CN108904797B - 蛋白-细胞偶联物、其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于免疫学、生物医学领域,具体涉及一种蛋白‑细胞偶联物,其特征在于,所述蛋白与细胞通过双功能交联剂偶联。本发明还涉及所述蛋白‑细胞偶联物的制备方法和用途。本发明的蛋白‑细胞偶联物可用于预防或治疗多种疾病,例如恶性肿瘤、感染性疾病和自身免疫性疾病等。
Description
本分案申请是中国专利申请号为201310234603.3、申请日为2013年6月14日、发明名称为“蛋白-细胞偶联物、其制备方法和用途”的中国专利申请案的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明属于免疫学、生物医学领域,涉及一种偶联物,特别是蛋白与细胞的偶联物,本发明还涉及所述蛋白-细胞偶联物的制备方法和用途。
背景技术
肿瘤的发生发展与免疫监视功能的减退有关,而某些感染可通过给予病原微生物疫苗而使感染得到有效的预防,对于自身免疫耐受被打破的自身免疫病则可通过免疫调节或免疫耐受的诱导而重新恢复免疫耐受。所有这些免疫干预措施都与抗原或抗体有关,而绝大多数抗原或抗体是蛋白质,因此,诱导对抗原蛋白的免疫反应或免疫耐受或者充分利用抗体的靶向性是上述免疫干预措施的目的。
如何将抗原蛋白高效地输送到淋巴组织是实现上述免疫干预的关键。如果能将抗原蛋白有效牢固地偶联到具有免疫功能的细胞表面,由于免疫细胞有向淋巴组织迁移定位的特性或者提呈抗原的特性,通过输注免疫细胞即可把蛋白抗原有效地输送到淋巴组织或更好的提呈。或者可以利用抗体的靶向性将免疫效应细胞锚定靶细胞,以提高免疫效应细胞的杀伤效率。
已有的偶联蛋白到细胞膜上的方法是用碳化二亚胺乙烯
(Ethylene Carbodiimide,ECDI)将一种已知抗原通过使细胞固定将抗原偶联到细胞表面(luo,et al.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2008Sep 23;105(38):14527-32.;Smarr CB,et al.Antigen-fixed leukocytes tolerize Th2responses in mous emodels of allergy.J Immunol.2011Nov 15;187(10):5090-8.)。此方法制备的的细胞因被ECDI固定而死亡,根据上述文献报道,输注这种细胞只能引起抗原特异性免疫耐受而不能诱导对抗原的免疫应答。
因此,本领域亟需一种将蛋白偶联到活细胞上的方法,以期更有效地诱导免疫应答,用于感染、肿瘤等的预防或治疗。
发明内容
本发明的发明人经过长期、大量的实验研究,令人惊奇地发现利用双功能交联剂可以将蛋白与细胞偶联在一起,并且保持蛋白和细胞的活性,由此完成了本发明。
本发明第一方面涉及蛋白-细胞偶联物,其为蛋白和细胞分别与连接接头共价连接形成的偶联物;优选地,所述细胞在未偶联时,其表面分布着游离的巯基;优选地,所述的连接接头来源于双功能交联剂,所述双功能交联剂同时含有能与氨基发生反应的基团和与巯基发生反应的基团。
根据本发明第一方面任一项的蛋白-细胞偶联物,其中所述细胞为具有免疫功能的细胞;优选地,所述细胞选自淋巴细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、自然杀伤细胞中的至少一种。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述细胞为淋巴细胞,所述淋巴细胞例如为T淋巴细胞或B淋巴细胞。
根据本发明第一方面任一项的蛋白-细胞偶联物,其中所述的连接接头来源于双功能交联剂。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,其中所述的双功能交联剂同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,只要是同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团的化合物均可以实现本发明,在本发明的具体实施方案中,其包括但不限于琥珀酰亚氨基4-(N-马来酰亚氨甲基)环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC),SMCC的长链类似物N-琥珀酰亚氨基-4-(N-马来酰亚氨基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-酰氨基己酸酯)(LC-SMCC)、κ-马来酰亚氨基十一酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚氨基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(GMBS)、ε-马来酰亚氨基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚氨基酯(EMCS)、间-马来酰亚氨基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚氨酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚氨基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚氨酯(AMAS)、琥珀酰亚氨基-6-(β-马来酰亚氨基丙酰氨基)己酸酯(SMPH)或4-(对-马来酰亚氨基苯基)-丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SMPB)。
根据本发明第一方面任一项的蛋白-细胞偶联物,其中所述双功能交联剂的琥珀酰亚氨基与蛋白上的游离氨基反应形成酰胺键,所述双功能交联剂的马来酰亚氨基与细胞上的游离巯基反应形成硫醚键。
