CN109078604A - 由至少两种孔雀石粉末的混合物制备固体的方法 - Google Patents
由至少两种孔雀石粉末的混合物制备固体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109078604A CN109078604A CN201810608344.9A CN201810608344A CN109078604A CN 109078604 A CN109078604 A CN 109078604A CN 201810608344 A CN201810608344 A CN 201810608344A CN 109078604 A CN109078604 A CN 109078604A
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
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- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制备固体的方法,该方法包括将包含至少两种具有不同粒度的Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和至少一种粘合剂的化合物组进行混合的步骤,以及通过这种方法制备的固体的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于制备基于铜化合物的固体的方法,以及这些固体的用途,尤其用于从气体或液体原料如天然气,生物气,合成气,含二氧化碳的气体或液体烃中除去含硫化合物。
根据本发明制备的固体还可以用于除去在气体或液体原料中的一氧化碳CO,含汞化合物或含砷化合物以及用于催化Dussan反应(水煤气转化反应或根据英文术语的“watergas shift”)。
现有技术
铜化合物由于其能与含硫化合物反应在现有技术中是已知的。使用碱式碳酸铜作为活性相具有益处,特别地因为与H2S的反应看起来是特别快速的。
许多文件涉及在氧化铜存在下的脱硫。
US7837964描述了一种可包含高达99.8wt%的氧化铜的用于脱硫的材料。该材料通过沉淀来制备。
US4582819描述了使用由碱式碳酸铜和氧化铝制备的固体使液体烃脱硫的方法。前体不进行胶溶。对固体进行热处理,其在高于260℃的温度下部分降解碱式碳酸铜以获得CuO。
US2013/047850描述了一种使用基于CuO的固体纯化合成气(H2,CO)的方法,该固体根据允许在对合成气的工业加工期间防止或减轻CuO的还原的方法进行开发。为此目的,固体由碱式碳酸铜和卤化添加剂如NaCl,并在280-500℃的温度下进行煅烧步骤(以便将碳酸铜完全分解成CuO)进行制备。
文件US6007706和EP243052描述了通过使用包含至少70重量%铜化合物(碳酸盐或氧化物或其它)的固体去除含硫化合物。
然而,这些文件都没有解决所制备材料的机械强度问题。
文件FR2940967描述了ZnO基固体的制备及其用于液体或气体原料的脱硫的用途,所述固体具有优异的机械强度和增加的储存容量。该制备方法包括将ZnO粉末混合,胶溶化和煅烧的步骤。根据该文件,ZnO的碱性胶溶化允许ZnO在碱性介质中的部分溶解,这导致颗粒尺寸减小,通过更好的分散使固体致密化并因此增加机械强度。
但是,具有组成为Cu2(OH)2CO3的孔雀石是一种碱性化合物,它不溶于碱性介质中,但可溶于酸性介质中。因此,如FR2940967中所述,碱性胶溶化不具有可以导致颗粒尺寸减小并且最终导致机械强度提高的增溶作用。
文件WO95/24962描述了包含至少75重量%的碳酸铜,碱式碳酸铜或氢氧化铜的捕获物质。该文章的目的是获得具有至少0.9kg/l,或甚至1.2kg/l的装载密度的固体,以便提高固体的体积捕获能力(即,相对于固体体积而不是相对于其质量的所捕获的硫的量)。该文件指出干燥/煅烧温度不应超过150℃,或甚至115℃,以便不使所使用的铜化合物分解。这事实上允许对在以碳酸盐和氢氧化物形式包含在固体中的CO2和/或水进行计数,从而有助于提高密度。高于150℃时,碳酸铜,羟基碳酸铜或氢氧化铜的分解导致固体的加载密度的降低。此外,该文件没有描述胶溶化步骤。
