CN108727566A - 一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料的开发与应用 - Google Patents

一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料的开发与应用 Download PDF

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CN108727566A
CN108727566A CN201810358163.5A CN201810358163A CN108727566A CN 108727566 A CN108727566 A CN 108727566A CN 201810358163 A CN201810358163 A CN 201810358163A CN 108727566 A CN108727566 A CN 108727566A
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Abstract

本发明开发一类基于咔唑‑蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料:其化学结构式为:其中n的值为1‑100;A为具有π共轭结构的单元,选自下列单元中的一种:R1为下列基团中的一种:R2为下列基团中的一种:

Description

一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料的开发与应用
技术领域
本发明涉及有机电子领域,具体来说涉及一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料的开发及在有机电子领域中的应用。
背景技术
在有机电子发展过程中,利用有机材料代替传统半导体材料制备有机电子器件是现代电子工业发展的一个巨大变革;有机电子器件重量轻、成本低、可弯曲、适于大面积制备,与无机半导体器件,具有明显的优势,在曲面显示、无线射频识别、光检测、新能源获取与存储等领域有已经有了广阔的应用。有机电子器件包括有机发光二极管、有机薄膜晶体管、有机太阳能电池、有机存储等。这些器件由各种功能材料构成,空穴传输材料具有空穴传输性能,是将空穴载流子向电极传入或从电极传出,是制约电子器件性能的关键材料之一。
尽管国内外已开发不同类型的空穴传输材料,但是,稳定性好、溶解性能好、高载流子迁移率、能级易调控的空穴传输材料仍需要大力开发。
发明内容
解决的技术问题:针对现有的空穴传输材料存在稳定性差、溶解性差、载流子迁移率低、能级不易调的缺点,本发明设计了一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料,该材料具有稳定性好、溶解性能好、高载流子迁移率、能级易调控等优点。
技术方案:一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料,所述材料的化学结构式为:
其中n的值为1-100;A为具有π共轭结构的单元,选自下列单元中的一种:
R1为下列基团中的一种:
R2为下列基团中的一种:
上面所述的A为R1R2空穴传输聚合物材料为Cbz-Ant,其结构式为:
其中n的值为1-100。
本发明提供上述聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的合成方法。
本发明提供上述聚合物材料Cbz-Ant作为空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用。
有益效果:本发明提供的一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料,具有以下有益效果:
(1)本发明基于咔唑-蒽结构的聚合物材料具有很好的稳定性,咔唑结构单元控制HOMO能级,蒽单元提供较高载流子迁移率,保证这类材料具有能级匹配、高载流子迁移率优异性能;
(2)调控π共轭结构单元A,进而调控聚合物链的共轭程度与链间堆积;侧链上引入多个柔性直链或支链,保证材料具有好的溶液加工性能;这样的空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池、有机太阳能电池、有机发光二极管、有机存储、有机薄膜晶体管等电子领域,具有潜在而广泛的应用前景。
附图说明
结合如下附图及详细描述将会更清楚地理解本上述发明内容和其它特征及优点,其中:
图1是4,4′-二溴-2-硝基-1,1′-联苯(1)的核磁共振氢谱图;
图2是2,7-二溴-9H-咔唑(2)的核磁共振氢谱图;
图3是2,7-二溴-9-辛基-9H-咔唑(3)的核磁共振氢谱图;
图4是9-辛基-2,7-二噻吩-9H-咔唑(4)的核磁共振氢谱图;
图5是单体M1的核磁共振氢谱图;
图6是2,6-二溴-9,10-蒽醌(5)的核磁共振氢谱图;
图7是5,5′-[9,10-(2,6-二溴蒽)]-双十二烷基噻吩(6)的核磁共振氢谱图;
图8是单体M2的核磁共振氢谱图;
图9是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的核磁共振氢谱图;
图10是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的UV-vis吸收光谱图;
图11是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的UPS曲线图;
图12是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的热分析TGA图;
图13是钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的添加剂m-MTDATA化学结构式;
图14是钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的结构示意图;
图15是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant作为空穴传输材料的钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的J-V曲线图。
优选实施方案的详细说明
下面对本发明的优选实施例进行详细阐述,以使本发明的优点和特征能更易于被本领域技术人员理解。
实例1:
(1)单体M1的合成
4,4′-二溴-2-硝基-1,1′-联苯(1)
在4,4′-二溴-1,1′-联苯(10.00g,32.00mmol)溶于醋酸中(300ml),100℃时缓慢加入HNO3和水(7.5ml)的混合物。100℃加热30分钟后,一开始形成的沉淀溶解。反应结束后待溶液冷却,过滤后得到黄色粉末。在乙醇中重结晶得到目标产物(9.30g,81%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.03(d,J=1.3Hz,1H),7.75(m,1H),7.56(d,J=7.9Hz,2H),7.28(m,1H),7.16(d,J=7.9Hz,2H).