根据本发明第一方面任一项的蛋白-细胞偶联物,其中所述的蛋白包括但不限于抗原蛋白(例如肿瘤相关抗原、感染性疾病相关抗原、自身免疫性疾病相关抗原)、抗原表位、抗体、激素、生长因子、维生素、集落刺激因子。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,所述的蛋白为雪蓝蛋白(KLH);在本发明的另一个实施方案中,所述的蛋白为胰岛素。
本发明第二方面涉及蛋白-细胞偶联物的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
(1)将蛋白与双功能交联剂接触,以使双功能交联剂的连接基团与蛋白发生共价连接,得到第一混合物,该混合物包含结合了连接基团的蛋白;
(2)任选地,还包括去除第一混合物中未连接的双功能交联剂的步骤,以得到纯化的结合了连接基团的蛋白;
(3)将步骤(1)或(2)获得的结合了连接基团的蛋白与细胞接触,以使所述连接基团与细胞发生共价连接,得到第二混合物,该混合物包含了分别与连接接头共价连接的蛋白和细胞偶联物,即蛋白-细胞偶联物;
(4)任选地,还包括去除第二混合物中未与细胞连接的蛋白的步骤,以得到纯化的包含有蛋白-细胞偶联物的第二混合物;
或者所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(a)将细胞与双功能交联剂接触,以使双功能交联剂的连接基团与细胞发生共价连接,得到第一混合物,该混合物包含结合了连接基团的细胞;
(b)任选地,还包括去除第一混合物中未连接的双功能交联剂的步骤,以得到纯化的结合了连接基团的细胞;
(c)将步骤(a)或(b)获得的结合了连接基团的细胞与蛋白接触,以使所述连接基团与蛋白发生共价连接,得到第二混合物,该混合物包含了分别与连接接头共价连接的蛋白和细胞偶联物,即蛋白-细胞偶联物;
(d)任选地,还包括去除第二混合物中未与细胞连接的蛋白的步骤,以得到纯化的包含有蛋白-细胞偶联物的第二混合物;
优选地,所述细胞在未偶联时,其表面分布着游离的巯基;
优选地,所述的双功能交联剂同时含有能与氨基发生反应的基团和与巯基发生反应的基团。
根据本发明第二方面任一项的制备方法,其中所述细胞为具有免疫功能的细胞;优选地,所述细胞选自淋巴细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、自然杀伤细胞中的至少一种。
在本发明的实施方案中,其中所述的双功能交联剂同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团。只要是同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团的化合物均可以实现本发明。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,所述的双功能交联剂包括但不限于其中所述的双功能交联剂选自琥珀酰亚氨基4-(N-马来酰亚氨甲基)环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC),SMCC的长链类似物N-琥珀酰亚氨基-4-(N-马来酰亚氨基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-酰氨基己酸酯)(LC-SMCC)、κ-马来酰亚氨基十一酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚氨基丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(GMBS)、ε-马来酰亚氨基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚氨基酯(EMCS)、间-马来酰亚氨基苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚氨基乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯(AMAS)、琥珀酰亚氨基-6-(β-马来酰亚氨基丙酰氨基)己酸酯(SMPH)或4-(对-马来酰亚氨基苯基)-丁酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SMPB)。
根据本发明第二方面任一项的制备方法,其中所述双功能交联剂的琥珀酰亚氨基与蛋白上的游离氨基反应形成酰胺键,所述双功能交联剂的马来酰亚氨基与细胞上的游离巯基反应形成硫醚键。
根据本发明第二方面任一项的制备方法,其中所述的蛋白包括但不限于抗原蛋白(例如肿瘤相关抗原、感染性疾病相关抗原、自身免疫性疾病相关抗原)、抗原表位、抗体、激素、生长因子、维生素、集落刺激因子。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,所述的蛋白为雪蓝蛋白(KLH);在本发明的另一个实施方案中,所述的蛋白为胰岛素。
根据本发明第二方面任一项的制备方法,其特征在于以下(1)~(4)项中的一项或多项:
(1)所述接触时的温度为4~40℃,优选6~37℃,更优选15~25℃,例如为室温;
(2)所述接触的时间为10~60min,优选20~50min,更优选30~40min;
(3)所述接触发生在溶液中,所述溶液例如为生理盐水或缓冲溶液,所述缓冲溶液例如为磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸盐缓冲液、醋酸盐缓冲液、琥珀酸盐缓冲液、硼酸盐缓冲液、酒石酸盐缓冲液、乳酸盐缓冲液或碳酸盐缓冲液;
