CN108822837A - 一种氮掺杂碳点及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种氮掺杂碳点及其制备方法和用途,该方法通过将鸟嘌呤在氢氧化钠溶液中进行水热反应制备氮掺杂碳点。该碳点具有粒径小和高的量子产率,并可用于水溶液中硝基类爆炸物2,4,6‑三硝基苯酚的检测。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于荧光碳纳米材料领域,具体涉及一种氮掺杂碳点及其制备方法和用途,尤其涉及一种以鸟嘌呤为原料制备氮掺杂的碳量子点及其应用于硝基类爆炸物2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的检测。
背景技术
碳元素因其独特的结构和优异的物理性质,一直都是物理学、材料科学以及电子技术领域研究人员关注的焦点。富勒烯(fullerene)、碳纳米管(carbon nanotube)、石墨烯的发现,都曾引起科学家的极大兴趣。荧光碳点,又称碳量子点或者碳纳米点,尺寸一般为1-10nm,其作为一种新型的荧光材料,相对半导体量子点如CdTe而言,碳点具有良好的生物相容性。同时,碳点还具有非常好的水溶性、抗光漂白性和优越的荧光性能,越来越受到人们的关注。但仅含有碳、氢、氧的碳点表现出较低的荧光量子产率,影响了碳点在一些领域如生物成像、化学传感和光电器件等方面的实际应用。
目前,氮掺杂是一种有效的提高碳点量子产率的方法。如CN 106318390A公开了一种生物质氮掺杂荧光碳点的制备方法,在该方法中,将牛奶置于釜式反应器中,通过加入碱性溶液之后使牛奶中大分子的蛋白质水解为小分子的多肽和氨基酸,利用加热条件下碱性溶液中多肽和牛奶中还原性糖的快速美拉德反应,经透析袋和冷冻干燥联合处理获得氮掺杂碳点的荧光碳点的固体粉末材料。在该发明中,由于牛奶组成的复杂性,使得碳源和氮源的多样化,不易控制碳点的氮掺杂,且碱性溶液的加入,会使牛奶中蛋白质发生变性,易造成蛋白质发生聚集现象,从而影响后续的美拉德反应。另外,美拉德反应较为复杂,生成的副产物也非常多。因此,有必要寻找一种简单、高效的方法制备氮掺杂碳点。
2,4,6-三硝基苯酚属于硝基类爆炸物,又称为苦味酸,在炸药、固定剂、染色剂和分析试剂方面有着广泛的应用。由于2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的毒性和对基因有致突变性,又难以被生物降解,导致2,4,6-三硝基苯酚易在土壤和水体中富集,造成严重的环境污染问题。另外,2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的爆炸性,又会造成安全问题。当前,对硝基类爆炸物的检测方法主要有高效液相色谱-紫外检测法、表面增强拉曼光谱法、X射线法等,但这些检测手段成本高,检测过程耗时复杂,严重制约了在实际检测中的应用。因此,非常有必要开发低成本、快速、高效、灵敏的硝基类爆炸物的检测方法。
荧光探针技术是一种简单高效、灵敏度高、技术性和专业性要求不强的分析方法,可以现场实时实地检测样品,因此,很有必要开发合适的荧光探针用于2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的检测。
发明内容
为此,本发明的目的之一在于提供一种氮掺杂碳点的制备方法,通过氮掺杂提高碳点的量子产率。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种氮掺杂碳点的制备方法,通过将鸟嘌呤在氢氧化钠溶液中进行水热反应制备氮掺杂碳点。
在本发明方法中鸟嘌呤即是碳源也是氮源,且氮含量高(46.36%),已有研究表明这种含氮量高的物质非常适合用来制备氮掺杂的碳点。
作为优选,水热反应后经固液分离后将上清液纯化、冷冻干燥得到氮掺杂碳点。
作为优选,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将鸟嘌呤溶于氢氧化钠溶液中进行水热反应;
(2)反应结束后冷却至室温,然后固液分离;
(3)所得上清液进行纯化、冷冻干燥得到氮掺杂碳点。
作为优选,鸟嘌呤在氢氧化钠溶液中的浓度为20-40mg/mL,优选为25-30mg/mL。
优选地,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为30-50mmol/L,优选为30-40mmol/L。