2,7-二溴-9H-咔唑(2)
1(10.00g,28.00mmol)和磷酸三乙酯(50ml)的混合物加热回流18小时,多余的磷酸三乙酯蒸馏除去,柱层析法纯化产物(淋洗剂:乙酸乙酯∶正己烷=5∶95),得到目标产物(4.66g,87%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.03(s,1H),7.87(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.56(d,J=1.6Hz,2H),7.35(dd,J=1.6Hz,1.6Hz,2H)。
2,7-二溴-9-辛基-9H-咔唑(3)
2(4.00g,12.31mmol)溶于DMF(200ml)中,加入NaOH(0.49g,12.31mmol)和1-溴辛烷(2.31ml,13.29mmol)。反应物在N2保护下室温下搅拌过夜。反应结束后加水淬灭反应。反应物用氯仿萃取,用MgSO4干燥。除去溶剂后柱层析法纯化产物(淋洗剂:正己烷),得到化合物3(4.73g,88%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ7.88(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.52(d,J=1.6Hz,2H),7.35(dd,J=1.6Hz,1.6Hz,2H),4.18(t,J=7.4Hz,2H),1.83(m,2H),1.31(m,10H),0.88(t,J=6.8Hz,3H)。
9-辛基-2,7-二噻吩-9H-咔唑(4)
3(3.99g,12.16mmol)和三丁基(2-噻吩基)锡(9.95g,26.74mmol)在N2保护下溶于无水甲苯(56ml)和DMF(14ml)中。加入四(三苯基膦)钯(0)(1.70g,1.49mmol),然后加热至100℃。反应在黑暗中反应回流过夜。除去大部分溶剂后,加入二氯甲烷与水,进行萃取;有机相用稀盐酸、饱和NaHCO3与盐水洗,然后用MgSO4干燥,在正己烷中重结晶两次得到产物(2.82g,70%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.04(d,J=7.8Hz,2H),7.59(d,J=0.6Hz,2H),7.52(dd,J=1.8,1.2Hz,2H),7.42(dd,J=0.6,1.1Hz,2H),7.31(dd,J=0.6,1.1Hz,2H),7.14(dd,J=3.6,3.6Hz,2H),4.35(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),1.93(m,2H),1.46(m,2H),1.38(m,2H),1.26(m,6H),0.86(t,J=7.0Hz,3H)。
单体M1的制备
4(2.50g,5.63mmol)、NBS(4.11g,23.10mmol)和氯仿(体积:250ml)在黑暗中0℃下搅拌过夜。反应结束后加入水与二氯甲烷进行萃取,有机相经MgSO4干燥。用柱层析法进行纯化(淋洗液:二氯甲烷∶正己烷=1∶4)得到产物(1.25g,34%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.02(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.47(d,J=1.1Hz,2H),7.41(dd,J=1.2,1.8Hz,2H),7.15(d,J=3.8Hz,2H),7.08(d,J=4.2Hz,2H),4.31(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.90(m,2H),1.39(m,4H),1.26(m,6H),0.87(t,J=7.2Hz,3H)。
(2)单体M2的合成
2,6-二溴-9,10-蒽醌(5)
2,6-二氨基-9,10-蒽醌(5g,20.99mmol)、亚硝酸特丁酯(6.20ml,52.00mmol)、溴化铜(11.72g,52.50mmol)与乙腈(300ml)加到反应瓶中,在65℃反应2h。加入20%盐酸进行淬灭,沉淀过滤,用二氯甲烷与盐水进行洗涤。用1,4-二氧六环进行重结晶,得到产物(2.44g,30%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.44(d,J=1.2Hz,2H),8.17(d,J=5.2Hz,2H),7.94(dd,J=1.2,1.6Hz,2H)。
