CN109188494B - Method for partially integrating and measuring radium concentration in water by open-loop electrostatic collection method - Google Patents
Method for partially integrating and measuring radium concentration in water by open-loop electrostatic collection method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109188494B CN109188494B CN201811387864.8A CN201811387864A CN109188494B CN 109188494 B CN109188494 B CN 109188494B CN 201811387864 A CN201811387864 A CN 201811387864A CN 109188494 B CN109188494 B CN 109188494B
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/167—Measuring radioactive content of objects, e.g. contamination
Abstract
In the measuring device, an air inlet pipe sleeve and an air outlet pipe sleeve are respectively arranged on a bottle cap, an air inlet pipe is inserted on the air inlet pipe sleeve, an air outlet pipe is inserted on the air outlet pipe sleeve, the air outlet pipe is connected with an air inlet end of an air pump, an air outlet end of the air pump is connected with an air inlet end of a three-way electromagnetic valve, a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve is connected with an air inlet end of a radon measuring instrument adopting an electrostatic collection method, a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve is communicated with the atmospheric environment, and an air outlet end of the radon measuring instrument adopting the electrostatic collection method is connected with a flowmeter. During measurement, a measuring device filled with a water sample to be measured is placed in a constant-temperature environment, the air pump controls air to enter the air inlet pipe to bubble at a certain flow rate, radon in the water sample to be measured is carried out, enters the air pump through the air outlet pipe and then enters the electrostatic collection method radon meter to measure the gas radon concentration, and the radium concentration in the water sample is calculated according to the ambient temperature, the volume of the water sample to be measured, the flow rate of the air pump and the reading of the electrostatic collection method radon meter.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nuclear radiation detection technology, in particular to a method for partially measuring radium concentration in water by an open-loop type electrostatic collection method.
Background
Radium (Ra-226) is an extremely toxic osteogenic alpha radionuclide, and its massive deposition in vivo can induce bone cancer or leukemia, thus endangering human health. Radium (Ra-226) has generally higher activity in underground water, and is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of general surface water (river water, lake water, seawater and the like); the drinking water sources in many regions of the world are groundwater, and the groundwater in part of the electrostatic collection method naturally contains high-concentration radium elements or a large amount of radium elements are activated and released into the groundwater along with the exploitation of different mineral products such as uranium mines and the like, so that great potential safety hazards exist when people use the groundwater as the drinking water source, and the concentration of the radium elements contained in the groundwater in the part needs to be monitored for a long time when the drinking water source is selected. In the prior art, the measuring device and the measuring method for the radium element concentration in water are complex and long in measuring time, and a device and a method for rapidly measuring the radium element concentration in water are needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a method for partially and integrally measuring radium concentration in water by using an open-loop type electrostatic collection method, and the method can be used for quickly obtaining the accurate radium concentration in water.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the device comprises a water sample measuring bottle, a bottle cap, an air inlet pipe sleeve, an air outlet pipe sleeve, an air inlet pipe, an air outlet pipe, an air pump, a static collection radon measuring instrument, a flowmeter and a three-way electromagnetic valve.
The air inlet pipe sleeve and the air outlet pipe sleeve are respectively arranged on the bottle cap, the air inlet pipe is inserted into the air inlet pipe sleeve, the air outlet pipe is inserted into the air outlet pipe sleeve, the air outlet pipe is connected with the air inlet end of the air pump through a hose, the air outlet end of the air pump is connected with the air inlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve through a hose, the first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve is connected with the air inlet end of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument through a hose, the second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve is communicated with the atmospheric environment, and the air outlet end of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument is connected with the flowmeter through a hose;
the method comprises a measuring process and a calculating process, and comprises the following specific steps:
first, measurement process
A. Placing a device for partially integrating and measuring radium concentration in water by using an open-loop electrostatic collection method in a constant-temperature environment, and measuring the environment temperature;
B. pouring a water sample to be detected into the water sample measuring bottle, tightly covering the bottle cap, wherein the air outlet of the air inlet pipe is positioned in the water sample to be detected and close to the bottle bottom of the water sample measuring bottle, and the air inlet of the air outlet pipe is positioned on the liquid level of the water sample to be detected;
C. opening a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, closing a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, starting the air pump, adjusting the flow rate of the air pump, enabling air to enter a water sample to be tested for bubbling through the air inlet pipe, simultaneously carrying out radon in the water sample to be tested, entering the three-way electromagnetic valve through the air outlet pipe, and then entering an atmospheric environment from the second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, wherein the radon concentration in the air path can be considered to be 0 after the air pump is started for 5-30 minutes due to the very large flow rate of the air pump;
D. closing a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, opening a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, controlling the air pump to reduce the flow rate by acquiring the reading of the flow meter, so that air enters the water sample to be tested through the air inlet pipe to be bubbled, simultaneously carrying out radon in the water sample to be tested, enters the three-way electromagnetic valve through the air outlet pipe, enters the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument from the first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, and then enters the atmospheric environment through the flow meter; when the flow rate of the air pump is reduced, the flow rate of the air pump is kept moderate, so that the radon concentration in the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument and the gaseous radon concentration in the water sample measuring bottle synchronously change;
E. and measuring at short time intervals, namely measuring once every 2-10 minutes until the radon concentration tends to a constant value.