作为优选,水热反应的温度为100-180℃,例如为100℃、120℃、140℃、160℃、180℃等,温度过低,基本无反应,不利于样品的制备,优选温度为160-180℃,反应时间为3-16h,例如为3h、6h、9h、12h、16h等,时间过短,碳点产量偏少,时间超过16h,产量没有明显提升,优选时间为6-16h。水热反应可在水热反应釜中进行。水热反应釜可为聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜。
优选地,固液分离通过离心进行。
优选地,离心的速度为8000-12000rpm,例如为8200rpm、9000rpm、9500rpm、10000rpm、10500rpm、11000rpm、11500rpm等,时间为5-30min,例如为7min、9min、12min、15min、18min、22min、25min、28min等,例如在12000rpm下离心30min。
优选地,纯化可通过透析或硅胶柱层析进行。
优选地,透析采用截留分子量为500Da、1000Da或3500Da等的透析袋在水中透析6-24h,例如为8h、10h、12h、15h、18h、20h、23h等,例如用1000或3500Da截留分子量的透析袋透析24h。
作为优选,本发明的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)称取氢氧化钠溶于去离子水中;
(2)称取鸟嘌呤溶于步骤(1)得到的氢氧化钠溶液中;
(3)将步骤(2)得到的溶液转移到水热反应釜中,经过一定温度和一定时间处理后,自然冷却到室温;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的产物高速离心后,将上清液转移到透析袋中,然后冷冻干燥,得到最终的氮掺杂碳点样品。
本发明的目的之二在于提供一种本发明所述制备方法制得的氮掺杂碳点,该碳点具有较高的量子效率。
本发明的目的之三在于提供一种本发明所述氮掺杂碳点在硝基类爆炸物检测中的应用,可降低检测成本,实现高效、灵敏的检测硝基类爆炸物。
硝基类爆炸物优选为2,4,6-三硝基苯酚。
本发明通过水热方法,以鸟嘌呤为原料,制备出氮掺杂的碳点。该碳点具有高的量子产率(QY),可达26.8%,并可用于水溶液中硝基类爆炸物如2,4,6-三硝基苯酚等的检测,随着2,4,6-三硝基苯酚浓度的增加,碳点的荧光猝灭程度增大,检测限可达58.5nM。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中所制备的氮掺杂碳点的透射电镜图;
图2为实施例1中所制备的氮掺杂碳点的荧光激发和发射光谱;
图3为实施例1中所制备的氮掺杂碳点的紫外吸收光谱;
图4为实施例1中所制备的氮掺杂碳点加入不同浓度的2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的荧光发射谱。
具体实施方式
为便于理解本发明,本发明列举实施例如下。本领域技术人员应该明了,所述实施例仅仅用于帮助理解本发明,不应视为对本发明的具体限制。
实施例1
称取1g鸟嘌呤溶于35mL 37.5mM氢氧化钠溶液中,磁力搅拌完全溶解后,将混合溶液转移到50mL内衬为聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜,放入鼓风干燥箱中,于160℃放置12h,自然冷却至室温。将产物转移到EP管中,在12000rpm条件下离心10min,然后将上清液使用截留分子量为500Da的透析袋透析24h,得到纯化的碳点溶液,用冷冻干燥机将其冻干,得到氮掺杂的高量子产率的碳点粉末。
所制备的氮掺杂碳点的透射电镜图,荧光激发和发射光谱,紫外光谱图分别见图1-3所示。图1中显示所制碳点的平均粒径约为3nm;图2显示所制碳点的荧光激发波长和发射波长分别为365nm和453nm;图3显示所制碳点在270nm有强的电子吸收谱,量子产率为26.8%。
实施例2
实施例2与实施例1的不同之处在于,称取0.5g鸟嘌呤溶于20mL 40mM氢氧化钾溶液中,超声处理完全溶解后,将混合溶液转移到50mL内衬为聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜,放入马弗炉中,于170℃放置10h,自然冷却至室温。将产物转移到EP管中,在10000rpm条件下离心20min,然后将上清液使用截留分子量为1000Da的透析袋透析16h,得到纯化的碳点溶液,用冷冻干燥机将其冻干,得到氮掺杂的高量子产率的碳点粉末。其平均粒径为3nm,量子产率为26.4%。
实施例3
