CN1087932A - 包含二(二氟甲基)醚的制冷组合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及制冷组合物,包括二(二氟甲基)醚和
一种第二组分的混合物,其中第二组分是1-三氟甲
基-1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、二氟甲氧基五氟乙烷、1-三
氟甲氧基-1,2,2,2-四氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-2,2,
2-三氟乙烷、三(三氟甲基)胺、五氟化二氟甲基硫、
五氟化五氟乙基硫、氨、丁烷或异丁烷的组合物。本
发明也涉及共沸或类共沸的组合物,其中包括有效量
的二(二氟甲基)醚和一种上述第二组分的混合物。
Description
本发明涉及包含二(二氟甲基)醚为一组分的制冷组合物。本发明也涉及包含二(二氟甲基)醚的二元的组合物,所述组合物还可用作为清洁剂、聚烯烃和聚氨酯类的膨胀剂、气溶胶推进剂、制冷剂、热转移介质、气体电介质、灭火剂、能量循环工作流体、聚合介质、颗粒除去流体、载体流体、研磨缓冲剂和干燥剂的替代剂。
氟化烃类有许多用途,其中之一是作为制冷剂。这类制冷剂包括二氯二氟甲烷(CFC-12)和一氯二氟甲烷(HCFC-22)。
近年来,已指出某些排放入大气的氟化烃类制冷剂会逆向影响同温层臭氧层。虽然这种主张尚未被完全证实,但是在国际协议下正掀起控制某些氯氟烃类(CFCs)和氢氯氟烃类(HCFCs)的使用和生产的运动。
因此,有要求发展比现有制冷剂消耗臭氧能力低,同时仍能达到可接受制冷性能的制冷剂。已经建议用氢氟烃类(HFCs)来取代CFCs和HCFs,因为HFCs不含氯,因此不具消耗臭氧的能力。
在制冷应用中,制冷剂常在操作期间经过下列泄漏而损失掉:轴密封点、蛇管连接、焊接点和破裂的管线。此外,制冷剂在维修制冷设备过程中也可能会排放入大气中。假若该制冷剂不是一种纯组分或一种共沸的或类共沸组合物,该制冷剂当从制冷设备泄漏或排放入大气中时,该制冷剂的组成就会改变,这会造成制冷剂变得可燃或使制冷性能变差。
因此,需要使用单一的氟化烃或包含一种或几种氟化烃类的一种共沸的或类共沸组合物来作为制冷剂。
氟化烃类也可用作为一种清洁剂或清洁如电子线路板的溶剂。希望该清洁剂是共沸的或类共沸的,因为在蒸气去油操作中,为了最后漂洗清洁,该清洁剂通常要被再蒸馏和再利用。
含有一种氟化烃的共沸组合物或类共沸组合物在下列情况中也是有用的:在密闭小泡的聚氨酯、酚醛和热塑性泡沫的制造中作为吹气剂,气溶胶中作推进剂,作热转移介质,气体电介质,灭火剂,能量循环工作流体,例如用于热泵,聚合反应的情况介质,用作从金属表面除去颗粒的流体,作为载体流体,例如可用于将润滑剂的薄膜放在金属部件上,或者作为研磨缓冲剂用于从磨光的金属等表面上除去研磨缓冲化合物,作为从例如珠宝或金属部件上除去水的干燥剂的代用品,作为常规电路制作技术中的显示保护剂,包括氯型显示剂,以及当与例如1,1,1-三氯乙烷或三氯乙烯之类试剂一起使用时作为光刻胶的剥离剂。
本发明涉及发明二(二氟甲基)醚和1-三氟甲氧基-1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、二氟甲氧基五氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-1,2,2,2-四氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-2,2,2-三氟乙烷、三(三氟甲基)胺、五氟化二氟甲基硫、五氟化五氟乙基硫、氨、丁烷或异丁烷的组合物。本发明组合物还可用作为清洁剂、聚烯烃和聚氨酯类的膨胀剂、气溶胶推进剂、制冷剂、热转移介质、气体电介质、灭火剂、能量循环工作流体、聚合介质、颗粒除去流体、载体流体、研磨缓冲剂和干燥剂的替代剂。而且,本发明也涉及发明包含有效量的二(二氟甲基)醚和一种第二组分形成共沸或类共沸组合物的二元共沸或类共沸组合物。
本发明涉及二(二氟甲基)醚(134E,或CHF2OCHF2,沸点=5℃)和至少下列组分之一的组合物:
1.1-三氟甲氧基-1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(227caEαβ,或CF3-OCF2CHF2,沸点=约0℃),
2.二氟甲氧基五氟乙烷(227caEαγ,或CHF2OCF2CF3,沸点=-8.0℃),
3.1-三氟甲氧基-1,2,2,2,2-四氟乙烷(227eaE,或CF3-OCHFCF3,沸点=-9.4℃),
4.1-三氟甲氧基-2,2,2-三氟乙烷(236faE,或CF3OCH2-CF3,沸点=5.6℃),
5.三(三氟甲基)胺((CF3)3N,沸点=-6.5℃),
6.五氟化二氟甲基硫(SF5CF2H,沸点=5.1℃),
7.五氟化五氟乙基硫(SF5C2F5,沸点=13.5℃),
8.氨(NH3),
9.丁烷,
10.异丁烷。
227caEαβ(CAS Reg.No.2356-61-8)已由二氟乙酰氟与氟化铯和碳酰氟的反应,接着四氟化硫处理来制备,见由Eisemann在U.S.P.3362190中公开的。
227caEβγ(CAS Reg.No.53997-64-1)已由CHCl2OCF2-CHClF的电化学氟化制备,见Okazaki等人在J.Fluorine Chem.,V.4,pp.387-397(1974)。