然而,在现有技术中描述的仅由碱式碳酸铜制备的固体即使在热处理之后也具有特别低的机械强度性质,这使得它们难以使用,特别地具有磨损和产生细颗粒的问题。
本申请人已经发现用于从碱式碳酸铜制备固体的方法,该固体既具有增加的机械强度性能又具有比现有技术的固体更高的有效捕获硫的能力的固体。
发明简述
本发明涉及一种制备固体的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)使包含至少两种具有不同粒度(granulométries)的Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和至少一种粘合剂的化合物组混合;
b)将步骤a)的混合物与水溶液接触并捏合该获得的糊剂;
c)在3-25MPa的压力下挤出在步骤b)中捏合的糊剂;
d)在包含氧气的气流下,在140℃至500℃的温度下并在10分钟至6小时的时间段期间煅烧所述挤出物。
除了非常好的机械强度之外,所获得的吸附剂还具有优化的密度和孔隙率,从而允许使其有用的比容最大化,同时减少在捕获硫时的分散前沿(le front dedispersion)。
发明详述
在后面的描述中,“根据本发明制备的固体”理解为意指但不限于吸附剂,以及催化剂或捕获体,取决于所述固体的用途。
在后面的描述中,无差别地使用术语孔雀石,碱式碳酸铜和Cu2(OH)2CO3。
"固体烧失量(PAF)"被理解为在550℃煅烧2小时的固体样品的重量损失(重量%)。
"粉末"被理解为是一组颗粒。
在后面的描述中,粉末或颗粒的尺寸分布通过激光衍射的粒度测量法基于米氏散射理论(G. B. J. de Boer, C. de Weerd, D. Thoenes, H.W.J. Goossens, Part.Charact. 4 (1987) 14-19)进行测量。所述粉末或所述颗粒的粒度分布由中值直径(记为D50)表示,所述中值直径(D50)被定义为这样的等效球体的直径,其使得所述颗粒或构成所述粉末的颗粒的50体积%具有小于所述直径的尺寸。
在后面的描述中,“比表面积”被理解为B.E.T.比表面积,该B.E.T.比表面积通过根据ASTM D 3663-78标准的氮吸附进行测定,该标准由在“The Journal of AmericanSociety,60,309,(1938)”中描述的BRUNAUER-EMMETT-TELLER方法进行建立。
混合步骤a)
根据本发明,所述制备方法包括步骤a):使包含至少两种具有不同粒度的Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和至少一种粘合剂的化合物组混合。
所述化合物组包含至少两种具有不同粒度的Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和至少一种粘合剂。
有利地,所述化合物组包含0.1至99.9重量%,有利地2至99.9重量%,优选5至99.9重量%,非常优选5-99重量%,优选5-90重量%,非常优选5-85重量%的具有为1-15μm,优选1-10μm,非常优选4-9μm的D50的第一孔雀石粉末,和99.9-0.1重量%,有利地98-0.1重量%,优选95-0.1重量%,非常优选95-1重量%,优选95-10重量%,非常优选95-15重量%的具有为25-100μm,优选25-80μm,优选30-50μm的D50的第二孔雀石粉末,重量百分比相对于孔雀石的总重量进行表示。双峰分布改善了获得的最终固体的机械强度。
有利地,所述化合物组的加权中值直径(称为Dm)为10-45权中,优选为15-45选中,包括端值。所述化合物组的加权中值直径通过下式进行计算:
其中
x n (Pn)是在所述组化合物中孔雀石Pn粉末的质量分数,
D 50 (Pn)是所述化合物组的孔雀石Pn粉末的D50。
有利地,所述化合物组不含氧化铜CuO粉末。
该化合物组有利地在步骤a)中以干燥方式进行混合,即不加液体。 所述步骤a)可以例如在捏合机或任何其他类型的混合器中进行实施。这种步骤允许获得粉末组分的均匀混合物。
Cu2(OH)2CO3的来源
Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末来自本领域技术人员已知的任何来源。
粘合剂
