[ summary of the invention ]
Aiming at the problems, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide adult rabbit feed and a preparation method thereof, and the method solves the problem that the granulated feed prepared from mulberry stems is easy to collapse through an optimized processing method, so that the prepared feed has firm granulation, strong stability, difficult collapse, easy digestion and absorption and is favored by rabbits.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the adult rabbit feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 20-30% of corn flour, 10-20% of soybean meal, 10-18% of wheat bran, 5-15% of grass meal, 25-35% of treated mulberry stems, 2-4% of premix, 3-9% of guar gum and 0.1-1% of groundsel extract.
Preferably, the adult rabbit feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 25% of corn flour, 15% of soybean meal, 10% of wheat bran, 10% of grass meal, 30% of treated mulberry stems, 3% of premix, 6.5% of guar gum and 0.5% of groundsel extract.
Preferably, the adult rabbit feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: corn flour 22%, soybean meal 18%, wheat bran 12%, grass meal 15%, treated mulberry stems 25%, premix 2%, guar gum 5% and groundsel extract 1%.
Further, the premix is mainly prepared by mixing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.2-0.5 part of vitamin complex, 0.04-0.09 part of manganese element, 0.01-0.05 part of zinc element, 0.1-0.5 part of iron element, 0.05-0.09 part of selenium element, 0.5-0.8 part of methionine, 0.2-0.4 part of leucine and 0.1-0.5 part of lysine.
Further, the preparation method of the processed mulberry stems comprises the following steps: drying mulberry stems to reach the water content of 50-60%, crushing the mulberry stems into 1-3mm fragments, mixing and stirring the fragments and starch accounting for 2-4% of the weight of the fragments uniformly, adding clostridium accounting for 0.2-0.8% of the weight of the fragments, mixing uniformly, piling by fermentation, covering with a film, fermenting at 35-45 ℃ for 3-5 days, uncovering the film, adding lactobacillus accounting for 1-2% of the weight of the fragments, mixing uniformly, covering with a film, and continuing to ferment at 20-30 ℃ for 2-3 days to obtain the treated mulberry stems.
Further, the preparation method of the senecio scandens extract comprises the following steps: drying whole groundsel herb, crushing the dried groundsel herb into grass powder, adding the grass powder into ethanol with the volume fraction of 55-65% which is 10-15 times of the weight of the grass powder, soaking the grass powder for 20-24 hours, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 20-30min, carrying out microwave treatment for 20-30s, filtering to obtain an extracting solution, repeatedly extracting for 2-3 times according to the method, combining the extracting solutions, carrying out rotary evaporation on the combined extracting solution, concentrating the extracting solution until the extracting solution does not contain ethanol, extracting the extracting solution with 1/3 volumes of ether, taking the lower layer liquid, volatilizing the ether, and concentrating the extracting solution into paste to obtain the groundsel herb.
Further, the preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing the raw materials according to the weight percentage;
(2) drying the treated mulberry stems until the water content is 6-10%, crushing the dried mulberry stems into treated mulberry stem powder with 80-100 meshes, putting guar gum into cold water to dissolve the guar gum into guar gum liquid, putting the guar gum liquid and the treated mulberry stem powder into a stirrer, and mixing and stirring for 20-30min to obtain a first mixture;
(3) placing corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, grass meal, premix and groundsel extract into a stirrer for stirring, adding a proper amount of water to adjust the humidity of the mixture to 40-50% to obtain a second mixture, placing the second mixture and the first mixture into a granulator together to prepare a semi-finished product wet particle material with the particle size of 4-6mm, and sending the semi-finished product wet particle material into a dryer to reduce the water content to 6-10% to obtain the feed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention solves the problem that the granulated feed prepared from mulberry stems is easy to collapse by optimizing the preparation method, so that the prepared feed granules are firm in granulation, strong in stability, difficult to collapse, easy to digest and absorb and favorite for rabbits to eat. The method comprises the steps of firstly fermenting the mulberry stems by using clostridium to reduce the cellulose content, then fermenting by using lactic acid bacteria to generate lactic acid to soften the residual cellulose in the mulberry stems, so that the excessive high cellulose content and granule collapse caused by excessive hardness of the cellulose can be prevented, and simultaneously, guar gum is firstly used for increasing the viscosity among mulberry stem powder granules in the process of preparing the feed and then is prepared into granules together with other raw materials, so that the guar gum can increase the bonding effect of the treated mulberry stem powder and other raw materials, and the prepared feed granules are smooth and compact in structure and have the density of 1.5-1.9g/cm3Good stability and difficult collapse.