5,5′-[9,10-(2,6-二溴蒽)]-双十二烷基噻吩(6)
在三颈圆底烧瓶中2-十二烷基噻吩(11.06g,44.00mmol)溶解在无水THF(100ml),用N2置换空气。将体系降到0℃,缓慢加入n-BuLi(1.6M in hexane,27.50ml,44.00mmol)。溶液自然升高到室温,搅拌30min后开始加热到50℃。两小时后,加入5(4.00g,11.00mmol)在50℃搅拌1.5h。混合物降温到0℃,加入SnCl2·2H2O(22.40g,99.00mmol)的盐酸溶液(10%,50ml),搅拌1.5h。反应结束后,将混合物倒入冰水中,用乙醚进行萃取。除去溶剂,粗品用柱层析法(淋洗液:正己烷)、重结晶法纯化,得到黄色针状纯品(5.02g,58%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.07(d,J=1.8Hz,2H),7.79(d,J=9.0Hz,2H),7.45(dd,J=1.8,1.8Hz,2H),6.97(m,4H),2.96(t,J=7.5Hz,4H),1.82(m,4H),1.48(m,4H),1.34(m,32H),0.88(t,J=6.9Hz,6H)。
单体M2的制备
6(1.00g,1.12mmol)、联硼酸频那醇酯(1.21g,4.78mmol)、Pd(pddf)Cl2(0.04g,0.06mmol)、碳酸钾(0.74g,5.38mmol)与1,4-二氧六环(80ml)加入到圆底烧瓶中,N2保护下,在80℃搅拌过夜。冷却至室温,将混合物倒入水中,用二氯甲烷萃取。除去溶剂,粗品用柱层析法(淋洗液:正己烷)进行提纯,得到产品M2(0.78g,70%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.49(s,2H),7.91(dd,J=0.8,0.8Hz,2H),7.71(dd,J=1.2,1.2Hz,2H),7.00(dd,J=3.6,3.2Hz,4H),2.99(t,J=7.5Hz,4H),1.83(m,4H),1.48(m,4H),1.31(m,56H),0.89(t,J=6.9Hz,6H)。
(3)聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的合成
M1(0.50g,0.83mmol)、M2(0.77g,0.83mmol)和Pd2(dba)3(0.05g,0.05mmol)一起放置于微波反应管中。然后整个体系注入N2半小时。脱气的水(5ml)和无水THF(15ml)加入反应管中,在微波反应器中120℃反应20分钟。粗产物用索式提取器提纯,依次使用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、二氯甲烷和氯仿。最后将氯仿除去得到聚合物材料Cbz-Ant(0.28g,56%)。1H NMR(400MHz,C2D2Cl4):δ7.63(br,2H),7.42(br,4H),7.11(br,2H),7.00(br,2H),6.89(br,2H),6.77(br,4H),6.51(br,2H),6.44(br,2H),3.73(br,2H),2.41(br,4H),1.30(br,6H),0.83(br,52H),0.25(br,9H)。数均分子量为30400g/mol,重均分子量为61900g/mol,聚合物分散性指数为2.04。
(4)材料的性能与表征
图10为聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的UV-vis吸收光谱,最大吸收峰为397nm。
图11是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的UPS曲线,测得HOMO能级为-5.15eV,根据图10所得到的能级差为2.59eV,算出Cbz-Ant的LUMO能级为-2.56eV。
图12是聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的热分析TGA,聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的分解温度为435℃。