在步骤a)中混合的化合物组包含至少一种粘合剂。上述粘合剂允许使所述吸附剂成型,同时为它提供良好的机械强度。所述粘合剂有利地为粉末形式。
可以使用本领域技术人员公知的任何粘合剂。特别地,所述粘合剂可以有利地选自例如粘土,如高岭石类型矿物,坡缕石类型矿物和蒙皂石类型粘土矿物,如蒙脱石或膨润土。所述粘合剂还可以选自氧化铝,氧化铝的前体,其优选为勃姆石,二氧化硅和它们的混合物。完全可以将不同性质的粘合剂如“氧化铝”类型粘合剂和“粘土”类型粘合剂,甚至两种不同性质的粘合剂结合使用。根据用于制备根据本发明的固体的优选实施方式,粘合剂是膨润土类型粘土。
在根据本发明的制备方法中使用的粘合剂的量使得所述粘合剂占所制备的固体的小于50重量%(基于总干物质进行表示,即在烧失后),并且取决于目标应用。
无论是对于铜化合物,或粘合剂,完全可以考虑使用每种化合物的多种来源的混合物。
当根据本发明制备的固体用于液体或气体原料的脱硫时,所述固体的粘合剂含量优选在15重量%-25重量%之间(基于总干物质进行表示,即在烧失后)。
胶溶化和捏合步骤b)
根据本发明,用于制备吸附剂的方法包括使步骤a)的混合物与水溶液接触并捏合该获得的糊剂的步骤b)。
引起获得糊剂的这一步骤允许组分(即碱式碳酸铜粉末以及粘合剂)的分散,和组分的部分溶解。
在水溶液的作用下,有利于在捏合期间通过使不同组分接触而进行的碱式碳酸铜颗粒和粘合剂颗粒的分散和溶解现象。不希望限制于某种理论,然而,可以假设,碱式碳酸铜和粘合剂颗粒的更好分散将有助于改善该通过所述制备方法最终获得的机械强度。
所述水溶液有利地含有酸性或碱性胶溶剂。
所述酸性胶溶剂可以是硝酸,盐酸或本领域技术人员已知的任何其它酸,例如无机酸,如氢氟酸,氢溴酸,盐酸,硝酸,亚硝酸,磺酸酸,硫酸,高氯酸,或有机一元或二元羧酸,如乙酸,丙酸或丁酸。
在根据本发明的方法的一种特定布置中,通过使用含有硝酸的酸性水溶液进行胶溶。HNO3质量/金属氧化物质量的比率在0.5-10wt%之间,优选在0.5-6%之间,有利地在0.5-3%之间。
金属氧化物的质量根据以下关系式进行计算:
其中mCu2(OH)2CO3是在步骤a)中引入的孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末的质量,MCuO是CuO的摩尔质量(=80g/mol),MCu2(OH)2CO3是孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3的摩尔质量(=222g/mol)。
所述碱性胶溶剂可以是无机碱,如氢氧化钠,氢氧化钾,氨水或者有机碱,如胺或季铵化合物,其例如选自烷基-乙醇胺或烷基-乙氧基化胺。
在根据本发明的方法的特定布置中,胶溶通过使用含有碱性胶溶剂的水溶液来进行,碱性胶溶剂优选如选自氢氧化钠,氢氧化钾,氨水,四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH),碳酸铵和它们的混合物的碱性胶溶剂。碱性胶溶剂质量/金属氧化物质量的比率为1至10重量%,优选2至8%,有利地2至5%。氧化物的质量根据前面的关系式进行计算。
在根据本发明的方法的另一特定布置中,通过在步骤b)中使用不加酸或碱的水溶液进行胶溶。已经以令人惊讶地观察到,在没有添加酸或碱的用水进行的胶溶允许获得具有改进的吸附性能,特别是含硫化合物的吸附性能的固体。在这种特定布置中,所述步骤b)的水溶液有利地是去离子水,例如借助于离子交换树脂。
调节所使用的水溶液的量以在胶溶结束时(并且不管所实施的变型为哪种)获得不流动但不再是过干燥的糊剂,以便允许在步骤c)中在本领域技术人员熟知的合适压力条件(取决于所使用的挤出设备)下的挤出。
反应试剂(Cu2(OH)2CO3,粘合剂,水溶液)的接触通过间歇或连续捏合进行实施。
对于间歇捏合,设备如例如装备有Z形臂的捏合机,辊式或凸轮式捏合机是本领域技术人员已知的,但也可使用任何其它捏合设备。
可以设想,在根据本发明的步骤b)的捏合过程中,加入一种或多种挤出助剂,从而允许改善在挤出过程中糊剂在模具中的流动。本领域技术人员熟知的这些助剂可以例如选自脂肪族一元羧酸,烷基化芳族化合物,磺酸盐,脂肪酸,聚乙烯基吡啶,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚乙烯醇,纤维素衍生物。
