CN109071367A - 涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件及涂层构造的制造方法 - Google Patents

涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件及涂层构造的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN109071367A
CN109071367A CN201780026514.6A CN201780026514A CN109071367A CN 109071367 A CN109071367 A CN 109071367A CN 201780026514 A CN201780026514 A CN 201780026514A CN 109071367 A CN109071367 A CN 109071367A
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adhesive coatings
coating structure
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CN109071367B (zh
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栗村隆之
松本峰明
谷川秀次
辻良史
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件以及涂层构造的制造方法。涂层构造设于包含陶瓷基复合材料的基部的表面,具有:粘合涂层,层叠于基部的表面,由稀土类硅酸盐形成;以及顶部涂层,层叠于粘合涂层,粘合涂层的残留应力为压缩残留应力,并且,1200℃以上且氧分压高的一侧的氧分压为0.02MPa以上的情况下的氧透过系数为10‑9kg·m‑1·s‑1以下。有时粘合涂层也包含碳氮化物粒子或者碳氮化物晶须。

Description

涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件及涂层构造的制造 方法
技术领域
本发明涉及涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件及涂层构造的制造方法。
背景技术
航空用及工业用燃气轮机、飞行体等具有达到1000℃以上的部分。正在研究一种将由陶瓷基复合材料(CMC:Ceramic Matrix Composites)制造而成的零件用于达到1000℃以上的部分所使用的零件(高温零件)的技术。此外,正在研究一种在陶瓷基复合材料的表面,作为提高耐水蒸汽腐蚀性以及隔热性的构造,而形成耐环境涂层(EBC:EnvironmentalBarrier Coating)或者隔热涂层(TBC:Thermal Barrier Coating)的构造。
在专利文献1中,作为设于包含陶瓷基复合材料的母材的表面的涂层构造,记载有以下涂层构造,其具备:第一保护膜,由设于所述母材的表面的耐环境涂层膜或者隔热涂层膜中的至少一方构成;以及第二保护膜,由设于第一保护膜上的氧化铝膜构成。此外,在专利文献1中,记载有以下构造:在涂层构造的第一保护膜使用了TBC膜的情况下,层叠粘合涂层膜和陶瓷膜。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2015-113255号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
在此,在专利文献1中,利用MCrAlY合金(M为Co、Ni或它们的组合)制作成粘合涂层膜。然而,当像这样将合金用于粘合涂层膜时,存在无法提高耐热性的问题。
本发明的目的在于提供一种耐热性高的涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件以及涂层构造的制造方法。