227eaE(CAS Reg.No.2356-62-9)由2-三氟甲氧基-四氟丙酰氟(CF3CF(OCF3)COF)与氢氧化钾水溶液,在230℃的反应制备,见Eisemann的U.S.P.3362190。
236faE(CAS Reg.No.20193-67-3)已由2,2,2-三氟乙醇与碳酰氟反应,制成中间体CF3CH2OCOF,它再与四氟化硫在150-200℃反应制成产物,见Eisemann的U.S.P.3,394,878。
(CF3)3N(CAS Reg.No.432-03-1)已由三甲胺在无水HF中电化学氟化制备,公开于Kauck和Simons的U.S.P.2616927中。
SF5CF2H(CAS Reg.No.420-67-7)已由甲硫醇与氟气反应制备,由Silvey和Cady公开于U.S.P.No.2697726和J.Am.Chem.Soc.,V.72,pp.3624-26(1950)。
SF5C2F5(CAS Reg.No.354-67-6)已由乙硫醚在无水HF中电化学氟化制备,见Dresdner于J.Am.Chem.Soc.,V.79,pp.69-70(1957)。
下列组合物可用作制冷剂:
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% 227caEαβ;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% 227caEβγ;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% 227eaE;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% 236feE;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% (CF3)3N;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% SF5CF2H;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% SF5C2F5;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% NH3;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% 丁烷;
1-99wt% 134E和1-99wt% 异丁烷。
本发明也涉及发明有效量的134E和一种第二组分形成共沸或类共沸的组合物,其中第二组分是227caEαβ、227caEβγ、227eaE、236feE、(CF3)3N、SF5CF2H、SF5C2F5、NH3、丁烷、异丁烷。
“共沸”组合物意谓两种或几种物质的恒沸液体混合物,其行为象一种单一物质。表征一种共沸组分的方法之一是将该液体部分蒸发或蒸馏产生的蒸气与该液体,即混合物蒸馏液/回流液具有相同的组成,而没有组成变化。恒沸组合物的特征是共沸的,因为与相同组分的非共沸混合物相比,它们或显示最高沸点或显示最低沸点。
“类共沸”组合物意谓两种或几种物质的恒沸或基本恒沸的液体混合物,其行为象一种单一物质,表征一种类共沸组合物的方法之一是将该液体部分蒸发或蒸馏产生的蒸气与该液体,即混合物蒸馏液/回流液具有基本上相同的组成,而没有组成变化。
本领域中已认识到,一种共沸或类共沸的组合物若在50wt%的组合物被用蒸发或沸腾除去后,原有组合物和除去50wt%原有组合物后剩下的组合物的蒸气压之间的差,当用绝对单位来衡量时,为小于10%。用绝对单位的含义是用本领域中熟知的压力单位来测量,如磅/平方英寸、大气压、巴、托、达因每平方厘米、毫米汞柱、英寸水柱及其它相当的术语。
本发明也涉及发明有效量的134E和一种第二组分形成共沸或类共沸的组合物,其中第二组分是227caEαβ、227caEβγ、227eaE、236feE、(CF3)3N、SF5CF2H、SF5C2F5、NH3、丁烷、异丁烷。这样在原组合物的50wt%蒸发或沸腾掉后产生一种剩余组合物,原组合物和剩余组合物的蒸气压之差为10%或更小。
本发明基本上恒沸、共沸或类共沸的组合物包括如下(所有组成在25℃时测量):
组分 重量范围 优选范围
(wt.%/wt/%) (wt.%/wt.%)
134E/227caEαβ 1-99/1-99 1-40/60-99
134E/227caEβγ 1-59/41-99 1-30/70-99
134E/227eaE 1-57/43-99 1-30/70-99
134E/236faE 1-99/1-99 30-70/30-70
134E/(CF3)3N 1-57/43-99 1-40/60-99
134E/SF5CF2H 1-99/1-99 ---
134E/SF5C2F51-99/1-99 40-99/1-60
134E/NH335-85/15-65 40-70/30-60
134E/丁烷 1-99/1-99 ---
134E/异丁烷 1-84/16-99 1-70/30-99
对于本发明的目的,“有效量”被定义为本发明组合物的每个组分,当结合一起形成共沸的或类共沸组合物时的量。该定义包括各个组分的数量,该数量可以随着加在组合物上的压力而变化,只要共沸的或类共沸组合物继续以该不同压力存在,但可能沸点不同。