(4)所述接触时的pH值为4.0~9.0,优选为6.0~8.0,优选为6.5~7.5,更优选为7.0~7.2。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述缓冲溶液为磷酸盐溶液(PBS)。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述双功能交联剂溶解于二甲基亚砜。
本发明还涉及本发明第一方面任一项的蛋白-细胞偶联物在制备药物和/或疫苗中的用途,所述药物和/或疫苗用于预防或治疗以下疾病中的一项或多项:
(1)与所述蛋白-细胞偶联物中的蛋白相关的疾病;
(2)恶性肿瘤;
(3)病原微生物感染性疾病;
(4)自身免疫性疾病。
以下对本发明进行详述。
在本发明中,所述蛋白既可以为完整的大蛋白分子,也可以为具有某些功能例如表位功能的多肽,多肽的大小例如可以为8~100个氨基酸。其中,蛋白或多肽的氨基可以与双功能交联剂发生化学反应,形成共价连接。
在本发明中,所述蛋白包括但不限于抗原蛋白(例如肿瘤相关抗原、感染性疾病相关抗原、自身免疫性疾病相关抗原)、抗原表位、抗体、激素、生长因子(例如IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-6、EGF、TGF-α、VEGF等)、维生素、集落刺激因子(例如G-CSF、MCSF、GM-CSF等)。
当所述蛋白为抗原蛋白或抗原表位时,可以通过蛋白-细胞偶联物中的细胞将抗原蛋白输送到淋巴组织,以提高抗原蛋白的靶向性。
当所述蛋白为抗体、激素、生长因子等时,可以利用抗体等的靶向性,将具有杀伤性的细胞输送到靶细胞,以提高对靶细胞的杀伤作用。例如可以通过抗体对肿瘤细胞表面抗原的识别,将肿瘤特异性杀伤T细胞带到肿瘤附近,提高杀伤T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤清除作用。
在本发明中,所述抗体为单克隆抗体。
在本发明中,所述抗体既可以为完整的抗体分子,也可以为其抗原结合部分。
在本发明中,所述细胞优选为表面分布有游离巯基的细胞,所述巯基(-SH)可以与双功能交联剂发生化学反应,形成共价连接。本领域技术人员公知,表面分布有巯基的细胞包括:淋巴细胞(例如B细胞、T细胞)、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、NK细胞、树突状细胞等
(Matthias T Stephan,James J Moon,Soong Ho Um,et al.Therapeutic cellengineering with su rface-conjugatedsynthetic nanoparticles.Nature Medicine,2010,16(9),1035-1042)。这些细胞可来自于血液(例如外周血液),也可从组织中分离得到。
在本发明中,所述细胞为活细胞或死细胞(凋亡细胞)。
在本发明中,所述细胞可以是单一类型的细胞,也可以是含有多种细胞的混合物,例如可以是同时含有T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的混合物,或者还同时含有单核细胞或其他细胞组分。
在本发明中,所述细胞的分离培养方法为本领域公知,例如可以从外周血中分离,也可以从骨髓中分离,或者可以从组织中分离。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述细胞从脾脏中分离,所得到的脾细胞主要含有淋巴细胞。
在本发明中,所述蛋白-细胞偶联物中的连接接头是双功能交联剂分别与蛋白和细胞发生化学反应后形成的连接基团。
在本发明中,所述双功能交联剂是指同时含有可以与蛋白偶联(即形成共价连接)的基团,和与细胞偶联(即形成共价连接)的基团的化合物。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述能与氨基结合的基团可以用于与蛋白偶联,所述能与巯基结合的基团可以用于与细胞偶联(见图1)
在本发明的实施方案中,所述的双功能交联剂同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团。其中琥珀酰亚氨基用于和蛋白偶联,马来酰亚氨基用于和细胞偶联。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述双功能交联剂的琥珀酰亚氨基与蛋白上的游离氨基反应形成酰胺键,所述双功能交联剂的马来酰亚氨基与游离巯基反应形成硫醚键(见图1)。
在本发明中,所述酰胺键是指-CO-NH-;在本发明的实施方案中,所述酰胺键是指SMCC的琥珀酰亚氨基与蛋白分子中的游离氨基通过“click”化学反应形成的基团。
在本发明中,所述硫醚键是指R1-S-R2,其中R为有机基团;在本发明的实施方案中,所述硫醚键是指马来酰亚氨基和细胞膜上游离巯基之间形成的共价键。
本领域公知的但本发明未列举的其它双功能交联剂例如同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团的交联剂也在本发明的保护范围内。
在本发明中,所述蛋白-细胞偶联物的制备方法包括先将蛋白与双功能交联剂偶联的步骤,以及将连接了双功能交联剂的蛋白与细胞偶联的步骤,优选地,在与细胞偶联前还包括去除未连接的双功能交联剂的步骤,或者优选地,在与细胞偶联后还包括去除游离的连接了双功能交联剂的蛋白的步骤;或者
其包括先将细胞与双功能交联剂偶联的步骤,以及将连接了双功能交联剂的细胞与蛋白偶联的步骤,优选地,在与蛋白偶联前还包括去除未连接的双功能交联剂的步骤,或者优选地,在与蛋白偶联后还包括去除未连接的蛋白的步骤。
在本发明中,既可以先将蛋白与双功能交联剂偶联,再将连接了双功能交联剂的蛋白与细胞偶联,也可以先将细胞与双功能交联剂偶联,再将连接了双功能交联剂的细胞与蛋白偶联。
在本发明中,所述去除未连接的双功能交联剂的方法为本领域公知的方法,可以根据偶联分子的大小选择适合的方法,例如可以为切向流过滤法(TFF)、吸附色谱法例如高压液相色谱法、吸附过滤法、选择性沉淀法或透析法等。