技术方案
本发明为一种设于包含陶瓷基复合材料的基部的表面的涂层构造,其特征在于,具有:粘合涂层,层叠于所述基部的表面,由稀土类硅酸盐形成;以及顶部涂层,层叠于所述粘合涂层,所述粘合涂层的残留应力为压缩残留应力。
根据本发明,能使粘合涂层致密,并且难以产生裂纹,能提高气密性、能提高耐氧化性。由此,即使在温度更高的环境中,也能对基部进行保护。
优选的是,在所述粘合涂层,1200℃以上且氧分压高的一侧的氧分压为0.02MPa以上的情况下的氧透过系数为10-9kg·m-1·s-1以下。由此,能提高粘合涂层的气密性,并且,能提高耐久温度。由此,即使在温度更高的环境中,也能对基部进行保护。
在此,优选的是,所述粘合涂层的结晶率为90%以上100%以下。由此,能抑制粘合涂层的使用环境下的由伴随结晶化的体积变化导致的裂缝、剥离等,能提高气密性。
此外,优选的是,所述粘合涂层不隔着其他材料地与所述基部的表面层叠。由此,能简化层叠构造。
此外,优选的是,所述粘合涂层的残留应力比所述顶部涂层小。通过减小粘合涂层的残留应力,能抑制在粘合涂层产生裂缝等,能提高气密性。
此外,优选的是,所述粘合涂层的晶体粒径为0.01μm以上10μm以下。由此,能将粘合涂层的构造设为复杂形状,能抑制产生从粘合涂层的背面连接到正面的裂缝,能提高气密性。
此外,优选的是,在所述粘合涂层,在所述稀土类硅酸盐中分散有含硅或钛的分散物质。由此,能提高粘合涂层的韧性和耐蠕变特性。此外,通过由分散粒子的氧化而生成的硅氧化物或者钛氧化物,显现出裂纹闭合的自愈功能。
此外,优选的是,所述分散物质为粒子。由此,能简单地进行制造。
此外,优选的是,所述分散物质为晶须。由此,能高效地提高靭性。
此外,优选的是,所述分散物质含有氮。氮化物的耐氧化性比碳化物高,能长时间持续分散物质的效果。
本发明为一种涡轮零件,其特征在于,具有:上述任一方案所述的涂层构造;以及所述基部,在表面形成有所述涂层构造。由此,能在温度更高的环境中使用。
本发明为一种涂层构造的制造方法,其特征在于,包括:利用气溶胶沉积法将稀土类硅酸盐成膜于包含陶瓷基复合材料的基部的表面,形成粘合涂层的步骤;利用喷镀在所述粘合涂层的表面形成顶部涂层的步骤;以及在形成所述粘合涂层和所述顶部涂层之后,对在所述基部层叠有所述粘合涂层和所述顶部涂层的物体执行热处理的步骤。由此,能制造一种能提高耐热性且即使在更高温的环境中也能对母材进行保护的涂层构造。
有益效果
根据本发明,能提高耐热性,即使在更高温的环境中也能对母材进行保护。
附图说明
图1是表示本实施方式的燃气轮机的一例的示意图。
图2是表示本实施方式的涡轮部的一例的剖面图。
图3是示意地表示具有本实施方式的涂层构造的涡轮构件的一例的剖面图。
图4是示意地表示具有其他实施方式的涂层构造的涡轮构件的一例的剖面图。
图5是示意地表示具有其他实施方式的涂层构造的涡轮构件的一例的剖面图。
图6是制造本实施方式的涡轮构件的零件制造系统的框图。
图7是用于对本实施方式的涡轮零件的制造方法的一例进行说明的流程图。
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图,对本发明的实施方式进行说明,但本发明并不限定于此。以下说明的各实施方式的必要条件可适当组合。此外,有些情况不使用其中部分构成要素。此外,在下述的实施方式的构成要素中,包含本领域技术人员能够且容易置换的要素或者实质上相同的要素。例如,在本实施方式中,以燃气轮机的涡轮零件为例进行说明,但本实施方式的涂层构造、具有涂层构造的高温零件也可以用于其他用途的零件。本实施方式的涂层构造、具有涂层构造的高温零件例如可以用作飞行体的零件。
图1是表示本实施方式的燃气轮机1的一例的示意图。燃气轮机1具备:压缩机2,对燃烧用空气进行压缩;燃烧器3,向由压缩机2供给的压缩空气喷射燃料来使之燃烧,生成燃烧气体FG;涡轮部4,通过由燃烧器3供给的燃烧气体FG来进行驱动;发电机6;以及旋转轴5,配置于压缩机2、涡轮部4及发电机6。