使用结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/聚合物膜/MoO3/Ag测得,聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的空穴迁移率为1.31×10-4cm2V-1s-1,含有30wt%m-MTDATA的聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的空穴迁移率为7.15×10-3cm2V-1s-1
(5)器件性能的表征
(a)器件制备
图14是钙钛矿太阳能电池ITO/HTM/perovskite/PC61BM/C60/BCP/Al的结构示意图。ITO基片清洗后臭氧处理15min,接着在基片上旋涂含有30wt%m-MTDATA的聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的1,2-二氯苯溶液(4500rpm,30S),100℃的条件下退火20min;之后将其转移到氮气气氛手套箱中。将1M的碘化铅(PbI2)溶液旋涂到ITO/HTM上(3000rpm,40S),随即立刻旋涂一层甲基碘化铵(3000rpm,40S),紧接着在100℃的条件下退火5min左右;接下来将2wt%的PC61BM的1,2-二氯苯溶液旋涂到钙钛矿层上(6000rpm,30S);最后将C60(20nm)、BCP(8nm)缓冲层以及Al(100nm)电极蒸镀上去。对照电池结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PC61BM/C60/BCP/Al。
(b)器件的表征
图15是Cbz-Ant作为空穴传输材料的钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的J-V曲线图。在AM1.5太阳辐照光模拟光源下,电池显示短路电流Jsc和开路电压Voc都有提高,最大功率转换效率为15.50%,与PEDOT:PSS空穴传输材料构建电池的转化效率11.38%相比,提高36%。
综上所述,聚合物材料Cbz-Ant具有高稳定性、好的溶解性、高载流子迁移率、能级匹配等优点,显著提高钙钛矿太阳能电池转化效率。展示出基于咔唑-蒽结构的一类空穴传输聚合物材料,在电子领域具有潜在而广泛的应用前景。

Claims (5)

1.一类基于咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料,其化学结构如下:
其中n的值为1-100;A为具有π共轭结构的单元,选自下列单元中的一种:
R1为下列基团中的一种:
R2为下列基团中的一种:
2.根据权利要求1中所述的咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料,其特征在于:A为R1R2空穴传输聚合物材料为Cbz-Ant,其结构式为:
3.根据权利要求2所述聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的合成方法,其合成路线如下:
其合成步骤如下:
(1)化合物1的合成:在4,4′-二溴-1,1′-联苯(10.00g,32.00mmol)溶于醋酸中(300ml),100℃时缓慢加入HNO3和水(7.5ml)的混合物。100℃加热30分钟后,一开始形成的沉淀溶解。反应结束后待溶液冷却,过滤后得到黄色粉末,在乙醇中重结晶得到化合物1,产率81%;
(2)化合物2的合成:1(10.00g,28.00mmol)和磷酸三乙酯(50ml)的混合物加热回流18小时,多余的磷酸三乙酯蒸馏除去,柱层析法纯化产物(淋洗剂:乙酸乙酯∶正己烷=5∶95),得到化合物2,产率87%;
(3)化合物3的合成:2(4.00g,12.31mmol)溶于DMF(200ml)中,加入NaOH(0.49g,12.31mmol)和1-溴辛烷(2.31ml,13.29mmol)。反应物在N2保护下室温下搅拌过夜。反应结束后加水淬灭反应。反应物用氯仿萃取,用MgSO4干燥。除去溶剂后柱层析法纯化(淋洗剂:正己烷),得到化合物3,产率88%;
