 cm, and the perforation is positioned between two tobacco plants in the same row or is vertical to the row direction of ridges.
1. The humidity of the ridge body is effectively reduced. The punching operation is carried out after the tobacco leaves are transplanted, and the monitoring of the humidity of the ridge body at 13 noon in 5 days, 10 days, 15 days and 20 days after planting respectively shows that the humidity of the root system (12 cm) under the ridge of the A is reduced by 8-10%, the soil humidity is controlled to be 60-64%, the soil humidity is measured by touching hands, the suitable rate of the humidity of the ridge body after 15-30 days after planting is improved by more than 30%, and the humidity of the C is reduced by 3-6% compared with the humidity of the B.
2. The temperature amplitude changes less. Continuously monitoring the temperature of the root system (10 cm root system under the ridge surface) of the ridge body at 5 days, 10 days, 15 days and 20 days after planting, wherein the temperature is stabilized at 8-15 ℃; the highest temperature of the root system at the position of 10 cm of the A is reduced by 2-5 ℃, the lowest temperature is increased by 0.5-3 ℃, the highest temperature of the well opening is reduced by 0.5-2 ℃, and the lowest temperature is increased by 1-3 ℃ relative to the B. Compared with B, the proportion of high-temperature scalding heart leaves in sunny days is reduced by about 10%, the low-temperature freezing injury is reduced by about 60%, and the temperature change of the C ridge is not obviously different from that of B.
3. The salting-out phenomenon is remarkably reduced and is concentrated in the range of 3-5 cm at the orifice. From about 10 days after planting, salting-out phenomenon is obviously existed under the ridge surface of B, on soil particles within the range of about 30-40 cm along the ridge surface, the ridge bodies of A and C only form salting-out of 3-5 cm at the opening of a well cellar and around a hole, and the salting-out of the ridge surface is not obvious and discontinuous; the water accumulation under the membrane A is obviously reduced by 15-20% compared with the water accumulation under the membrane B.
4. The damage of the heart and leaves caused by the pesticide is avoided. By pouring the insecticide from the punching hole, the pesticide is not directly contacted with the heart leaves, and the pesticide hazard is avoided. The prevention and control effect of A on the soil insects is better than that of B, and the prevention and control effect on the soil insects is improved by about 5-10% because A inclines by about 45 degrees and enough pesticide is diffused in a larger part of the ridge soil under 45 degrees.
5. The top dressing efficiency is improved. Firstly, the fertilizer A or the fertilizer C can realize dry application or wet application, the fertilizer is directly applied into the ridge body, the fertilizer can be fully dissolved under the day and night temperature and humidity changes of the ridge body, under the same fertilizer using amount, the nitrogen fertilizer can directly reach the root system, the root system absorption is rapid, the growth vigor and growth phase are obviously advanced, the growth period can be advanced by 3-7 days, and the early growth and fast growth are promoted; secondly, the labor efficiency is higher, the fertilization mode is simple, and the labor is less; and thirdly, the mode A has good potassium fertilizer persistence, potassium ions enter the ridge body of the soil at the lower side under the angle of 45 degrees, so that the potassium is conveniently utilized for a long time and in a later period, the curve rule of nitrogen absorption and potassium absorption of tobacco plants is consistent, and the potassium deficiency symptom in the middle and later periods of maturity is obviously reduced.
6. The rate of the runt seedlings is obviously reduced, and the test result shows that the incidence rate of the runt seedlings in the A test field is 3.8 percent and is 19 plants;
the incidence rate of the runt seedlings in the test field B is 22.4 percent and is 112 plants;
the incidence rate of the runt seedlings in the test field C is 12.6 percent and is 63 plants;
A. compared with the B, the incidence rate of the stiff seedlings can be reduced by punching holes (A drills inclined holes on the side edge, C drills straight holes beside the vertical planting hole), but the effect of reducing the inclined holes on the side edge is better, the angle of the inclined holes is preferably 45 degrees, the inclined holes are controlled according to 44-48 degrees in the actual operation process, the incidence rate of the stiff seedlings is obviously improved when the angle of the inclined holes is larger than 48 degrees and smaller than 44 degrees in the production practice, generally about 3-8 percent, the specific reason is that the humidity in the ridge is more favorably controlled to be maintained between 55-65 percent when 44-48 degrees, the temperature and the humidity can not be only considered to be adjusted when the method is understood, the salting-out can be reduced, the root system can be fertilized and injected with pesticide through the inclined holes, the method can realize accurate pesticide application and fertilizer application because the root system is directly reached, the root system of the ridge body on the upper part has better humidity reducing and temperature increasing effects, the ridge body at the lower part of the hole has better moisture-preserving and ventilating functions, the operating concentration can be properly higher than that of the conventional method, and the water consumption of 500 jin per mu is reduced to about 360 jin.
The invention simply punches inclined holes on the side surface of a mulching film tobacco ridge, effectively adjusts the root system temperature and humidity of the ridge body, reduces the negative effect of mulching film coverage, improves the early root extension development efficiency of crops, and reduces the rate of tobacco seedling hardening, although the method is simple, the effect is obvious, the rate of hardening seedling is controlled below 5%, and is obviously lower than the average rate of hardening seedling of the existing tobacco seedling (the rate of hardening seedling of the existing tobacco seedling is generally between 18% and 25%, and is 35% at most), meanwhile, when hardening seedling occurs, the mode of fertilization and the like is generally adopted, so that the quality of tobacco leaves is reduced by using excessive fertilizer, the method can also reduce the influence of other agricultural operations on the production of the tobacco leaves, and the method belongs to a tobacco seedling planting method.
Claims (4)
1. A method for preventing stiff seedlings in a tobacco root-extending period of ridge planting mulching film includes ridging in a tobacco field, wherein the width of a film capable of being coated on the surface of a ridge is 60-70 cm, the vertical height of the ridge top and a furrow is 25-30 cm, the width of the bottom of the ridge is 35-50 cm, the ridge top surface is an arc surface, the ridge side is an inclined surface, the film is coated on the surface of the ridge, a vertical planting hole is drilled in the arc surface of the ridge top surface, and tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the vertical planting hole, and the method is characterized in that: the method comprises the steps of transplanting tobacco seedlings, forming oblique holes on one side or two sides of a ridge after 5-10 days of vertical planting holes;
the diameter of each inclined hole is 2-3 cm, the depth of each inclined hole is 25-30 cm, the included angle between each inclined hole and the orthographic projection surface of the ridge top surface is 44-48 degrees, the vertical distance between the surface opening of each inclined hole and the ridge top surface is 3-8 cm, and the vertical distance between the bottom opening and the ridge top surface is 15-20 cm;
the surface area of the surface opening of the plurality of inclined holes is 0.002-0.004% of the surface area of the ridge.
2. The method for preventing the stiff seedlings in the tobacco root extending period of the ridge planting mulching film according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the inclined hole is a cone, the diameter of the surface opening is 1-2 cm, and the diameter of the bottom opening is 3-4 cm.
3. The method for preventing the stiff seedlings in the tobacco root extending period of the ridge planting mulching film according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the depth of the vertical planting hole is 10-15 cm.
4. The method for preventing the stiff seedlings in the tobacco root extending period of the ridge planting mulching film according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: additional fertilizer is applied from the inclined holes in the root extending period.
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| DE2952551A1 (en) * | 1979-12-28 | 1981-07-02 | Klaus 6114 Groß-Umstadt Werle | Protective strawberry planting guide - is made up of split field cross piece arrangement and stabilises ground surface and effects material savings |
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