Second, calculating the process
And calculating radium concentration in the water sample according to the ambient temperature, the volume of the water sample to be measured, the flow rate of the air pump and the reading of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument.
Radon in a water sample to be tested comes from decay of radium in water, and the volume and activity of the water sample to be tested are respectively V and ARaAnd then the radium concentration in water is CRaComprises the following steps:
CRa＝ARa/V (1)
radon concentration C 'in water'RnThe change rule is as follows:
in the formula ofRnIs the decay constant, C, of radonRnThe concentration of the gaseous radon in the water sample measuring bottle is measured, L is the flow rate of the air pump, and lambda islIs the leakage coefficient, V1Is the volume of the gas path from the water sample measuring bottle to the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument. Because the air pump flow rate is great, can regard as the gaseous radon concentration that the water sample measuring flask reaches electrostatic collection method emanometer measuring chamber the same.
According to the temperature during measurement, the concentration ratio X of water radon to gaseous radon during balance can be obtained by looking up a table, and the concentration ratio X comprises the following components:
C'Rn＝XCRn (3)
substituting formula (3) into formula (2) to obtain:
order to
In the formula ofeIs the effective decay constant.
Equation (4) can be simplified as:
the solution of equation (6) is:
for an electrostatic collection radon meter, it actually measures the concentration of Po-218 generated by radon decay, and the concentration C for Po-218Po(t) has:
in the formula CPo(t) is the Po-218 concentration in the measuring cavity of the radon measuring instrument by the electrostatic collection method, lambdaPoIs the Po-218 decay constant. The initial value of radon concentration in the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument is 0, and the initial value of Po-218 concentration in the measuring cavity is also 0.
Substituting formula (7) for formula (8) to obtain:
selecting a suitable value of t such that
The value of (a) is relatively small, having:
substituting formula (10) for formula (9) to obtain:
the two sides of the pair formula (11) are at 0-T1Interval integration:
CPo(0) the initial Po-218 concentration in the measuring cavity of the radon measuring instrument by the electrostatic collection method is 0, and the formula (12) is simplified as follows:
the measurement period is set as T, because the radon concentration of each time point cannot be obtained by the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument, in the shorter measurement period, the radon concentration at the middle point of the measurement period is understood as T1At the midpoint of the nth measurement period, n is the total measurement period number, n is greater than or equal to 2, and the change of the formula (13) is as follows:
CPo(nT) is the reading of the electrostatic collection radon detector in the nth measuring period, and the radium concentration in the water is calculated according to the formula (14).
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the measuring device provided by the invention has the advantages of simple structure, convenience in operation and short measuring time.
2. The measuring method provided by the invention has the advantages that the calculation process for calculating the radium concentration in the water is simple, the calculation result is accurate, the healthy drinking water standard can be established for the country through long-term continuous monitoring and analysis of the radium concentration in the groundwater sample in a certain area, and the basis is provided for water pollution treatment, national disease prevention and treatment, water for agriculture and animal husbandry and the like, so that the groundwater environment and the drinking water safety of residents are ensured.
The detailed structure of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a device for partially integrating and measuring radium concentration in water by using an open-loop electrostatic collection method provided by the invention.
Detailed Description
The device for measuring the radium concentration in water by partial integral in an open-loop electrostatic collection method comprises a water sample measuring bottle 1, a bottle cap 2, an air inlet pipe sleeve 3, an air outlet pipe sleeve 4, an air inlet pipe 5, an air outlet pipe 6, an air pump 7, a radon measuring instrument 8 in an electrostatic collection method, a flowmeter 9 and a three-way electromagnetic valve 10.
An air inlet pipe sleeve 3 and an air outlet pipe sleeve 4 are respectively arranged on the bottle cap 2, an air inlet pipe 5 is inserted on the air inlet pipe sleeve 3, an air outlet pipe 6 is inserted on the air outlet pipe sleeve 4, the air outlet pipe 6 is connected with an air inlet end of an air pump 7 through a hose, an air outlet end of the air pump 7 is connected with an air inlet end of a three-way electromagnetic valve 10 through a hose, a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10 is connected with an air inlet end of an electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument 8 through a hose, a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10 is communicated with the atmospheric environment, and an air outlet end of the electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument 8 is connected with a flowmeter 9 through a hose.