因此,有效量包括例如可以重量百分数表达的本发明的组合物的各组分,在这里描述过以外的温度和压力下,形成共沸的或类共沸的组合物的用量。
为了讨论的目的,共沸或恒沸的含义也表示基本上共沸或基本上恒沸。换言之,在这些术语中的含义所包括的不仅是上述的真的共沸物,而且也包括含有这些相同的组分以不同比例存在的其它组合物,以及属于相同共沸体系部分的,在性质上是类共沸物的那些相当的组合物。如本领域中已充分认识到的,含有与共沸物相同组分的组合物有一个范围,它不仅对于制冷和其它应用方面显示基本上相当的性质,而且会在恒沸特征或在沸腾时没有分离的倾向方面,也显示与真的共沸组合物基本上相当的性质。
事实上,用下列任何一条标准来表征一种恒沸混合物是可能的,该恒沸混合物可以各种外观出现,取决于所选的条件。
*这种组合物可定义为A、B、C(和D…)的共沸物,因为该术语“共沸物”立即意味着它是确定的和受到限制的,并对这种是恒沸组合物的唯一物质组成,需要有效量的A,B,C(和D…)。
*本领域的技术人员已经熟知,在不同压力下,给定共沸物的组成至少可在一定程度内变化,压力变化也至少在一定程度上使沸点温度改变。因此,A、B、C(和D…)的一种共沸物代表了一种独特类型的关系,但组成可随着温度和/或压力而变。所以,常用组成范围,而不是用固定的组成来定义共沸物。
*该组合物可定义为A、B、C(和D…)的特定的重量百分数关系或摩尔百分数关系,同时认识到这些特定的值仅仅指出一种特定的关系,并且在事实上,由A、B、C(和D…)代表的一系列这种关系,实际上对于一种给定的但受压力影响而变化的共沸物是存在的。
*A、B、C(和D…)的一种共沸物的表征方法可以是,将该组合物定义为以一定压力下的沸点为特征的共沸物,因此以一种具体的数字组成给出鉴定的特征不会不合理地限制本发明的范围,它只受到所用分析仪器的限制,并具有所用分析仪器的准确度。
本发明的共沸物或类沸组合物可由任何方便的方法,包括混合所需的量来制备。优选的方法是称好所需的各组分的量,然后在合适的容器中将它们混合。
下面给出说明本发明的具体实例,除非另外说明,所有百分数以重量计。应当理解,这些实例仅仅作为说明目的,并非以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
实例1相研究
在25℃的相研究表明,下列组合物是共沸的。
组合物号 蒸气压
Psia(KPa)
1 19.5wt%134E 80.5wt%227caEαβ 43.0(296)
2 23.0wt%134E 77.0wt%227caEβγ 53.3(368)
3 21.8wt%134E 78.2wt%227eaE 55.8(385)
4 47.1wt%134E 52.9wt%236faE 34.8(240)
5 28.0wt%134E 72.0wt%(CF3)3N 58.5(404)
6 35.6wt%134E 64.4wt%SF5CF2H 32.6(225)
7 53.6wt%134E 46.4wt%SF5C2F534.1(235)
8 52.9wt%134E 47.1wt%NH3165.5(1141)
9 45.5wt%134E 54.5wt%丁烷 36.2(249)
10 17.1wt%134E 82.9wt%异丁烷 50.7(350)
实例2 25℃时蒸气泄漏对蒸气压的影响
在25℃时将一容器盛装起始组合物,测量组合物的蒸气压。让该组合物从容器内泄出,保持温度为25℃,直至起始组合物的50wt%被除去,这时测量留在容器内的组合物的蒸气压,结果总结如下。
制冷 0wt%已蒸发 50wt%已蒸发 %蒸气
组合物 psia(kPa) psia(kPa) 压变化
134E/227caEαβ
1.0/99.0 41.5(286) 41.5(286) 0
19.5/80.5 43.0(296) 43.0(296) 0
40.0/60.0 42.0(290) 41.5(286) 1.1
70.0/30.0 38.2(263) 35.8(247) 6.4
99.0/1.0 30.8(212) 30.5(210) 0.9
134E/227caEβγ
1.0/99.0 49.3(340) 49.1(339) 0.4
23.0/77.0 53.3(367) 53.3(367) 0
30.0/70.0 53.1(366) 53.0(366) 0.3
50.0/50.0 51.3(354) 48.9(337) 4.6
59.0/41.0 49.9(344) 45.1(311) 9.8
134E/227eaE
1.0/99.0 51.8(357) 51.6(356) 0.4
21.8/78.2 55.8(385) 55.8(385) 0
30.0/70.0 55.6(383) 55.3(381) 0.4
50.0/50.0 53.5(369) 50.7(350) 5.3
57.0/43.0 52.4(361) 47.4(327) 9.7
134E/236faE
1.0/99.0 29.9(206) 29.8(205) 0.4
30.0/70.0 34.3(236) 34.1(235) 0.6
47.1/52.9 34.8(240) 34.8(240) 0
70.0/30.0 34.1(235) 33.8(233) 1.0
99.0/1.0 30.6(211) 30.5(210) 0.3
134E/(CF3)3N
1.0/99.0 47.6(328) 46.3(319) 2.8
28.0/72 58.5(404) 58.5(404) 0