The mulberry stems treated by the method have the effect of relaxing bowel after being fermented by lactic acid bacteria, and can prevent adult rabbits from constipation; the groundsel herb extract has the effects of antisepsis and antibacterial agent, can prevent feed from going bad, and prolongs the shelf life of the feed.
According to the invention, the mulberry stems are used as raw materials to prepare the rabbit feed, so that the purposes of changing resources into valuables and reducing the cost are achieved.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The following examples are provided to further illustrate the embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
The adult rabbit feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 20% of corn flour, 12% of soybean meal, 14% of wheat bran, 15% of grass meal, 31% of treated mulberry stems, 3% of premix, 4% of guar gum and 1% of groundsel extract.
The premix is mainly prepared by mixing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.2 part of vitamin complex, 0.04 part of manganese element, 0.01 part of zinc element, 0.1 part of iron element, 0.05 part of selenium element, 0.5 part of methionine, 0.2 part of leucine and 0.1 part of lysine.
The preparation method of the processed mulberry stems comprises the following steps: drying mulberry stems until the water content is 50%, crushing the mulberry stems into 1mm fragments, mixing and stirring the fragments and starch with the weight of 2% of the fragments uniformly, adding clostridium with the weight of 0.2% of the fragments, mixing uniformly, piling, covering with a film, fermenting at 35 ℃ for 3 days, uncovering the film, adding lactobacillus with the weight of 1% of the fragments, mixing uniformly, covering with the film, and continuing to ferment at 20 ℃ for 2 days to obtain the processed mulberry stems.
The preparation method of the groundsel herb extract comprises the following steps: drying the groundsel herb, crushing the groundsel herb into grass powder, adding the grass powder into ethanol with the volume fraction of 55% which is 10 times of the weight of the groundsel herb, soaking for 20h, performing ultrasonic treatment for 20min, performing microwave treatment for 20s, filtering to obtain an extracting solution, repeatedly extracting for 2 times according to the method, combining the extracting solutions, performing rotary evaporation on the combined extracting solution, concentrating until the extracting solution does not contain ethanol, extracting with 1/3 volumes of ether, taking down the supernatant liquid, volatilizing the ether, and concentrating into paste to obtain the groundsel herb.
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing the raw materials according to the weight percentage;
(2) drying the treated mulberry stems until the water content is 6%, crushing the dried mulberry stems into 80-mesh treated mulberry stem powder, putting guar gum into cold water to dissolve the guar gum into guar gum liquid, putting the guar gum liquid and the treated mulberry stem powder into a stirrer, and stirring for 20min to obtain a first mixture;
(3) placing corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, grass meal, premix and groundsel extract into a stirrer for stirring, adding a proper amount of water to adjust the humidity of the mixture to 40% to obtain a second mixture, placing the second mixture and the first mixture into a granulator together to prepare a semi-finished product wet particle material with the particle size of 4mm, and sending the semi-finished product wet particle material into a dryer to reduce the water content to 6% to obtain the feed.
Example 2
The adult rabbit feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 25% of corn flour, 15% of soybean meal, 10% of wheat bran, 10% of grass meal, 30% of treated mulberry stems, 3% of premix, 6.5% of guar gum and 0.5% of groundsel extract.