在本发明中,所述将细胞与游离的蛋白分离的方法为本领域公知,例如可通过离心的方法去除含有细胞的溶液中的蛋白。
在本发明的实施方案中,将双功能交联剂与蛋白或细胞进行偶联反应时,均在溶液中进行。反应溶液可以由本领域技术人员分别根据蛋白和细胞的性质进行选择。在本发明的实施方案中,所述反应在磷酸盐缓冲液中进行。在本发明的实施方案中,所述双功能交联剂溶解于二甲基亚砜。
在本发明中,所述偶联是指两分子之间或分子与细胞之间通过发生化学反应形成共价连接。
在本发明中,所述缓冲溶液是指由“弱酸及其共轭碱”或“弱碱及其共轭酸”所组成的缓冲对配制的,能够在加入一定量其他物质时减缓pH改变的溶液。
在本发明中,所述与蛋白相关的疾病例如可以为与肿瘤抗原蛋白相关的肿瘤,或者与病原微生物已知表面特异的抗原蛋白相关的感染性疾病,或者与自身抗原蛋白相关的自身免疫性疾病,或者其它已知的与蛋白相关、通过激发对该蛋白的免疫反应或引起对该蛋白的免疫耐受即可以用于预防或治疗的疾病。
在本发明的实施方案中,抗原是癌症抗原。如这里使用的“癌症抗原”是与肿瘤或癌细胞表面相关的化合物,如肽或蛋白,而且在抗原递呈细胞表面表达时,其能引起免疫应答。癌症抗原可以通过制备癌细胞的粗提物,例如,如Cohen PA等(1994)Cancer Res54:1055-8中所述,通过部分纯化抗原,通过重组技术,或通过已知抗原的从头合成,从癌细胞制备。癌症抗原包括但不限于,重组表达的抗原,肿瘤或癌症的免疫原性部分或全部。这些抗原可以分离的,或重组或通过本领域已知的任何其它方法制备的。
术语“癌症抗原”和“肿瘤抗原”可以互换使用,而且指由癌细胞差示表达的抗原,并因此可以开发以便用于靶向癌细胞。癌症抗原是可能刺激明显的肿瘤特异性免疫应答的抗原。这些抗原的一些是由正常细胞编码的,尽管未必表达。这些抗原可以表征为其在正常细胞中一般沉默的(即,不表达)抗原,只在分化的某些阶段表达的抗原,以及短暂表达的如胚胎和胎儿抗原。其它的癌症抗原由突变体细胞基因编码,如致癌基因(例如,激活的ras致癌基因),抑制基因(例如,突变体p53),源于内部缺失或染色体易位的融合蛋白质。其它的癌症抗原还可以是由病毒基因编码的,如RNA和DNA肿瘤病毒中携带的那些。肿瘤抗原的例子包括MAGE,MART-1/Melan-A,gp100,二肽基肽酶IV(DPPIV),腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶-结合蛋白(ADAbp),亲环蛋白b,结肠直肠相关抗原(CRC)-C017-1A/GA733,癌胚抗原(CEA)和它的免疫原性抗原表位CAP-1和CAP-2,etv6,am11,前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和它的免疫原性抗原表位PSA-1,PSA-2,和PSA-3,前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA),T-细胞受体/CD3-ζ链,肿瘤抗原的MAGE家族例如,MAGE-A1,MAGE-A2,MAGE-A3,MAGE-A4,MAGE-A5,MAGE-A6,MAGE-A7,MAGE-A8,MAGE-A9,MAGE-A10,MAGE-A11,MAGE-A12,MAGE-Xp2(MAGE-B2),MAGE-Xp3(MAGE-B3),MAGE-Xp4(MAGE-B4),MAGE-C1,MAGE-C2,MAGE-C3,MAGE-C4,MAGE-C5),肿瘤抗原的GAGE家族(例如,GAGE-1,GAGE-2,GAGE-3,GAGE-4,GAGE-5,GAGE-6,GAGE-7,GAGE-8,GAGE-9),BAGE,RAGE,LAGE-1,NAG,GnT-V,MUM-1,CDK4,酪氨酸酶,p53,MUC家族,HER2/neu,p21ras,RCAS1,α-甲胎蛋白,E-桑椹粘着蛋白,α-连环蛋白,β-连环蛋白和γ-斑珠蛋白,p120ctn,gp100Pme1117,PRAME,NY-ESO-1,cdc27,腺瘤的多发性息肉大肠杆菌蛋白(APC),钙影蛋白,连接蛋白37,Ig-个体基因型,p15,gp75,GM2和GD2神经节糖苷,病毒产物如人类乳头状瘤病毒蛋白质,肿瘤抗原的Smad家族,1mp-1,P1A,EBV编码的核抗原(EBNA)-1,脑糖原磷酸化酶,SSX-1,SSX-2(HOM-MEL-40),SSX-1,SSX-4,SSX-5,SCP-1和CT-7以及c-erbB-2。
与这些肿瘤相关(而不是专门地)的癌症或肿瘤和肿瘤抗原,包括急性淋巴母细胞性白血病(etv6;am11;亲环蛋白b),B细胞淋巴瘤(Ig-个体基因型),神经胶质瘤(E-桑椹粘着蛋白;α-连环蛋白;β-连环蛋白;γ-斑珠蛋白;p120ctn),膀胱癌(p21ras),胆癌症(p21ras),乳腺癌(MUC家族;HER2/neu;c-erbB-2),宫颈癌(p53;p21ras),结肠癌(p21ras;HER2/neu;c-erbB-2;MUC家族),结肠直肠癌(结肠直肠相关的抗原(CRC)-C017-1A/GA733;APC),绒毛膜癌(CEA),上皮细胞癌症(亲环蛋白b),胃癌(HER2/neu;c-erbB-2;ga733糖蛋白),肝细胞癌(α-胎儿球蛋白),霍奇金淋巴瘤(1mp-1;EBNA-1),肺癌(CEA;MAGE-3;NY-ESO-1),淋巴样细胞起源的白血病(亲环蛋白b),黑素瘤(p15蛋白,gp75,癌胚抗原,GM2和GD2神经节糖苷),骨髓瘤(MUC家族;p21ras),非小细胞肺癌(HER2/neu;c-erbB-2),鼻咽癌(1mp-1;EBNA-1),卵巢癌(MUC家族;HER2/neu;c-erbB-2),前列腺癌(前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和它的免疫原性抗原表位PSA-1,PSA-2,和PSA-3;PSMA;HER2/neu;c-erbB-2),胰腺癌(p21ras;MUC家族;HER2/neu;c-erbB-2;ga733糖蛋白),肾癌(HER2/neu;c-erbB-2),宫颈和食管的鳞状上皮细胞癌(病毒产物如人乳头状瘤病毒蛋白质),睾丸癌(NY-ESO-1),T细胞白血病(HTLV-1抗原表位),以及黑素瘤(Melan-A/MART-1;cdc27;MAGE-3;p21ras;gp100Pme1117)。