图2是表示涡轮部4的一部分的剖面图。涡轮部4具备:涡轮静叶7,配置于旋转轴5的周围;涡轮动叶8,配置于旋转轴5的周围;以及分割环9,在相对于旋转轴5的放射方向上配置于涡轮动叶8的外侧。
分割环9被支承于机室10。分割环9为环状的构件,包括配置于旋转轴5的周向的多个分割体。在分割环9与涡轮动叶8的顶端之间设有间隙。
在以下的说明中,适当地将燃气轮机1的构件称为涡轮构件20。涡轮构件20为在高温环境下使用的高温零件(高温构件)。涡轮构件20可以是涡轮部4的构件,也可以是燃烧器3的构件。涡轮构件20可以是涡轮静叶7,也可以是涡轮动叶8,还可以是分割环9。
图3是示意地表示涡轮构件20的一例的剖面图。如图3所示,涡轮构件(高温零件)20具有:基部(基体材料)22;以及形成于基部22的表面的涂层构造。
基部22由陶瓷基复合材料(CMC:Ceramic Matrix Composites)形成。陶瓷基复合材料(以下,称为CMC)为通过使无机粒子、金属粒子、晶须、短纤维、以及长纤维等与陶瓷进行复合化来提高强度的材料。陶瓷基复合材料(以下,称为CMC)可以使用碳化硅(SiC)。例如,CMC与镍基超合金相比,密度小且耐热性高。
涂层构造具有:粘合涂层24,设于基部22的表面40;以及顶部涂层26,设于粘合涂层24上。粘合涂层24具有:背面42B,与基部22相接;以及正面42S,朝向背面42B的相反方向。顶部涂层26具有:背面44B,与粘合涂层24相接;以及正面44S,朝向背面44B的相反方向。
粘合涂层24层叠于基部22的表面40。粘合涂层24将在后文加以叙述,可以利用气溶胶沉积法(aerosol depositionmethod)形成。粘合涂层24由母材30形成。母材30由稀土类硅酸盐形成。稀土类硅酸盐为含有钇(Y)、钪(Sc)、铈(Ce)、钕(Nd)、镱(Yb)等稀土类的硅化合物。作为含有稀土类(Ln:Y、Sc、Ce、Nd、Yb、Lu等稀土类元素)的稀土类硅酸盐,可以举例示出Ln2Si2O7、Ln2SiO5、以及Ln2Si2O7与Ln2SiO5的混合相。此外,也可以像(Y,Yb)2Si2O7这样,并用多个稀土类元素来作为Ln。
在此,粘合涂层24的残留应力为压缩残留应力。此外,在粘合涂层24,1200℃以上且表面侧(高氧分压侧)的氧分压为0.02MPa以上的氧透过系数例如优选为:1200℃且表面侧(高氧分压侧)的氧分压为0.02MPa的情况下的氧透过系数为10-9kg·m-1·s-1以下。氧透过系数可以利用文献(Y.Ogura et al.,“Oxygen permeability of Y2SiO5”,MaterialsTransactions,42(6)pp1124-1130(2001))所示的气体透过率测定装置进行计测。
顶部涂层26层叠于粘合涂层24。顶部涂层26可以利用喷镀而形成于粘合涂层24。顶部涂层26可以将稀土类硅酸盐用于母材。此外,顶部涂层26可以使用ZrO2系的材料,特别是可以包含作为利用Y2O3来进行局部稳定化或者完全稳定化的ZrO2的YSZ(氧化钇稳定化氧化锆)。
涂层构造如上所述,层叠有粘合涂层24和顶部涂层26。涂层构造通过和采用粘合涂层24顶部涂层26的层叠构造,而具备耐环境涂层(EBC:Environmental BarrierCoating)膜或者隔热涂层(TBC:Thermal Barrier Coating)膜的至少一方的功能,涂层构造能提高耐热性、提高气密性、提高耐氧化性,能对基部22进行保护。
在涂层构造中,将粘合涂层24设为以稀土类硅酸盐为母材,残留应力为压缩残留应力。由此,粘合涂层24难以产生裂纹,能提高气密性、提高耐氧化性,能对基部22进行保护。在此,在对涂层构造的基体材料22进行涂布的情况下,若为喷镀法,则覆膜会在冷却过程中收缩而具有拉伸的残留应力。相对于此,对于气溶胶沉积法,由于在室温下施工而不存在覆膜施工后的温度变化,残留应力不是拉伸残留应力也不是压缩应力,而是零应力(接近0的应力状态)。这样,对于涂层构造而言,若残留应力为压缩残留应力,则难以产生裂缝。当利用气溶胶沉积法施工的粘合涂层24为零应力且例如利用喷镀法施工顶部涂层26时,顶部涂层26会在冷却过程中收缩而在顶部涂层产生拉伸残留应力,但会在粘合涂层产生与其平衡的压缩应力。由此,在涂层构造中,残留应力为压缩残留应力。