30.0/70.0 58.5(404) 58.5(404) 0
40.0/60.0 58.2(401) 57.6(397) 1.0
57.0/43.0 57.1(394) 51.4(354) 9.9
134E/SF5CF2H
1.0/99.0 31.4(216) 31.4(216) 0
35.6/64.4 32.6(225) 32.6(225) 0
40.0/60.0 32.6(225) 32.6(225) 0
60.0/40.0 32.2(222) 32.2(222) 0
99.0/1.0 30.5(210) 30.5(210) 0
134E/SF5C2F5
1.0/99.0 23.6(163) 23.0(159) 2.3
40.0/60.0 33.9(234) 33.6(232) 0.8
53.6/46.4 34.1(235) 34.1(235) 0
70.0/30.0 33.8(233) 33.5(231) 0.9
99.0/1.0 30.6(211) 30.5(210) 0.4
134E/NH3
35.0/65.0 165.5(1141) 165.2(1139) 0.1
40.0/60.0 165.5(1141) 165.4(1140) 0.1
52.9/47.1 165.5(1141) 165.5(1141) 0
70.0/30.0 165.4(1140) 164.7(1136) 0.3
85.0/15.0 163.7(1129) 147.7(1018) 9.7
134E/丁烷
1.0/99.0 35.3(243) 35.2(243) 0
30.0/70.0 36.0(248) 36.0(248) 0
45.5/54.5 36.2(249) 36.2(249) 0
70.0/30.0 35.6(245) 35.4(244) 0.4
99.0/1.0 30.8(212) 30.7(212) 0.3
134E/异丁烷
1.0/99.0 50.5(348) 50.5(348) 0
17.1/82.9 50.7(350) 50.7(350) 0
30.0/70.0 50.6(349) 50.5(348) 0.1
70.0/30.0 46.9(323) 44.9(310) 4.2
84.0/16.0 42.9(296) 38.7(267) 9.7
本实例的结果表明这些组合物是共沸的或类沸的,因为当50wt%原组合物被除去后,剩余组合物在25℃时的蒸气压与原组合物的蒸气压相差在约10%以内。
实例3 制冷剂性能
下表表明本发明各种制冷剂的性能。数据基于下列条件:
蒸发器温度 4.4℃(40.0°F)
冷凝器温度 37.8℃(100.0°F)
压缩机效率为75%。
本发明的新组合物,包括共沸的或类共沸的组合物,可用于产生制冷作用,方法是将该组合物冷凝,然后在待冷物体周围蒸发该冷凝物。该新组合物也可用于产生热,方法是在待加热物体的附近冷凝该制冷剂,然后蒸发该制冷剂。
除用于制冷作用外,本发明的新恒沸或基本上恒沸组合物也有益于用作气溶胶推进剂、热转移介质、气体电介质、灭火剂、聚烯烃和聚氨酯类的膨胀剂和能量循环工作流体。
附加组合物
上述共沸的或类共沸的组合物中还可以加入其它组分,如:
沸点在-60-+30℃间的脂属烃,
沸点在-60-+30℃间的氢氟碳烷烃,
沸点在-60-+30℃间的氢氟丙烷,
沸点在-60-+30℃间的烃类酯,
沸点在-60-+30℃间的氢氯氟烃,
沸点在-60-+30℃间的氢氟烃,
沸点在-60-+30℃间的氢氯烃,
氯化碳和过氟化化合物,而基本上不改变组合物的性质,包括其恒沸行为。
各种添加剂,如润滑剂、防腐蚀剂、稳定剂、染料和其它合适的材料也可为了各种目的而加入本发明的新组合物中,只要它们对该组合物的预定应用没有不利影响。优选的润滑剂包括分子量大于250的酯类。
Claims (5)
1、一种制冷组合物,包括二(二氟甲基)醚和1-三氟甲氧基-1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、二氟甲氧基五氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-1,2,2,2-四氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-2,2,2-三氟乙烷、三(三氟甲基)胺、五氟化二氟甲基硫、五氟化五氟乙基硫、氨、丁烷或异丁烷的组合物。
2、一种由有效量的二(二氟甲基)醚和一种第二组分形成的共沸或类共沸组合物,其中第二组分是1-三氟甲氧基-1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、二氟甲氧基五氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-1,2,2,2-四氟乙烷、1-三氟甲氧基-2,2,2-三氟乙烷、三(三氟甲基)胺、五氟化二氟甲基硫、五氟化五氟乙基硫、氨、丁烷或异丁烷的组合物。
3、根据权利要求2的共沸或类共沸组合物,其中该组合物包括:
1-99wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和1-99wt%1-三氟甲氧基-1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷;
1-59wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和41-99wt%二氟甲氧基五氟乙烷;