在本发明的实施方案中,所述恶性肿瘤包括,但不限于,皮肤基底细胞癌,胆道癌;膀胱癌;骨癌;脑和CNS癌;乳腺癌;宫颈癌;绒毛膜癌;结肠和直肠癌;结缔组织癌;消化系统的癌症;子宫内膜的癌症;食道癌;眼癌;头部和颈部的癌症;胃癌;上皮细胞内的赘生物;肾癌;喉癌;白血病;肝癌;肺癌(例如小细胞和非小细胞);淋巴瘤包括霍奇金的和非霍奇金的淋巴瘤;黑素瘤;骨髓瘤;成神经细胞瘤;口腔癌(例如,唇,舌,口腔和咽);卵巢癌;胰腺癌;前列腺癌;成视网膜细胞瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;直肠癌;肾癌;呼吸系统的癌;肉瘤;皮肤癌;胃癌;睾丸癌;甲状腺癌;子宫癌;泌尿系统的癌症以及其它的癌和肉瘤。所述肿瘤相关抗原例如为肝癌的甲胎蛋白,黑色素瘤的酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2等。
在本发明中,所述感染性疾病例如为细菌、真菌、病毒和寄生虫相关的感染性疾病。
其中所述病毒包括,但不限于:逆转录病毒(例如,人类免疫缺陷性病毒,如HIV-1(也称为HDTV-III,LAVE或HTLV-III/LAV,或HIV-III;以及其它的分离物,如HIV-LP;细小核糖核酸病毒(例如骨髓灰白质炎病毒,甲型肝炎病毒;肠道病毒,人柯萨奇病毒,鼻病毒,人肠道孤病毒);Calciviridae(例如引起胃肠炎的菌株);披盖病毒科(例如马脑炎病毒,风疹病毒);Flaviridae(例如登革热病毒,脑炎病毒,黄热病毒);冠状病毒科(例如冠状病毒);弹状病毒科(例如水泡性口膜炎病毒,狂犬病病毒);纤丝病毒科(例如埃博拉病毒);副粘病毒科(例如副流感病毒,腮腺炎病毒,麻疹病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒);正粘病毒科(例如流感病毒);Bungaviridae(例如汉坦病素,寄生性野菰病毒,白蛉病毒和内罗病毒);沙粒病毒科(出血热病毒);呼肠孤病毒科(例如呼肠孤病毒,环状病毒和轮状病毒);双核糖核酸病毒科;肝DNA病毒科(乙型肝炎病毒);微小病毒科(细小病毒);乳多空病毒科(乳头状瘤病毒,多形瘤病毒);腺病毒科(大多数腺病毒);疱疹病毒科(单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)1和2,水痘带状疱疹病毒,巨细胞病毒(CMV),疱疹病毒;痘病毒科(天花病毒,牛痘病毒,痘病毒);和虹彩病毒科(例如非洲猪瘟病毒);以及未分类的病毒(例如Δ肝炎因子(认为是乙型肝炎病毒的缺陷随体),非甲非乙型肝炎因子(1类=内部传送;2类=胃肠外传送(即丙型肝炎);诺瓦克和相关病毒,以及星状病毒)。
所述细菌包括革兰氏阴性与革兰氏阳性细菌,都用作脊椎动物中的抗原。革兰氏阳性细菌包括,但不限于,巴斯德菌属,葡萄球菌属和链球菌属菌种。革兰氏阴性细菌包括,但不限于,大肠杆菌,假单胞菌属和沙门氏菌属菌种。感染菌的具体实例包括,但不限于,幽门螺杆菌,布氏疏螺旋体,侵肺军团菌,分支杆菌属数种(例如结核分支杆菌,鸟分支杆菌,胞内分支杆菌,堪萨斯分支杆菌,戈登分支杆菌),金黄色葡萄球菌,淋病奈瑟氏菌,脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌,单核细胞增生利斯特氏菌,酿脓链球菌(A组链球菌属),无乳链球菌(B组链球菌属),链球菌属(viridans组),粪链球菌,牛链球菌,链球菌属(厌氧种),肺炎链球菌,病原性的弯曲杆菌属菌种,肠球菌菌种,流感嗜血杆菌,炭疽杆菌,白喉棒杆菌,棒状杆菌属菌种,红斑丹毒丝菌,产气荚膜梭菌,破伤风杆菌,产气肠杆菌,克雷白氏杆菌,多杀巴斯德氏菌,畸形菌体菌种,具核梭杆菌,念珠状链杆菌,苍白密螺旋体,雅司螺旋体,钩端螺旋体属,立克次氏体和伊氏放线菌。
真菌的实例包括新型隐球菌,荚膜组织胞浆菌,粗球孢子菌,皮炎芽生菌,沙眼衣原体,白色假丝酵母。
寄生虫例如包括疟原虫属数种如镰状疟原虫,三日疟原虫,卵形疟原虫,和间日疟原虫以及龚地弓形虫。血液带有的和/或组织寄生虫包括疟原虫属数种,果氏巴贝虫,分歧巴贝虫,热带利什曼虫,利什曼原虫数种,巴西利什曼虫,杜氏利什曼虫,冈比亚锥虫和罗德西亚锥虫(非洲昏睡病),南美洲锥虫(恰加斯氏病)和龚地弓形虫。
大部分感染性疾病相关蛋白抗原都已被阐述。如:乙型肝炎的表面抗原蛋白,艾滋病的HIV病毒相关蛋白,多数细菌的膜蛋白,真菌的菌壁蛋白,寄生虫发育过程不同阶段中的虫体蛋白等。
在本发明中,所述自身免疫性疾病包括,但不限于,类风湿性关节炎,强直性脊柱炎,变异性皮肤病,克罗恩氏病,多发性硬化,系统性红斑狼疮(SLE),自身免疫脑脊髓炎,重症肌无力(MG),桥本氏甲状腺炎,古德帕斯彻氏综合征,天疱疮(例如,寻常天疱疮),Grave氏病,自身免疫性溶血性贫血,自身免疫性血小板减少性紫癜,带有抗胶原蛋白抗体的硬皮病,混合结缔组织病,多肌炎,恶性贫血,自发的青铜色皮肤病,自身免疫相关的不育症,血管球性肾炎(例如,新月形的血管球性肾炎,增生性的血管球性肾炎),大疱的类天疱疮,舍格伦氏综合征,胰岛素抵抗力和自身免疫糖尿病等。部分自身免疫病的疾病相关自身抗原已经阐明,如:I型糖尿病的胰岛beta细胞抗原,多发性硬化的神经鞘膜细胞抗原,牛皮癣的Pso p27,类风湿关节炎的hsp90,克隆氏病的CUZD1和JP2等。