The premix is mainly prepared by mixing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.5 portion of vitamin complex, 0.09 portion of manganese element, 0.05 portion of zinc element, 0.5 portion of iron element, 0.09 portion of selenium element, 0.8 portion of methionine, 0.4 portion of leucine and 0.5 portion of lysine.
The preparation method of the processed mulberry stems comprises the following steps: drying mulberry stems until the water content is 60%, crushing the mulberry stems into 3mm fragments, mixing and stirring the fragments and starch with the weight of 4% of the fragments uniformly, then adding clostridium with the weight of 0.8% of the fragments, mixing uniformly, piling, covering with a film, fermenting at 45 ℃ for 5 days, uncovering the film, adding lactobacillus with the weight of 2% of the fragments, mixing uniformly, covering with the film, and continuing to ferment at 30 ℃ for 3 days to obtain the processed mulberry stems.
The preparation method of the senecio scandens extract comprises the following steps: drying the groundsel herb, crushing the groundsel herb into grass powder, adding the grass powder into 15 weight times of 65% ethanol by volume fraction, soaking for 24 hours, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, carrying out microwave treatment for 30 seconds, filtering to obtain an extracting solution, repeatedly extracting for 3 times according to the method, combining the extracting solutions, carrying out rotary evaporation on the combined extracting solution, concentrating until the extracting solution does not contain ethanol, extracting with 1/3 volume of diethyl ether, taking off the supernatant liquid, volatilizing the diethyl ether, and concentrating into paste to obtain the groundsel herb.
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing the raw materials according to the weight percentage;
(2) drying the treated mulberry stems until the water content is 10%, crushing the dried mulberry stems into 100-mesh treated mulberry stem powder, putting guar gum into cold water to dissolve the guar gum into guar gum liquid, putting the guar gum liquid and the treated mulberry stem powder into a stirrer, and mixing and stirring the guar gum liquid and the treated mulberry stem powder for 30min to obtain a first mixture;
(3) placing corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, grass meal, premix and groundsel extract into a stirrer for stirring, adding a proper amount of water to adjust the humidity of the mixture to 50% to obtain a second mixture, placing the second mixture and the first mixture into a granulator together to prepare a semi-finished product wet particle material with the particle size of 6mm, and sending the semi-finished product wet particle material into a dryer to reduce the water content to 10% to obtain the feed.
Example 3
The adult rabbit feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: corn flour 22%, soybean meal 18%, wheat bran 12%, grass meal 15%, treated mulberry stems 25%, premix 2%, guar gum 5% and groundsel extract 1%.
The premix is mainly prepared by mixing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.4 part of vitamin complex, 0.08 part of manganese element, 0.04 part of zinc element, 0.3 part of iron element, 0.06 part of selenium element, 0.7 part of methionine, 0.3 part of leucine and 0.3 part of lysine.
The preparation method of the processed mulberry stems comprises the following steps: drying mulberry stems until the water content is 55%, crushing the mulberry stems into 2mm fragments, mixing and stirring the fragments and starch with the weight of 3% of the fragments uniformly, then adding clostridium with the weight of 0.6% of the fragments, mixing uniformly, piling, covering with a film, fermenting at 40 ℃ for 4 days, uncovering the film, adding lactobacillus with the weight of 1.5% of the fragments, mixing uniformly, covering with the film, and continuing to ferment at 25 ℃ for 3 days to obtain the processed mulberry stems.
The preparation method of the groundsel herb extract comprises the following steps: drying the groundsel herb, crushing the groundsel herb into grass powder, adding the grass powder into 12 times by weight of ethanol with the volume fraction of 60%, soaking for 23 hours, performing ultrasonic treatment for 25 minutes, performing microwave treatment for 25 seconds, filtering to obtain an extracting solution, repeatedly extracting for 3 times according to the method, combining the extracting solutions, performing rotary evaporation on the combined extracting solution, concentrating until the extracting solution does not contain ethanol, extracting with 1/3 volumes of ether, taking off the liquid of the lower layer, volatilizing the ether, and concentrating into paste to obtain the groundsel herb.