这些助剂通常以基于引入到捏合机中的组分的总质量的0.1重量%至10重量%,优选0.2重量%至8重量%的含量进行加入。
捏合的持续时间通常在5-60分钟之间,优选在20-50分钟之间。捏合机的臂的旋转速度在10至75转/分钟之间,优选在25至50转/分钟之间。
挤出步骤c)
根据本发明,用于制备吸附剂的方法包括在3至25MPa的压力下使在步骤b)中捏合的糊剂挤出的步骤c)。
所述挤出步骤c)可以在任何类型的挤出机中实施,例如在活塞,单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机中实施。模具的几何形状(模具将其形状赋予挤出物)可以从本领域技术人员已知的模具中选择。这些模具可以例如是圆柱形,三叶形,四叶形,凹槽或具有狭缝。
模具的直径根据在煅烧步骤结束时的期望固体的直径进行设置。
接触和捏合步骤b)和挤出步骤c)可以有利地在同一设备中进行实施。在这种实施方式的一个例子中,捏合的糊剂可以在双螺杆类型的连续捏合机的末端直接被挤出。在这种实施方式的另一个例子中,使一个或多个间歇捏合机连接到挤出机。
在步骤d)中进行煅烧之前,将在步骤c)结束时获得的挤出物有利地在70至160℃的温度下干燥1至24小时。这种干燥可以有利地在空气中或优选在潮湿空气中进行。干燥的好处是以温和的方式去除一部分存在的挥发性化合物,因为固体的直接煅烧可能导致微裂缝的出现。在潮湿的空气中的干燥允许比在空气中的干燥更慢地蒸发所述挥发性化合物。
煅烧步骤d)
根据本发明,制备吸附剂的方法包括在140℃-500℃的温度下,在包含氧气的气流下煅烧所述挤出物10分钟至6小时的步骤d)。
所述煅烧步骤d)在包含氧气的气流下进行。所述气体流可有利地为空气或包含惰性气体(例如氮气)和氧气的气体混合物。所述气流优选包含至少5体积%,优选至少10体积%的氧。所述气流还有利地包含水,优选至多3体积%的水。
所述煅烧步骤d)在140℃-500℃之间,优选在200℃-500℃之间,优选在200℃-350℃之间的温度下进行10分钟至6小时,优选10分钟至4小时,优选10分钟至3小时,非常优选10分钟至2小时,非常优选15分钟至1小时。
煅烧步骤特别允许将一部分孔雀石转化成氧化铜。
在煅烧步骤d)结束时,挤出物具有为1至10mm,优选1至5mm,非常优选1.5至3.5mm的直径。
通过挤出获得的根据本发明的固体具有接近于圆柱形棒的形状。根据需要,可以将这些棒引入到允许使它们的表面成圆形的设备(例如滚球[造粒]机)中或任何其它允许它们球形化(sphéronisation)的设备中。
在烧失之后包含在固体中的氧化物的质量百分比(来自孔雀石分解的CuO的含量)可以根据以下关系式进行确定:
其中m粘合剂是在步骤a)中引入的粘结剂的质量,mCu2(OH)2CO3是在步骤a)中引入的孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3的质量,MCuO是CuO的摩尔质量(=80g/mol),MCu2(OH)2CO3是孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3的摩尔质量(=222g/mol)。
根据本发明制备的固体至少包含:
- 在550℃下烧失2小时后测量的为50-99重量%,优选60-95重量%,更优选75-85重量%的质量当量的CuO,含量根据前面的关系式进行测定;
- 1至50重量%,优选5至40重量%,更优选15至25重量%的粘合剂,质量百分数在烧失后进行测量。
以重量%为单位的这些含量相对于通过根据本发明的方法制备的固体的总质量进行表示,并且在前体在550℃下分解2小时后进行测量。
借助根据本发明的方法获得的固体的性质
机械性质借助于通过ASTM D 6175-3方法描述的颗粒-颗粒破碎试验(EGG)进行测定。其在于测量包含至少50个颗粒的代表性样品的每个颗粒的破裂力。结果通过挤出物的长度进行加权。EGG值是对于样品颗粒的整体进行测量的并简化为该挤出物长度单位的断裂力的平均值(以daN.mm-1表示)。
在根据本发明制备的固体的情况下,EGG值大于0.7daN.mm-1(十牛顿/毫米的挤出物长度),优选大于0.9daN.mm-1,并且无论使用的碱式碳酸铜含量为如何。