在本发明中,可以根据细胞的用途来决定使用活细胞或凋亡细胞。例如当用于激发人体的免疫反应以预防或治疗肿瘤或感染性疾病时,可以采用活细胞;当用于引起对自身或外来抗原的免疫耐受以预防或治疗自身免疫性疾病时,可以采用凋亡细胞(因稳态凋亡细胞具有诱导免疫耐受的特性)。
所述制备凋亡细胞的方法为本领域公知,例如可以采用紫外线照射偶联有蛋白的细胞使细胞发生凋亡。
在本发明中,当用于上述用途时,可以采用自体细胞或异体细胞。当用于预防或治疗自身免疫性疾病时,优选采用自体细胞。
发明的有益效果
本发明利用双功能交联剂将蛋白和细胞方便高效地联结起来,得到蛋白-细胞偶联物。可以根据所得到偶联物中蛋白和细胞的性质用于多种用途,例如可以利用细胞的靶向性或者抗原提呈作用,更好地发挥蛋白的免疫作用,同时,用细胞携带的很小量的蛋白即可达到用大量游离可溶性蛋白直接免疫所得到的效果,避免了大量蛋白直接免疫所带来的负作用。
附图说明
图1蛋白、细胞与SMCC偶联示意图。图中protein指的是蛋白分子,cell指的是细胞。
图2KLH与SMCC偶联后的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图。
图3KLH与SMCC反应体系透析前后的高压液相色谱分析图;左边的峰为KLH峰,右边的峰为SMCC峰;其中左边的峰三条曲线从上到下依次是SMCC+KLH透析前,SMCC+KLH透析后,SMCC,右边的峰三条曲线从上到下依次是SMCC+KLH透析前,SMCC,SMCC+KLH透析后。左边纵坐标为紫外光的吸光度(AU),下方的横坐标是保留时间(Min Tenth),单位min,右边纵坐标为电导率(conductivity),单位为毫西门子/厘米(mS/cm),上方的横坐标为管号。
图4小鼠脾细胞表面巯基分布的流式细胞分析图
其中A为细胞未经任何染色(阴性对照),B为未与SMCC-KLH偶联的细胞经连有荧光素的马来亚酰胺染色(反映细胞表面巯基水平),C为与SMCC-KLH偶联的细胞经连有荧光素的马来亚酰胺染色和抗-KLH-PE染色(因SMCC占有了部分巯基,因此荧光素的马来亚酰胺染色减弱)。
图5KLH-SMCC与脾细胞偶联前后的细胞上清中蛋白含量(A)及偶联前后SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图(B)。
图6KLH-SMCC-脾细胞与KLH免疫动物诱导的免疫反应的比较流式细胞分析图
其中A为接受KLH-SMCC-脾细胞免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外不接受任何刺激(只有培养液),B为接受KLH-SMCC-脾细胞免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外接受无关蛋白-人白蛋白(ALB)刺激(阴性对照),C为接受KLH-SMCC-脾细胞免疫的小鼠脾细胞在体外接受植物血凝素(PHA)的刺激(阳性对照),D为接受KLH-SMCC-脾细胞免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外接受KLH的刺激,E为接受KLH免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外不接受任何刺激,F为接受KLH免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外接受ALB刺激,G为接受KLH免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外接受PHA刺激,H为接受KLH免疫的小鼠脾细胞体外接受KLH刺激。
图7KLH-SMCC-脾细胞诱导的T细胞增殖反应。
图8SMCC-胰岛素偶联脾细胞膜表面偶联胰岛素的免疫荧光测定;其中A为与胰岛素孵育的脾细胞,B为与SMCC-胰岛素孵育的脾细胞。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的实施方案进行详细描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,下列实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不应视为限定本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
实施例1抗原与琥珀酰亚胺基4-[N-马来酰亚胺甲基]环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC)的偶联
1)取工具抗原雪蓝蛋白(KLH)(Thermoscientific公司,货号77653),用PBS溶液配制成10mg/ml的溶液,取SMCC(Thermoscientific公司,美国,货号22360)用二甲基亚砜配制成10mM溶液。取0.3mlKLH溶液与30μl的上述SMCC溶液在3ml PBS的反应体系中,室温下共孵育30min,反应后的蛋白接下来进行SMCC连结效率的测定。
2)蛋白电泳测定SMCC的连结效率:取上述反应后的蛋白进行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,对照为KLH蛋白,结果如图2所示。可以看出,SMCC-KLH条带所处位置的分子量较KLH显著增大,SMCC-KLH条带下面的拖尾现象是由于小部分KLH的氨基尚未被SMCC饱和,通过增大SMCC的浓度可改善此现象。
3)游离SMCC的去除:SMCC是小分子物质,KLH-SMCC反应体系中不可避免地存在游离SMCC,而游离SMCC会严重影响KLH-SMCC与细胞的偶联。取步骤1)反应后所得的溶液用2LPBS溶液进行透析,室温,过夜。透析后分别对透析前后的蛋白进行高压液相色谱分析,结果如图3所示。可以看出,经过透析,SMCC峰基本消失,表明游离SMCC已基本去除。透析后的蛋白经冻干后-80℃保存。