1-57wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和43-99wt%1-三氟甲氧基-1,2,2,2-四氟乙烷;
1-99wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和1-99wt%1-三氟甲氧基-2,2,2-三氟乙烷;
1-57wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和43-99wt%三(三氟甲基)胺;
1-99wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和1-99wt%五氟化二氟甲基硫;
1-99wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和1-99wt%五氟化五氟乙基硫;
35-85wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和15-65wt%氨;
1-99wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和1-99wt%丁烷;
1-84wt%二(二氟甲基)醚和16-99wt%异丁烷。
4、一种产生制冷作用的方法,包括将权利要求1-3之任一组合物冷凝,然后将在待冷却物体附近的该组合物蒸发。
5、一种产生热的方法,包括将在待加热物体附近的权利要求1-3之任一组合物冷凝,然后将在待加热物体附近的该组合物蒸发。
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CN103571437A (zh) * | 2013-11-28 | 2014-02-12 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | 一种含氨的混合制冷剂 |
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US5441659A (en) * | 1993-11-12 | 1995-08-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Compositions including a fluoroamine and a second component |
DE69611930T3 (de) * | 1995-10-20 | 2010-05-20 | Minnesota Mining And Mfg. Co., Saint Paul | Hydrofluorether als tieftemperaturkühlmittel |
USRE37054E1 (en) * | 1996-10-16 | 2001-02-20 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Secondary loop refrigeration system |
US5819549A (en) * | 1996-10-16 | 1998-10-13 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Secondary loop refrigeration system |
US5783110A (en) * | 1997-04-17 | 1998-07-21 | R-Tect, Inc. | Composition for the detection of electrophilic gases and methods of use thereof |
IT1293327B1 (it) | 1997-07-11 | 1999-02-16 | Ausimont Spa | Composizioni refrigeranti |
US6849194B2 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2005-02-01 | Pcbu Services, Inc. | Methods for preparing ethers, ether compositions, fluoroether fire extinguishing systems, mixtures and methods |
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US2697726A (en) * | 1951-05-29 | 1954-12-21 | Gene A Silvey | Trifluoromethylsulfur pentafluoride and method of preparing the same |
US3409555A (en) * | 1965-08-25 | 1968-11-05 | Du Pont | Refrigerant composition |
US3362180A (en) * | 1965-08-25 | 1968-01-09 | Du Pont | Chemical process |