此外,用作吸附剂的所得到的固体面对于含有含硫化合物(特别是硫化氢,硫醇,COS和CS2)的气体和液体的处理具有改进的脱硫性能。
令人惊讶地,在有限的且因此在工业上可接受的生产成本,特别地起始孔雀石粉末的供应成本时,通过根据本发明的方法由特定的孔雀石粉末混合物制备的固体具有令人满意的机械强度。
通过根据本发明的方法获得的固体的用途
本发明还涉及通过根据本发明的方法制备的固体的用途。
根据本发明制备的固体可以用于纯化气体原料,如气体烃,例如天然气,生物气,含有二氧化碳CO2的气体,或合成气,例如在废热发电装置中,在化学合成单元中,如甲醇合成单元或费-托合成单元中使用的那些,或液体,如在催化重整单元中,异构化或氢化单元中用作为原料的烃。
根据本发明制备的固体有利地用于在0.1-25MPa,优选在0.1-15MPa的压力下,以及在0-450℃,优选在15-300℃,优选在15-250℃的温度下纯化任何尤其含有含硫化合物(例如H2S,COS和/或CS2,和/或硫醇)的气体或液体原料。
特别地,根据本发明制备的固体可以有利地用于纯化费-托合成单元的原料,通过将其用于在0.1至15MPa,优选1.5至5.0MPa的压力下,在0-400℃,优选0-220℃,优选15-180℃的温度下操作的反应器中进行。
还可以使用根据本发明制备的所述固体以除去在液体或气体流出物中存在的一些杂元素,例如磷或其化合物,例如磷化氢PH3和/或氯,特别地呈其HCl形式,优选在0.1-25MPa之间,优选在1-15MPa之间的压力下,和在0-200℃之间的温度下进行。
还可以使用根据本发明制备的所述固体以去除在液体或气体流出物中存在的重金属,例如汞和/或砷或其化合物,例如砷化氢AsH3,优选在0.1至25MPa,优选1至15MPa的压力下,和在0至200℃的温度下进行。
实际上,如果待纯化的原料除含有含硫化合物之外还含有汞,则通过本发明的方法制备的固体还允许除去在待处理的原料中存在的汞。
如果待处理的原料不含有含硫化合物,根据本发明制备的固体可以有利地在其工业用于汞的捕获方法之前进行硫化步骤。
还可以使用根据本发明制备的固体以在0至200℃的温度和0.1至25MPa的压力下去除在液体或气体流出物中存在的一氧化碳CO。
通过使待处理的气体或液体原料与在反应器中的所述固体接触来使用根据本发明制备的固体,所述反应器可以是固定床反应器,径向流动反应器或流化床反应器。
根据本发明制备的固体可以在还原性气氛例如氢气流、合成气中进行还原,然后用作为Dussan反应(或根据英文术语“Water Gas Shift”)的催化剂,或用作为由合成气合成甲醇的催化剂。
作为甲醇合成反应的催化剂的固体的典型使用条件是温度为100-500℃,优选150-300℃,甚至优选220-280℃,压力为0.1-25MPa,优选1至15MPa,甚至更优选5至10MPa。
作为Dussan反应的催化剂的固体的典型使用条件是温度为100-500℃,优选150-300℃,甚至优选180-250℃,压力为0.1-25MPa,优选1至15MPa,甚至更优选1.5至10MPa。
附图说明
图1是可以根据在下面描述的用于测量由固体捕获杂质的能力的方案获得的穿透曲线(courbe de perçage)的示意图。在图1中,t p 是穿透时间,t f 是穿透结束的时间。
实施例
用于测量由所制备的固体捕获杂质的能力的方案
使用穿透测试(test de perçage)来测量通过根据本发明的方法制备的固体捕获杂质的能力。
对于用于确定H2S捕获能力的测试,该测试在50℃的温度,0.3MPa的压力下和使用1530h-1的小时体积速度(HVV)进行实施。“小时体积速度”可以理解为在0℃和1大气压下测得的气体体积流量与被测试固体的体积的比值。用于该测试的气体含有在氮气中的0.9vol%H2S。存在于从该含有该固体的反应器离开的气体中的H2S含量通过气相色谱法进行测定。
由根据本发明的方法制备的固体捕获物质i的能力通过实施物质平衡来确定。如在本发明中所定义的,捕获物质i的能力对应于在穿透之前由固体累积的物质i的量(即,在图1中指示的时间t p ,其示意性地表示穿透曲线),其通过以下关系式进行计算:
其中:
q i :由固体捕获的物质的质量(单位g),
D i E :物质i的流入流量(mol.min-1),
M i :物质i的摩尔质量(单位g.mol-1),