此外,在涂层构造中,将粘合涂层24设为以稀土类硅酸盐为母材,并且1200℃以上的氧透过系数为10-9kg·m-1·s-1以下,由此,能提高粘合涂层24的气密性,并且能提高耐久温度。
涂层构造采用不隔着其他材料地使粘合涂层24与基部22的表面层叠的构造,由此,能简化层叠构造。此外,由于将稀土类硅酸盐用于粘合涂层24,因此能使粘合涂层24的线膨胀系数与基部22的线膨胀系数接近,能抑制因使用时的温度变化而在局部集中负荷。
此外,涂层构造通过将稀土类硅酸盐用于粘合涂层24和顶部涂层26这两方,能使基部22、粘合涂层24、顶部涂层26在不同的多个温度下的线膨胀系数等特性接近,能抑制因使用时的温度变化而在局部集中负荷。
此外,优选的是,涂层构造的粘合涂层24的结晶率为90%以上100%以下。通过将涂层构造的粘合涂层24的结晶率设为上述范围,能抑制粘合涂层24产生裂缝等,能提高气密性。此外,优选的是,涂层构造在制造时形成粘合涂层24以及顶部涂层26,执行热处理前的粘合涂层24的结晶率也为90%以上100%以下。通过利用气溶胶沉积法形成涂层构造的粘合涂层24,能提高执行热处理前的时间点的结晶率。由此,能简化热处理,此外,能提高涂层构造的粘合涂层24的结晶率。
此外,优选的是,涂层构造的粘合涂层24的晶体粒径为0.01μm以上10μm以下。通过将粘合涂层24的晶体粒径设为上述范围,能将粘合涂层24的构造设为复杂形状,能抑制产生从粘合涂层24的背面连接到正面的裂缝,能提高气密性。
此外,优选的是,涂层构造的粘合涂层24的残留应力比顶部涂层26小。在涂层构造中,通过减小粘合涂层24的残留应力,能抑制粘合涂层24产生裂缝等,能提高气密性。
此外,在本实施方式中,由于与基部的热膨胀系数差小且密合性高,因此,将稀土类硅酸盐用于顶部涂层和粘合涂层的母材(基质),但也可以使用同样地与基部的热膨胀系数差小且密合性高的锆(ZrSiO4)、HfSiO4
图4是示意地表示具有其他实施方式的涂层构造的涡轮构件的一例的剖面图。需要说明的是,对于涡轮构件20a中与涡轮构件20同样的构造,省略详细的说明。以下,重点对涡轮构件20a特有的点进行说明。图4所示的涡轮构件20a具有基部22和涂层构造。涂层构造具有粘合涂层24a和顶部涂层26。
粘合涂层24a具有母材30和粒子32。母材30与粘合涂层24同样为稀土类硅酸盐。粒子32分散地配置于母材30的内部。粒子32为径比粘合涂层24a的厚度小的构造。粒子32的粒径为0.01μm以上10μm以下,例如优选设为1μm。粒子32由硅化合物(Si化合物)或者钛化合物形成。硅化合物包含各种化合物,所述各种化合物含有氮、氧。钛化合物包含:钛的碳化物(碳化钛)、钛的氮化物(氮化钛)、钛的碳氮化物(碳氮化钛)。
在涂层构造中,通过使的粒子32分散于粘合涂层24a,能提高耐蠕变性以及断裂韧性。例如,在涂层构造中,通过使粒子32分散,能使异物分散于母材30,能实现难以产生蠕变变形。此外,即使在涂层构造的母材30产生裂纹的情况下,也能在与粒子32接触的位置处止住裂纹。此外,粒子表面为氧化物,由此,会产生裂纹闭合的自愈功能。由此,能抑制产生从粘合涂层24的正面到达背面的裂纹。
在此,优选粒子32含氮。在此,作为具有氮的硅化合物,可举例示出SiCNO、Si3N4、赛隆(Si3N4-Al2O3)、Si2N2O。粒子32含氮,由此,在氧侵入粘合涂层24a的情况下,能利用粒子32来捕捉并收集氧。在粘合涂层24a,通过使粒子32含氮,耐氧化性提高而裂纹偏转、氧捕捉收集、以及裂纹治愈效果会长时间持续,能更高概率地抑制氧从粘合涂层24a通过并到达基部22。
图5是示意地表示具有其他实施方式的涂层构造的涡轮构件的一例的剖面图。需要说明的是,对于涡轮构件20b中与涡轮构件20同样的构造,省略详细的说明。以下,重点对涡轮构件20b特有的点进行说明。图5所示的涡轮构件20b具有基部22和涂层构造。涂层构造具有粘合涂层24b和顶部涂层26。