实施例2KLH-SMCC与小鼠脾细胞的偶联
1)脾细胞表面巯基的分布:
首先制备脾细胞。取出Balb/c小鼠的新鲜脾脏,放入带毛玻璃表面小器皿,然后用带毛玻璃面的钵杵轻轻研磨,将脾脏制备成细胞匀浆。然后用红细胞溶解液(美国BD公司生产,货号:349202)将红细胞溶解,获得脾脏的单个核细胞。脾脏的单个核细胞(其中淋巴细胞占95%以上)经PBS溶液洗涤后,重悬于PBS溶液中。用马来酰胺荧光素试剂(Fluorescein-5maleimide,maleimide-FL,ANA Spec公司,货号81405)对小鼠脾单个核细胞表面的巯基分布进行检测,具体方法为,maleimide-FL试剂(按厂家说明书)与脾细胞室温下孵育30min,使马来酰胺基团与细胞膜上的巯基反应。用PBS溶液洗细胞2次后,用流式细胞仪检测荧光强度,荧光强度代表细胞膜表面巯基的密度,结果如图4所示。
2)KLH-SMCC与小鼠脾细胞的偶联及检测:
小鼠脾细胞(1×107个)与实施例1制备的KLH-SMCC按1x107脾细胞/0.2mlPBS/0.2mg KLH-SMCC(0.2mg指KLH的量)配比,室温下相互作用30min,用PBS溶液洗细胞2次去除未与细胞结合的KLH-SMCC。然后,用anti-KLH-PE(BD公司,美国,货号560720)和马来酰胺荧光素染色分别检测偶联到细胞膜上的KLH和细胞表面游离的巯基,结果如图4所示,表明KLH-SMCC能够有效地与细胞偶联,得到KLH偶联脾细胞(KLH-SMCC-脾细胞)。
3)为了进一步验证KLH是否偶联到细胞上,取与细胞反应前后的溶液进行蛋白的ELISA含量测定(蛋白浓度测定试剂盒来自ThermoScientific公司,货号23225),结果显示,反应后的蛋白量有少量减少,与细胞反应前的上清中测到的KLH蛋白浓度是3.633±0.088mg/ml,反应后上清中测到的KLH蛋白浓度是3.50±0.058mg/ml,表明KLH已偶联到细胞上(图5A)。偶联到细胞上的蛋白量可按下式计算:((3.633-3.50)/3.633)×0.2mg(反应前溶液实际SMCC-KLH的含量)=0.0074mg,因此,连接到1×107个脾细胞上的蛋白的量约为0.0074mg。取与细胞反应前后的溶液进行SDS-PAGE电泳,结果与ELISA结果一致,如图5B所示,反应后的电泳条带密度较反应前区别不明显,表明有少量蛋白偶联到细胞上。
实施例3KLH偶联脾细胞的活性实验
1)KLH偶联脾细胞诱导的对KLH的免疫反应
取实施例2制备的KLH偶联脾细胞(KLH-SMCC-脾细胞)1×107个(偶联到细胞上的KLH的量约为0.0074mg),尾静脉注射小鼠,对照采用0.4mg KLH,进行腹腔注射,另一组对照采用1x107个未偶联脾细胞进行尾静脉注射(每组3只Balb/c小鼠)。每周注射1次,注射两次,第二次注射后1周处死小鼠,取小鼠脾细胞进行免疫反应检测。小鼠脾细胞用羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE,Invitrogen公司,货号C34554)荧光染色,染色方法为采用1μM CFSE加入含有2x107细胞的2ml细胞溶液中,37℃条件下染色10min,然后,10ml PBS溶液1200转离心洗细胞两次,然后重悬于细胞培养液中供随后的细胞培养用。染色后的脾细胞(1×106/孔)分别用KLH(10μg/ml)、人白蛋白(ALB,10μg/ml)(Baxten公司,货号VNAIM068)、PHA(10μg/ml)(Sigma公司,货号:L-8754)和含10%胎牛血清的RPMI1640培养基(GIBCO公司)刺激培养,4-5天后,流式细胞术检测T细胞分裂增殖情况。细胞分裂次数越多,则CFSE在细胞上的荧光强度越低,因此,根据CFSE荧光强度可以判定细胞的增殖情况。如图6所示,KLH偶联脾细胞输注诱导了很强的对KLH的免疫反应,虽然偶联到细胞上的KLH的量很小,其免疫反应强度甚至高于大量KLH蛋白免疫动物所诱导的对KLH的免疫反应。
2)淋巴细胞增殖实验
用0.2mg KLH,实施例2制备的1x107个KLH-SMCC-脾细胞,1x107个脾细胞,0.2mgKLH孵育过的脾细胞(Cell-KLH,此组是为了观察KLH与细胞自然粘附引起的免疫效应,孵育方法为1x107个脾细胞与0.2mgKLH在0.4ml的PBS溶液中室温下反应40min)免疫Balb/c小鼠(每组3只小鼠)。纯KLH0.2mg和1x107个脾细胞分别采用腹腔和静脉注射给小鼠,每周1次,共两次。最后一次注射后1周将小鼠处死并分离脾细胞。脾细胞(1x106/孔)在KLH(10μg/ml)的刺激下培养5天,最后16小时,加入3H-TdR(0.25uCi/孔)培养(3H-TdR由中国军事医学科学院药理毒理实验室提供,本实验委托中国军事医学科学院药理毒理实验室测定)。然后,液闪仪检测3H-TdR的掺入量(cpm)。掺入量越多说明细胞增殖越多。如图7所示,接受KLH和KLH-SMCC-脾细胞处理的小鼠产生了强烈的T细胞反应,KLH与细胞孵育但未经SMCC偶联的细胞只引起很低的T细胞反应,略高于接受未经任何处理的细胞的小鼠(KLH组与之比较,p<0.01,KLH-SMCC-脾细胞组与之比较,p<0.01)。
实施例4:胰岛素偶联脾细胞的膜结合胰岛素的免疫荧光检测。
SMCC-胰岛素的制备过程同实施例1中SMCC-KLH的制备。接着,按照实施例2的方法,用SMCC-胰岛素与脾细胞孵育得到偶联了胰岛素的脾细胞。然后将细胞通过摔片机摔到载玻片上,通过常规的细胞免疫荧光法对细胞进行染色,具体过程参见胰岛素荧光染色试剂盒说明书(胰岛素荧光染色试剂盒,cosmobio公司,日本)。对照组为脾细胞与胰岛素共孵育。从图8可以看出,SMCC-胰岛素已成功地偶联到脾细胞上,而且强度较大,荧光呈环状进一步说明胰岛素偶联到了细胞膜上。而对照组细胞没有被染色,说明阳性染色为胰岛素特异性染色而不是非特异性的背景染色。