C i E :流入气体的物质i的含量,
C i S :在反应器出口处的物质i的含量,
t p :物质i穿透所需的时间(以分钟为单位),如在图1中所示。
在图1中,t p 是穿透时间,和t f 是穿透结束时的时间。
测试固体的捕获物质i的能力通过以下关系式给出:
其中m是在测试过程中使用的吸附剂的质量。
实施例1:根据现有技术
在实施例1中,参照固体A1,A2,A3,A4和A5根据以下操作方式进行制备:
a)使包含Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和粘合剂的化合物组混合;
b)使步骤a)的混合物与水溶液接触(胶溶),并将获得的糊剂在装备有Z型臂的捏合机中以25转/分钟的臂旋转速度捏合30分钟;
c)在根据所述固体而可变的压力下借助于活塞式挤出机将在步骤b)中捏合的糊剂挤出为具有3mm直径和5至10mm长度的圆柱形状;
d)在根据固体而可变化的温度下煅烧挤出物,煅烧在空气流下进行1小时。
在步骤a)中使用孔雀石P1粉末,其D50为48用孔。
膨润土类型粘土被用作为粘合剂。
在烧失(550℃,2小时)后,CuO含量或氧化物(来自孔雀石分解的CuO)的质量百分比对于固体A1,A2,A3和A4为80wt%,和对于固体A5为60wt%(用膨润土类型粘合剂构成补充)。这些含量根据以下关系式进行确定:
其中m 粘合剂 是在步骤a)中引入的粘合剂的质量,m Cu2(OH)2CO3 是在步骤a)中引入的孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3的质量,M CuO 是CuO的摩尔质量(=80g/mol),M Cu2(OH)2CO3 是孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3的摩尔质量(=222g/mol)。
对于固体A1,A2和A3,相对于引入的Cu2(OH)2CO3的总量,NaOH碱的量为4重量%。
对于固体A4和A5,去离子水被用作为用于捏合步骤b)的水溶液。
在挤出过程中,根据所使用的配方,压力在50-150巴之间变化。
在表1中给出了固体A1,A2,A3,A4和A5的配方。
表1
名称 | 在PAF后的氧化物% | 粘合剂 | 胶溶 | 煅烧温度(℃)/持续时间(h) | 捕获H<sub>2</sub>S的测试:在tp捕获的硫(gS/g固体) | EGG (daN.mm<sup>-1</sup>) |
固体A1 | 80% | 膨润土 | 4%NaOH | 140℃/1h | 0.22 | 0.5 |
固体A2 | 80% | 膨润土 | 4%NaOH | 250℃/1h | 0.25 | 0.5 |
固体A3 | 80% | 膨润土 | 4%NaOH | 350℃/1h | 0.24 | 0.5 |
固体A4 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 250℃/1h | 0.26 | 0.3 |
固体A5 | 60% | 膨润土 | 水 | 250℃/1h | 0.16 | 0.6 |
挤出物的机械强度通过如前所述的颗粒-颗粒破碎(EGG)类型机械测试进行测定。
考虑到与工业使用相关的限制,固体A1至A5的机械强度是过低的。当使用具有单一粒度分布的单一粉末时,测得的EGG值事实上低于0.7daN.mm-1,与煅烧温度和在胶溶过程中是否存在氢氧化钠无关。
在固体A5中粘合剂含量的增加和孔雀石含量的减少导致机械强度稍微改善,然而其仍然不足以牺牲其捕获硫的能力。在后一种情况下,与根据本发明的固体相比,其硫容量变弱。
实施例2:根据本发明
在实施例2中,根据本发明的称为B1至B4的固体通过按照以下操作方式通过捏合-挤出进行制备:
a)将包含两种Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和粘合剂的化合物组混合;
b)将步骤a)的混合物与水溶液接触(胶溶),并将获得的糊剂在装备有Z型臂的捏合机中以25转/分钟的臂旋转速度捏合30分钟;
c)在根据所述固体而可变的压力下借助于活塞式挤出机将在步骤b)中捏合的糊剂挤出为3mm直径和5至10mm长度的圆柱形状;
d)根据实施例而可变化的温度下煅烧该挤出物,在空气流下进行1小时。