粘合涂层24b具有母材30和晶须32a。母材30与粘合涂层24b同样为稀土类硅酸盐。晶须32a为单晶的纤维状(棒状)的构造物。晶须32a可以由与粒子同样的材料形成。晶须32a例如长度为5μm以上20μm以下,截面的宽度为100nm左右。
在涂层构造中,通过使晶须32a分散于粘合涂层24b,与分散粒子32的情况相比,能进一步提高韧性。就是说,通过配置纤维状的晶须32a,从与基部22的表面正交的朝向观察,相对于混合于母材30的量而言,能扩大配置有晶须32a的区域。由此,能抑制产生从粘合涂层24b的正面到达背面的裂纹。
在此,优选的是,在粘合涂层24b,纤维状的形状的轴向为沿着基体材料22的表面的方向的晶须32a比沿着与基体材料22的表面正交的朝向的方向的晶须32a多。
需要说明的是,分散于粘合涂层24a、24b的母材30的微粒物质的构造并不限定于粒子32、晶须32a。例如,也可以将微粒物质设为与晶须32a不同的纤维状构造物。通过设为纤维状构造物,能有效地抑制裂纹的延展,能提高韧性。
图6是制造本实施方式的涡轮构件的零件制造系统的框图。图6所示的零件制造系统100用于制造涡轮零件。零件制造系统100具有:基部制造装置102、粘合涂层形成装置104、顶部涂层形成装置106、加热处理装置108、以及材料制造装置110。在零件制造系统100中,粘合涂层形成装置104、顶部涂层形成装置106、加热处理装置108、以及材料制造装置110的组合为涂层构造制造系统。
基部制造装置102用于制造涡轮构件中的基部。基部制造装置102形成基部的方法并不特别限定。基部制造装置102例如通过将材料填充于与基部的构造对应的模具中并进行烧制来制造基部。
粘合涂层形成装置104在基部的表面形成粘合涂层。粘合涂层形成装置104利用气溶胶沉积法(AD法),将作为粘合涂层的材料即以稀土类硅酸盐为母材的材料施工到基部的表面。具体而言,通过将作为粘合涂层的材料的微粒子、超微粒子与气体进行混合而气溶胶化,在真空中喷射至基部的表面来形成粘合涂层。由此,粘合涂层形成装置104在基部的表面形成以稀土类硅酸盐为母材的层来做为粘合涂层。
顶部涂层形成装置106在粘合涂层的表面形成顶部涂层。顶部涂层形成装置106利用喷镀来将作为成为顶部涂层的材料即稀土类硅酸盐施工到粘合涂层的表面。由此,顶部涂层形成装置106在粘合涂层的表面形成稀土类硅酸盐的层来做为顶部涂层。
加热处理装置108对在基部的表面形成有粘合涂层和顶部涂层的构造物进行热处理。加热处理装置108为加热炉,通过在规定温度例如700℃以上1000℃以下等保持构造物规定时间(几小时至几十小时),来进行使构造物的特性变化的处理。
材料制造装置110制造作为粘合涂层、顶部涂层来进行施工的材料。材料制造装置110将稀土类硅酸盐加工成能利用粘合涂层形成装置104和顶部涂层形成装置106来进行施工的状态。此外,材料制造装置110在粘合涂层使用将粒子、晶须等微细物质混合于稀土类硅酸盐的母材而成的材料的情况下,制造将微细物质混合于稀土类硅酸盐的母材而成的材料。
图7是用于对本实施方式的涡轮零件的制造方法的一例进行说明的流程图。需要说明的是,涡轮零件的制造方法的一部分的工序为涂层构造的制造方法。图7所示的制造方法能通过利用零件制造系统100执行各工序来实现。
在零件制造系统100中,利用基部制造装置102来制造基部(步骤S12)。在零件制造系统100中,在制造基部后,通过粘合涂层形成装置104,利用气溶胶沉积法在基部的表面形成粘合涂层(步骤S14)。在零件制造系统100中,在形成粘合涂层后,通过顶部涂层形成装置106,利用喷镀在粘合涂层的表面形成顶部涂层(步骤S16)。在零件制造系统100中,在形成顶部涂层后,对所制作的构造物执行热处理(步骤S18)。
在零件制造系统100中,通过执行以上的工序,能将粘合涂层制成材料致密地配置并且供气体通过的裂缝、裂纹少或者不存在的构造,能制成氧透过率低的构造。此外,通过将粘合涂层的母材设为稀土类硅酸盐或者锆,能形成于基部的表面,与使用与顶部涂层密合的合金的情况相比,能提高耐热性。