The method for partially integrating and measuring the radium concentration in water by adopting the measuring device to carry out the open-loop type electrostatic collection method comprises a measuring process and a calculating process, and specifically comprises the following steps:
first, measurement process
A. Placing a device for partially integrating and measuring radium concentration in water by using an open-loop electrostatic collection method in a constant-temperature environment, and measuring the environment temperature;
B. pouring a water sample to be detected into the water sample measuring bottle 1, tightly covering the bottle cap 2, enabling the air outlet of the air inlet pipe 5 to be positioned in the water sample to be detected and close to the bottle bottom of the water sample measuring bottle 1, and enabling the air inlet of the air outlet pipe 6 to be positioned on the liquid level of the water sample to be detected;
C. opening a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, closing a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, starting the air pump 7, controlling the flow rate of the air pump 7, enabling air to enter a water sample to be detected through the air inlet pipe 5 for bubbling, simultaneously carrying out radon in the water sample to be detected, entering the air pump 7 through the air outlet pipe 6 for entering the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, and then entering an atmospheric environment from the second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, wherein the radon concentration in the air path can be considered to be 0 after the air pump 7 is started for 5-30 minutes due to the very high flow rate of the air pump 7;
D. closing a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, opening a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, controlling the air pump 7 to reduce the flow rate by acquiring the reading of the flowmeter 9, so that air enters a water sample to be detected through the air inlet pipe 5 to be bubbled, simultaneously carrying out radon in the water sample to be detected, enters the air pump 7 through the air outlet pipe 6 to enter the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, then enters the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8 from the first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve 10, and then enters the atmospheric environment through the flowmeter 9; when the flow rate of the air pump 7 is reduced, the flow rate of the air pump 7 is kept moderate, so that the radon concentration in the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument 8 and the gaseous radon concentration in the water sample measuring bottle 1 synchronously change;
E. and measuring at short time intervals, namely measuring once every 2-10 minutes until the radon concentration tends to a constant value.
Second, calculating process
And calculating the radium concentration in the water sample according to the environment temperature, the volume of the water sample to be detected, the flow rate of the air pump and the reading of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8.
Radon in the water sample to be detected comes from decay of radium in water, and the volume of the water sample to be detected is V, and the activity of the radium in water is ARaAnd then the radium concentration in water is CRaComprises the following steps:
CRa＝ARa/V (1)
radon concentration C 'in water'RnThe change rule is as follows:
in the formula ofRnIs the decay constant, C, of radonRnIs the concentration of the gaseous radon in the water sample measuring bottle 1, L is the flow rate of the air pump 7, lambdalIs the leakage coefficient, V1The volume of the gas path from the water sample measuring bottle 1 to the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8. The gas radon concentration from the water sample measuring bottle 1 to the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8 can be considered to be the same because the flow rate of the air pump 7 is large.
According to the temperature during measurement, the concentration ratio X of water radon to gaseous radon during balance can be obtained by looking up a table, and the concentration ratio X comprises the following components:
C'Rn＝XCRn (3)
substituting formula (3) for formula (2) to obtain:
order to
In the formula ofeIs the effective decay constant.
Equation (4) can be simplified to:
the solution of equation (6) is:
for the electrostatic collection radon meter 8, it is practical to measure the concentration of Po-218 produced by decay of radon, forConcentration C of Po-218Po(t) has:
in the formula CPo(t) is the concentration of Po-218 in the measuring cavity of the radon measuring instrument 8 by the electrostatic collection method, lambdaPoIs the Po-218 decay constant. The initial value of the radon concentration in the measurement cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8 is 0, and the initial value of the Po-218 concentration in the measurement cavity is also 0.
Substituting formula (7) for formula (8) to obtain:
selecting a suitable value of t such that
The value of (a) is relatively small, having:
substituting formula (10) for formula (9) to obtain:
the two sides of the pair formula (11) are at 0-T1Interval integration:
CPo(0) the initial Po-218 concentration in the measurement cavity of the radon measuring instrument 8 by using the electrostatic collection method is 0, and the formula (12) is simplified as follows:
let the measurement period be T, because the radon concentration at each time point cannot be obtained by the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8, at a shorter measurement period, the radon concentration at the midpoint of the measurement period is understood as T1At the midpoint of the nth measurement period, n is the total measurement period number, n is greater than or equal to 2, and the change of the formula (13) is as follows:
CPo(nT) is the reading of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument 8 in the nth measurement period, and the radium concentration in the water is calculated according to the formula (14).