在步骤a)中使用具有不同粒度的两种孔雀石粉末P1和P2。粉末P1的D50为48微米,粉末P2的D50为50微米。
引入的孔雀石P1和P2的相对量用以下定义的比率%P1和%P2进行表示:
其中m P1 是步骤a)中引入的孔雀石P1的质量,并且m P2 是步骤a)中引入的孔雀石P2的质量。
膨润土类型粘合剂被用作为粘合剂。
在烧失(550℃,2小时)后,来自孔雀石分解的CuO的含量对于固体B1至B4为80重量%。该含量根据以下关系式进行确定:
当m 粘合剂 是步骤a)中引入的粘合剂的质量时,m Cu2(OH)2CO3 是步骤a)中引入的孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末的质量(即m Cu2(OH)2CO3 =m P1 +m P2 ),M CuO 是CuO的摩尔质量(=80g/mol),M Cu2(OH)2CO3 是孔雀石Cu2(OH)2CO3的摩尔质量(=222g/mol)。
对于固体B1,B2,B3,B4,B5和B6,使用去离子水作为捏合步骤b)的水溶液。
对于固体B7,相对于引入的Cu2(OH)2CO3的总量,NaOH碱的量为4质量%。
在挤出过程中,根据所使用的配方,压力在50-200巴之间变化。
在表2中给出了固体的配方。
表2
名称 | 总孔雀石的P1% | 总孔雀石的P2% | Dm (µm) | 在PAF后的氧化物% | 粘合剂 | 胶溶 | 煅烧温度(℃)/持续时间(h) | 捕获H<sub>2</sub>S的测试:在tp捕获的硫 (g S/g固体) | EGG (daN.mm<sup>-1</sup>) |
固体 B1 | 87.5% | 12.5% | 42.6 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 250℃/1h | 0.25 | 0.8 |
固体 B2 | 75% | 25% | 37.3 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 250℃/1h | 0.24 | 1.2 |
固体 B3 | 50% | 50% | 26.5 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 250℃/1h | 0.26 | 1.2 |
固体 B4 | 25% | 75% | 15.8 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 250℃/1h | 0.25 | 1.2 |
固体 B5 | 87.5% | 12.5% | 42.6 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 140℃/1h | 0.23 | 0.7 |
固体 B6 | 87.5% | 12.5% | 42.6 | 80% | 膨润土 | 水 | 350℃/1h | 0.22 | 0.7 |
固体 B7 | 87.5% | 12.5% | 42.6 | 80% | 膨润土 | 4% NaOH | 250℃/1h | 0.20 | 0.9 |
在根据本发明的制备方法中使用两种具有不同粒度的Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末允许,对于为15-45微米的起始粉末混合物的Dm,获得具有令人满意的机械性质的固体(EGG大于0.7daN.mm-1)。
此外,该固体具有令人满意的硫化能力,在本文件中描述的测试条件下大于0.15克硫/克固体。
实施例3:对比
在实施例3中,根据实施例2的操作方法通过捏合-挤出制备固体C1和C2。
用于制备固体C的两种孔雀石粉末P1和P2具有以下粒度:粉末P1的D50为50微米,粉末P2的D50为50微米。
固体C在与用于实施例2的测试的条件相同的条件下进行测试。
表3给出了制备的固体C的配方和所得结果。
对于固体C1和C2所测得的EGG值低于0.7 daN.mm-1。考虑到与工业使用有关的限制条件,固体C1和C2的机械强度是过低的。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于制备固体的方法,包括以下步骤:
a) 使包含至少两种具有不同粒度的Cu2(OH)2CO3粉末和至少一种粘合剂的化合物组混合;
b) 使步骤a)的混合物与水溶液接触并捏合该获得的糊剂;
c) 在3-25MPa的压力下挤出在步骤b)中捏合的糊剂;
d) 在包含氧气的气流下,在140℃至500℃的温度下并在10分钟至6小时的时间段期间煅烧所述挤出物。
2.根据前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述化合物组包含0.1-99.9重量%的其D50为1-15μm的第一孔雀石粉末和99.9-0.1重量%的其D50为25-100μm的第二孔雀石粉末,所述重量百分比是相对于孔雀石粉末的总重量进行表示。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述化合物组在步骤a)中进行干混合,即不加入液体。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述粘合剂选自粘土,或在由氧化铝,氧化铝的前体,二氧化硅和它们的混合物构成的组中进行选择。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中在所述制备方法中使用的粘合剂的量使得所述粘合剂占所述制备的固体的小于50重量%。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述步骤b)的所述水溶液含有酸性或碱性胶溶剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述步骤b)的所述水溶液含有硝酸,其中HNO3质量/金属氧化物质量的比率为0.5-10重量%。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述碱性胶溶剂选自氢氧化钠,氢氧化钾,氨水,四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH),碳酸铵和它们的混合物,其中碱性胶溶剂质量/金属氧化物质量的比率为1-10重量%。
9.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中所述步骤b)的水溶液是不添加酸或碱的水溶液。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中在步骤d)中进行煅烧之前,使在步骤c)结束时获得的挤出物在70-160℃的温度下干燥1至24小时的时间段。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中煅烧步骤d)在200℃至500℃的温度下进行。
12.通过根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法制备的固体的用途,用于净化气体或液体原料。
13.通过根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法制备的固体作为用于Dussan反应的催化剂的用途。
14.通过根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法制备的固体作为甲醇的合成反应的催化剂的用途。
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US20180353941A1 (en) | 2018-12-13 |
US10744489B2 (en) | 2020-08-18 |
CN109078604B (zh) | 2023-03-14 |
JP7149109B2 (ja) | 2022-10-06 |
EP3415483B1 (fr) | 2021-11-17 |
EP3415483A1 (fr) | 2018-12-19 |
JP2019001703A (ja) | 2019-01-10 |
FR3067342B1 (fr) | 2022-02-25 |
FR3067342A1 (fr) | 2018-12-14 |
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