(4)化合物4的合成:3(3.99g,12.16mmol)和三丁基(2-噻吩基)锡(9.95g,26.74mmol)在N2保护下溶于无水甲苯(56ml)和DMF(14ml)中。加入四(三苯基膦)钯(O)(1.70g,1.49mmol),然后加热至100℃。反应在黑暗中反应回流过夜。除去大部分溶剂后,加入二氯甲烷与水,进行萃取;有机相用稀盐酸、饱和NaHCO3与盐水洗,然后用MgSO4干燥,在正己烷中重结晶两次得到化合物4,产率70%;
(5)单体M1的合成:4(2.50g,5.63mmol)、NBS(4.11g,23.10mmol)和氯仿(250ml)在黑暗中0℃下搅拌过夜。反应结束后加入水与二氯甲烷进行萃取,有机相经MgSO4干燥。用柱层析法进行纯化(淋洗液:二氯甲烷∶正己烷=1∶4),得到单体M1,产率34%;
(5)化合物5的合成:2,6-二氨基-9,10-蒽醌(5g,20.99mmol)、亚硝酸特丁酯(6.20ml,52.00mmol)、溴化铜(11.72g,52.50mmol)与乙腈(300ml)加到反应瓶中,在65℃反应2h。加入20%盐酸进行淬灭,沉淀过滤,用二氯甲烷与盐水进行洗涤。用1,4-二氧六环进行重结晶,得到化合物5,产率30%;
(6)化合物6的合成:在三颈圆底烧瓶中2-十二烷基噻吩(11.06g,44.00mmol)溶解在无水THF(100ml),用N2置换空气。将体系降到0℃,缓慢加入n-BuLi(1.6M in hexane,27.50ml,44.00mmol)。溶液自然升高到室温,搅拌30min后开始加热到50℃。两小时后,加入5(4.00g,11.00mmol)在50℃搅拌1.5h。混合物降温到0℃,加入SnCl2·2H2O(22.40g,99.00mmol)的盐酸溶液(10%,50ml),搅拌1.5h。反应结束后,将混合物倒入冰水中,用乙醚进行萃取。除去溶剂,粗品用柱层析法(淋洗液:正己烷)、重结晶法纯化,得到黄色针状化合物6,产率58%;
(7)单体M2的合成:6(1.00g,1.12mmol)、联硼酸频那醇酯(1.21g,4.78mmol)、Pd(pddf)Cl2(0.04g,0.06mmol)、碳酸钾(0.74g,5.38mmol)与1,4-二氧六环(80ml)加入到圆底烧瓶中,N2保护下,在80℃搅拌过夜。冷却至室温,将混合物倒入水中,用二氯甲烷萃取。除去溶剂,粗品用柱层析法(淋洗液:正己烷)进行提纯,得到产品M2,产率70%;
(8)聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的合成:M1(0.50g,0.83mmol)、M2(0.77g,0.83mmol)和Pd2(dba)3(0.05g,0.05mmol)一起放置于微波反应管中。然后整个体系注入N2半小时。脱气的水(5ml)和无水THF(15ml)加入反应管中,在微波反应器中120℃反应20分钟。粗产物用索式提取器提纯,依次使用甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、二氯甲烷和氯仿。最后将氯仿除去得到聚合物材料Cbz-Ant,产率56%。
4.根据权利要求3所述聚合物材料Cbz-Ant作为空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池ITO/HTM/perovskite/PC61BM/C60/BCP/Al中的应用,其特征在于:ITO基片清洗后臭氧处理15min,接着在基片上旋涂含有30wt%m-MTDATA的聚合物材料Cbz-Ant的1,2-二氯苯溶液(4500rpm,30S),100℃的条件下退火20min;之后将其转移到氮气气氛手套箱中。将1M的碘化铅(PbI2)溶液旋涂到ITO/HTM上(3000rpm,40S),随即立刻旋涂一层甲基碘化铵(3000rpm,40S),紧接着在100℃的条件下退火5min左右;接下来将2wt%的PC61BM的1,2-二氯苯溶液旋涂到钙钛矿层上(6000rpm,30S);最后将C60(20nm)、BCP(8nm)缓冲层以及Al(100nm)电极蒸镀上去。
5.根据权利要求1所述一类咔唑-蒽结构的空穴传输聚合物材料在有机发光二极管、有机薄膜晶体管、有机太阳能电池、有机存储等有机电子领域中的应用。
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