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing the raw materials according to the weight percentage;
(2) drying the treated mulberry stems until the water content is 7%, crushing the dried mulberry stems into 90-mesh treated mulberry stem powder, putting guar gum into cold water to dissolve the guar gum into guar gum liquid, putting the guar gum liquid and the treated mulberry stem powder into a stirrer, and stirring for 25min to obtain a first mixture;
(3) placing corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, grass meal, premix and groundsel extract into a stirrer for stirring, adding a proper amount of water to adjust the humidity of the mixture to 45% to obtain a second mixture, placing the second mixture and the first mixture into a granulator together to prepare a semi-finished product wet particle material with the thickness of 5mm, and sending the semi-finished product wet particle material into a dryer to reduce the water content to 8% to obtain the feed.
Comparison test one: to illustrate the properties of the feed of the present invention, the applicant conducted the following tests, which were divided into 7 groups, group 1, group 2, group 3, comparative group 1, comparative group 2, comparative group 3, and comparative group 4, wherein group 1, group 2, and group 3 were prepared as feeds using the methods of example 1, example 2, and example 3, respectively; the mulberry stems in the feed raw materials of the comparative group 1 are not fermented, and other raw materials and the preparation steps are the same as those in the example 3; the mulberry stems of the comparison group 2 are not fermented by clostridium and are only treated by lactic acid bacteria, and other raw materials and preparation steps are the same as those of the example 3; the mulberry stems of the comparison group 3 are not fermented by lactic acid bacteria, but are only treated by clostridium, and other raw materials and preparation steps are the same as those of the example 3; the feed raw materials of the comparative group 4 do not contain guar gum, the corresponding preparation method does not use guar gum for mixing preparation, and other raw materials and preparation steps are the same as those of the example 3. The performance parameters of the prepared feeds of each group are tested (whether the feeds are easy to collapse or not is judged by a method of judging whether the feeds are easy to collapse or not, if the feeds are immediately dispersed in water, the feeds are easy to collapse or not), and the results are shown in a table 1:
table 1: stability of each group of feed
Item/group
|
Feed smoothness
|
Feed density (g/cm)3)
|
Whether or not easy to be dispersed
|
Group 1
|
Has smooth surface
|
1.5
|
Whether or not
|
Group 2
|
Has smooth surface
|
1.8
|
Whether or not
|
Group 3
|
Has smooth surface
|
1.9
|
Whether or not
|
Comparative group 1
|
Rough surface
|
1.0
|
Is that
|
Comparative group 2
|
Rough surface
|
0.7
|
Is that
|
Comparative group 3
|
Rough surface
|
0.6
|
Is that
|
Comparative group 4
|
Rough surface
|
0.7
|
Is that |
From table 1, it can be seen that: the invention solves the problem that the granulated feed prepared from mulberry stems is easy to collapse by optimizing the preparation method, so that the prepared feed granules are firm in granulation, strong in stability, difficult to collapse, easy to digest and absorb and favorite for rabbits to eat. The method comprises the steps of firstly fermenting the mulberry stems by using clostridium to reduce the cellulose content, then fermenting by using lactic acid bacteria to generate lactic acid to soften the residual cellulose in the mulberry stems, so that the excessive high cellulose content and granule collapse caused by excessive hardness of the cellulose can be prevented, and simultaneously, guar gum is firstly used for increasing the viscosity among mulberry stem powder granules in the process of preparing the feed and then is prepared into granules together with other raw materials, so that the guar gum can increase the bonding effect of the treated mulberry stem powder and other raw materials, and the prepared feed granules are smooth and compact in structure and have the density of 1.5-1.9g/cm3Good stability and difficult collapse.
The above description is intended to describe in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made within the technical spirit of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.