US3887439A (en) * | 1972-09-25 | 1975-06-03 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Separation of fluorinated dimethyl ethers by extractive distillation |
US4041148A (en) * | 1975-10-14 | 1977-08-09 | W. R. Grace & Co. | New aerosol propellants for personal products |
US4315098A (en) * | 1979-07-25 | 1982-02-09 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Insulative spacer for a low temperature coaxial cable and coaxial cable including the same |
US4961321A (en) * | 1989-02-28 | 1990-10-09 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Bis (difluoromethyl) ether refrigerant |
GB8919675D0 (en) * | 1989-08-31 | 1989-10-11 | Ici Plc | Polymeric foams |
EP0431542A3 (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1991-12-27 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of foams |
JPH03231939A (ja) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-10-15 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | フェノール樹脂発泡体の製造方法 |
JPH03229730A (ja) * | 1990-02-06 | 1991-10-11 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | ポリオレフィン発泡体の製造方法 |
JPH04110386A (ja) * | 1990-08-31 | 1992-04-10 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 熱伝達用流体 |
US5182040A (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1993-01-26 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane |
CA2059067A1 (en) * | 1991-04-24 | 1992-10-25 | Lee G. Sprague | Ozone safe refrigerants and blowing agents |
DE4119459A1 (de) * | 1991-06-13 | 1992-12-17 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von zellhaltigen kunststoffen nach dem polyisocyanat-polyadditionsverfahren und niedrigsiedende, fluorierte und/oder perfluorierte, tertiaere alkylamine als treibmittel enthaltende emulsionen hierfuer |
JPH0549711A (ja) * | 1991-08-26 | 1993-03-02 | Daikin Ind Ltd | イオウ系化合物を含む消火剤 |
ATE199565T1 (de) * | 1991-12-03 | 2001-03-15 | Us Environment | Kältemittelzusammensetzung sowie verfahren zu deren benutzung |
KR940703901A (ko) * | 1992-01-10 | 1994-12-12 | 수잔 제인 젠틀 | 냉매로서 유용한 조성물(compositions useful as refrigerants) |
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CN103571437A (zh) * | 2013-11-28 | 2014-02-12 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | 一种含氨的混合制冷剂 |
CN103571437B (zh) * | 2013-11-28 | 2016-08-17 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | 一种含氨的混合制冷剂 |
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