Claims (1)
1. The device comprises a water sample measuring bottle, a bottle cap, an air inlet pipe sleeve, an air outlet pipe sleeve, an air inlet pipe, an air outlet pipe, an air pump, a static collecting radon measuring instrument, a flowmeter and a three-way electromagnetic valve;
the air inlet pipe sleeve and the air outlet pipe sleeve are respectively arranged on the bottle cap, the air inlet pipe is inserted on the air inlet pipe sleeve, the air outlet pipe is inserted on the air outlet pipe sleeve, the air outlet pipe is connected with the air inlet end of the air pump through a hose, the air outlet end of the air pump is connected with the air inlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve through a hose, the first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve is connected with the air inlet end of the electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument through a hose, the second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve is communicated with the atmospheric environment, and the air outlet end of the electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument is connected with the flowmeter through a hose;
the method is characterized by comprising a measuring process and a calculating process, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
first, measuring process
A. Placing a device for partially integrating and measuring radium concentration in water by using an open-loop electrostatic collection method in a constant-temperature environment, and measuring the environment temperature;
B. pouring a water sample to be detected into the water sample measuring bottle, tightly covering the bottle cap, wherein the air outlet of the air inlet pipe is positioned in the water sample to be detected and close to the bottle bottom of the water sample measuring bottle, and the air inlet of the air outlet pipe is positioned on the liquid level of the water sample to be detected;
C. opening a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, closing a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, starting the air pump, adjusting the flow rate of the air pump, enabling air to enter a water sample to be tested for bubbling through the air inlet pipe, simultaneously carrying out radon in the water sample to be tested, entering the three-way electromagnetic valve through the air outlet pipe, and then entering an atmospheric environment from the second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, wherein the radon concentration in the air path can be considered to be 0 after the air pump is started for 5-30 minutes due to the very large flow rate of the air pump;
D. closing a second air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, opening a first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, controlling the air pump to reduce the flow rate by acquiring the reading of the flow meter, so that air enters the water sample to be tested through the air inlet pipe to be bubbled, simultaneously carrying out radon in the water sample to be tested, enters the three-way electromagnetic valve through the air outlet pipe, enters the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument from the first air outlet end of the three-way electromagnetic valve, and then enters the atmospheric environment through the flow meter; when the flow rate of the air pump is reduced, the flow rate of the air pump is kept moderate, so that the radon concentration in the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument and the gaseous radon concentration in the water sample measuring bottle synchronously change;
E. measuring at short time intervals, namely measuring once in 2-10 minutes until the radon concentration tends to a constant value;
second, calculating process
Calculating radium concentration in the water sample according to the environment temperature, the volume of the water sample to be measured, the flow rate of the air pump and the reading of the static collection radon measuring instrument;
radon in the water sample to be detected comes from decay of radium in water, and the volume of the water sample to be detected is V, and the activity of the radium in water is ARaAnd then the radium concentration in water is CRaComprises the following steps:
CRa＝ARa/V (1)
radon concentration C 'in water'RnThe change rule is as follows:
in the formula ofRnIs the decay constant, C, of radonRnThe concentration of the gaseous radon in the water sample measuring bottle is measured, L is the flow rate of the air pump, and lambda islIs the leakage coefficient, V1The gas path volume from the water sample measuring bottle to the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument is adopted, and the gas radon concentration from the water sample measuring bottle to the measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection method radon measuring instrument can be considered to be the same due to the large flow rate of the gas pump;
according to the temperature during measurement, the concentration ratio X of water radon to gaseous radon during balance can be obtained by looking up a table, and the concentration ratio X comprises the following components:
C'Rn＝XCRn (3)
substituting formula (3) into formula (2) to obtain:
order to
In the formula ofeIs the effective decay constant;
equation (4) can be simplified as:
the solution of equation (6) is:
for an electrostatic collection radon meter, it actually measures the concentration of Po-218 generated by radon decay, and the concentration C for Po-218Po(t) has:
in the formula CPo(t) is the Po-218 concentration in the measuring cavity of the radon measuring instrument by the electrostatic collection method, lambdaPoThe initial value of radon concentration in a measuring cavity of the electrostatic collection radon measuring instrument is 0 and the initial value of Po-218 concentration in the measuring cavity is 0, wherein the Po-218 decay constant is the Po-218 decay constant;
substituting formula (7) for formula (8) to obtain:
selecting a suitable value of t such that
The value of (a) is relatively small, having:
substituting formula (10) for formula (9) to obtain:
the two sides of the pair formula (11) are at 0-T1Interval integration:
CPo(0) the initial Po-218 concentration in the measuring cavity of the radon measuring instrument by the electrostatic collection method is 0, and the formula (12) is simplified as follows:
let the measurement period be T, because the radon concentration at each time point cannot be obtained by the electrostatic collection radon meterShort measurement period, understood as the radon concentration, T, at the midpoint of the measurement period1At the midpoint of the nth measurement period, n is the total measurement period number, n is greater than or equal to 2, and the change of the formula (13) is as follows:
CPo(nT) is the reading of the electrostatic collection radon detector in the nth measuring period, and the radium concentration in the water is calculated according to the formula (14).
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