由此,涂层构造的制造方法能制造具有耐热性高且气密性高的粘合涂层和耐热性高且能抑制水蒸汽的透过的顶部涂层的涂层构造。
需要说明的是,在本实施方式中,由于能简单地进行施工,因此,虽然顶部涂层形成装置106利用喷镀来形成顶部涂层,但顶部涂层也可以利用喷镀以外的方法来进行施工。
符号说明
1 燃气轮机
2 压缩机
3 燃烧器
4 涡轮部
5 旋转轴
6 发电机
7 涡轮静叶
8 涡轮动叶
9 分割环
10 机室
20 涡轮构件
22 基体材料(基部)
24 粘合涂层
26 顶部涂层
100 零件制造系统
102 基部制造装置
104 粘合涂层形成装置
106 顶部涂层形成装置
108 加热处理装置
110 材料制造装置

Claims (13)

1.一种涂层构造,设于包含陶瓷基复合材料的基部的表面,其特征在于,具有:
粘合涂层,层叠于所述基部的表面,由稀土类硅酸盐形成;以及
顶部涂层,层叠于所述粘合涂层,
在所述粘合涂层,残留应力为压缩残留应力,并且,1200℃以上且氧分压高的一侧的氧分压为0.02MPa以上的情况下的氧透过系数为10-9kg·m-1·s-1以下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述粘合涂层的结晶率为90%以上100%以下。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述粘合涂层不隔着其他材料地与所述基部的表面层叠。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述粘合涂层的残留应力比所述顶部涂层小。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述粘合涂层的晶体粒径为0.01μm以上10μm以下。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
在所述粘合涂层,在所述稀土类硅酸盐分散有含硅或钛的分散物质。
7.根据权利要求6所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述分散物质为粒子。
8.根据权利要求6所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述分散物质为晶须。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的涂层构造,其特征在于,
所述分散物质含有氮。
10.一种涡轮零件,其特征在于,具有:
权利要求1至9中任一项所述的涂层构造;以及
所述基部,在表面形成有所述涂层构造。
11.一种制造方法,其特征在于,包括:
利用气溶胶沉积法将稀土类硅酸盐成膜于包含陶瓷基复合材料的基部的表面,形成粘合涂层的步骤;
利用喷镀在所述粘合涂层的表面形成顶部涂层的步骤;以及
在形成所述粘合涂层和所述顶部涂层之后,对在所述基部形成有所述粘合涂层和所述顶部涂层的物体执行热处理的步骤。
12.一种涂层构造的制造方法,其特征在于,包括:
利用气溶胶沉积法将ZrSiO4或者HfSiO4成膜于包含陶瓷基复合材料的基部的表面,形成粘合涂层的步骤;
利用喷镀在所述粘合涂层的表面形成顶部涂层的步骤;以及
在形成所述粘合涂层和所述顶部涂层之后,对在所述基部形成有所述粘合涂层和所述顶部涂层的物体执行热处理的步骤。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的涂层构造的制造方法,其特征在于,
形成所述粘合层的步骤包括分散含硅或钛的分散物质的步骤。
CN201780026514.6A 2016-05-13 2017-04-11 涂层构造、具有该涂层构造的涡轮零件及涂层构造的制造方法 Active CN109071367B (zh)

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