实施例3与实施例1的不同之处在于,称取0.7g鸟嘌呤溶于30mL 35mM氢氧化钠溶液中,超声处理完全溶解后,将混合溶液转移到50mL内衬为聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜,放入微波水热反应装置中,于180℃反应3h,自然冷却至室温。将产物转移到EP管中,在11000rpm条件下离心15min,然后使用硅胶柱层析的方法,得到纯化的碳点溶液,用冷冻干燥机将其冻干,得到氮掺杂的高量子产率的碳点粉末。其平均粒径为2.9nm,量子产率为26.7%。
实施例4
实施例4与实施例1的不同之处在于,称取一定量的鸟嘌呤完全溶于氢氧化钾溶液中,然后将混合溶液转移到100mL内衬为聚四氟乙烯水热反应釜,放入马弗炉中,于180℃放置6h,自然冷却至室温。将产物转移到EP管中,在8000rpm条件下离心30min,然后使用截留分子量为3500Da的透析袋透析,得到纯化的碳点溶液,用冷冻干燥机将其冻干,得到氮掺杂的高量子产率的碳点粉末。其平均粒径为2.8nm,量子产率为26.6%。
氮掺杂碳点对2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的荧光检测
将实施例1制得的氮掺杂碳点配制成1mL浓度为0.3mg/mL的水溶液,向其中加入2,4,6-三硝基苯酚,使其浓度分别为0.4,0.8,2,4,6,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,120,140,160,180,200μM,室温充分混合后放置5min。然后在365nm激发波长下,用荧光光谱仪分析氮掺杂碳点在2,4,6-三硝基苯酚加入前后荧光发射谱的变化,见图4所示。
图4表明,随着2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的浓度增加,碳点在453nm处的发射峰明显降低,即发生荧光猝灭现象,因此,此方法制备得到的氮掺杂碳点可实现对2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的测定,检测限为58.5nM。
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。
Claims (10)
1.一种氮掺杂碳点的制备方法,其特征在于,通过将鸟嘌呤在氢氧化钠溶液中进行水热反应制备氮掺杂碳点。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,水热反应后经固液分离后将上清液纯化、冷冻干燥得到氮掺杂碳点。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将鸟嘌呤溶于氢氧化钠溶液中进行水热反应;
(2)反应结束后冷却至室温,然后固液分离;
(3)所得上清液进行透析、冷冻干燥得到氮掺杂碳点。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,鸟嘌呤在氢氧化钠溶液中的浓度为20-40mg/mL,优选为25-30mg/mL;
优选地,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为30-50mmol/L,优选为30-40mmol/L;
优选地,水热反应的温度为140-180℃,时间为1-16h。
5.根据权利要求2-4任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,固液分离通过离心进行。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,离心的速度为8000-12000rpm,时间为5-30min。
7.根据权利要求2-6任一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,纯化通过透析或硅胶柱层析进行;
优选地,透析采用截留分子量为500、1000或3500Da的透析袋在水中透析6-24h。
8.一种权利要求1-7任一项所述制备方法制得的氮掺杂碳点。
9.权利要求8所述氮掺杂碳点在硝基类爆炸物检测中的用途。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其特征在于,所述硝基类爆炸物为2,4,6-三硝基苯酚。
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