尽管本发明的具体实施方式已经得到详细的描述,本领域技术人员将会理解。根据已经公开的所有教导,可以对那些细节进行各种修改和替换,这些改变均在本发明的保护范围之内。本发明的全部范围由所附权利要求及其任何等同物给出。
Claims (8)
1.蛋白-细胞偶联物,其为蛋白和细胞分别与连接接头共价连接形成的偶联物,所述细胞在未偶联时,其表面分布着游离的巯基;所述的连接接头来源于双功能交联剂,所述双功能交联剂同时含有能与氨基发生反应的基团和与巯基发生反应的基团;其中所述细胞选自淋巴细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞中的至少一种,并且其中所述的蛋白是雪蓝蛋白或胰岛素,其中所述的双功能交联剂同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团,其中所述双功能交联剂的琥珀酰亚氨基与蛋白上的游离氨基反应形成酰胺键,所述双功能交联剂的马来酰亚氨基与细胞上的游离巯基反应形成硫醚键,其中所述的双功能交联剂是琥珀酰亚氨基4-(N-马来酰亚氨甲基)环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC)。
2.一种权利要求1有效诱导免疫应答的蛋白-细胞偶联物的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
(1)将蛋白与双功能交联剂接触,以使双功能交联剂的连接基团与蛋白发生共价连接,得到第一混合物,该混合物包含结合了连接基团的蛋白;
(2)任选地,还包括去除第一混合物中未连接的双功能交联剂的步骤,以得到纯化的结合了连接基团的蛋白;
(3)将步骤(1)或(2)获得的结合了连接基团的蛋白与细胞接触,以使所述连接基团与细胞发生共价连接,得到第二混合物,该混合物包含了分别与连接接头共价连接的蛋白和细胞偶联物,即蛋白-细胞偶联物;
(4)任选地,还包括去除第二混合物中未与细胞连接的蛋白的步骤,以得到纯化的包含有蛋白-细胞偶联物的第二混合物;
或者,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(a)将细胞与双功能交联剂接触,以使双功能交联剂的连接基团与细胞发生共价连接,得到第一混合物,该混合物包含结合了连接基团的细胞;
(b)任选地,还包括去除第一混合物中未连接的双功能交联剂的步骤,以得到纯化的结合了连接基团的细胞;
(c)将步骤(a)或(b)获得的结合了连接基团的细胞与蛋白接触,以使所述连接基团与蛋白发生共价连接,得到第二混合物,该混合物包含了分别与连接接头共价连接的蛋白和细胞偶联物,即蛋白-细胞偶联物;
(d)任选地,还包括去除第二混合物中未与细胞连接的蛋白的步骤,以得到纯化的包含有蛋白-细胞偶联物的第二混合物;
其中所述细胞在未偶联时,其表面分布着游离的巯基;
并且所述的双功能交联剂同时含有能与氨基发生反应的基团和与巯基发生反应的基团;
其中所述细胞选自淋巴细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞中的至少一种,并且其中所述的蛋白是雪蓝蛋白或胰岛素,其中所述的双功能交联剂同时含有琥珀酰亚氨基和马来酰亚氨基基团,其中所述双功能交联剂的琥珀酰亚氨基与蛋白上的游离氨基反应形成酰胺键,所述双功能交联剂的马来酰亚氨基与细胞上的游离巯基反应形成硫醚键,其中所述的双功能交联剂是琥珀酰亚氨基4-(N-马来酰亚氨甲基)环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC)。
3.权利要求2的制备方法,其特征在于以下(1)~(4)项中的一项或多项:
(1)所述接触时的温度为4~40℃;
(2)所述接触的时间为10~60min;
(3)所述接触发生在溶液中,所述溶液为生理盐水或缓冲溶液,所述缓冲溶液为磷酸盐缓冲液、柠檬酸盐缓冲液、醋酸盐缓冲液、琥珀酸盐缓冲液、硼酸盐缓冲液、酒石酸盐缓冲液、乳酸盐缓冲液或碳酸盐缓冲液;
(4)所述接触时的pH值为4.0~9.0。
4.权利要求2的制备方法,其中所述接触时的温度为6~37℃。
5.权利要求2的制备方法,其中所述接触时的温度为15~25℃。
6.权利要求2的制备方法,其中所述接触时的温度为室温。
7.权利要求2的制备方法,其中所述接触的时间为20~50min。
8.权利要求2的制备方法,其中所述接触的时间为30~40min。
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US20180311370A1 (en) | 2018-11-01 |
CN108939059A (zh) | 2018-12-07 |
CN108939059B (zh) | 2022-05-10 |
US10071165B2 (en) | 2018-09-11 |
CN104232576B (zh) | 2018-07-17 |
CN108969753B (zh) | 2022-05-10 |
JP6400687B2 (ja) | 2018-10-10 |
CN104232576A (zh) | 2014-12-24 |
US20160228561A1 (en) | 2016-08-11 |
CN108969753A (zh) | 2018-12-11 |
WO2014198184A1 (zh) | 2014-12-18 |
US10857235B2 (en) | 2020-12-08 |
JP2016523237A (ja) | 2016-08-08 |
CN108904797A (zh) | 2018-11-30 |
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