CN108633662A - The vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural method of semiarid region potato - Google Patents
The vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural method of semiarid region potato Download PDFInfo
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- CN108633662A CN108633662A CN201810416442.2A CN201810416442A CN108633662A CN 108633662 A CN108633662 A CN 108633662A CN 201810416442 A CN201810416442 A CN 201810416442A CN 108633662 A CN108633662 A CN 108633662A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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Abstract
The invention discloses the vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural methods of semiarid region potato, including step：1) selection of land and pretreatment；2) basal dressing：With vertical deep rotation deep placement organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer；3) vertical deep rotation and ridging：35 40cm of vertical deep rotation, make big ridge, major groove are stayed between ridge, then open ditch in the faces great Long center；4) auxiliary material and overlay film are covered：With the full covered ground of black film after being covered with wheat husk with maize cob meal on ridge face and groove face, film surface covers fine earth on ridge；5) seed selection and seed treatment；6) it sows；7) field management；8) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control；9) it harvests in due course；10) film that gives up is removed.The quality and yield of potato can be improved in the method for the present invention, improves production efficiency, increases economic efficiency, and is suitble to extensive cultivation transplanting.It is improved to 75.3% experiments have shown that the potato yield planted using the present invention improves 12.7%, especially commodity rate on year-on-year basis.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular to the vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultivation side of semiarid region potato
Method.
Background technology
Potato, wheat, rice, corn are important four generalized grain crops.Wherein potato is in identical planting conditions
The protein content highest of lower unit area, and contained protein molecule is easily absorbed by the body.In addition, potato also contains it
Its cereal crops no carrotene and ascorbic acid.Potato nutritional is abundant, constituent structure is reasonable, contained VB and VC difference
It is 4 times and 10 times of apple, various other content of mineral substances are also 10 times of apple or more.In daily life, with potato
Especially welcome for the food of Raw material processing, nutritionist potato is referred to as the very high food of cost performance.Potato is in processing industry
In be always indispensable important source material, especially purified starch.Therefore, potato has unique natural quality and superior
Economic and social system, related industry has broad development space.World potato research center research shows that：In nearly 5 years
Potato global demand increases 20%, it is contemplated that increases by a year-on-year basis to the year two thousand twenty potato more than rice, wheat, corn, will account for complete
More than half of ball total output.Potato demand is continuously increased, and expedites the emergence of the continuous improvement of potato seed planting technology, especially horse
The micro- ditch planting technology of bell potato full-film covering ridging.The micro- ditch cultivation technique of potato full-film covering ridging be northwest Arid planting area in recent years
A kind of drought-resistant and synergistic cultivation step being widely popularized.Its advantage：First, precipitation is pooled to by film surface in furrow, can fully receive
Whole rainfalls during plant growth ensure that potato normally emerges；Second is that the invalid evaporation of soil moisture can be reduced, ensure horse
Moisture supply in bell potato breeding time；Third, ground temperature can be improved, extend potato breeding time, advantageous middle-late ripening variety plays life
Potentiality are produced, effect of increasing production is apparent.Especially under arid situation, it is very prominent once to save the effect of seedling from damage to spring, to for
A metastable farmland ecological environment is created in potato growth development, and having synthesized and coordinated influences each main of potato yield
The factor makes potato have good growing environment, improves yield.But since conventional tillage mode (such as ploughing) changes soil
Vertical structure, the base manure of soil surface is ploughed under in soil layer, it is difficult to form the effect that fertilizer is mixed, earth's surface and fertilizer inside soil
Effect is uneven, is unfavorable for crop absorption.Therefore, the vertical micro- ditch planting technology of deep rototilling-tillage combination full-film covering ridging of potato has
It is widely applied foreground.
Currently, it is more in relation to the cultivation of potato deep rototilling-tillage and the micro- ditch planting technology report of full-film covering ridging, such as patent
A kind of growing nursery and culture method of potato disclosed in 107371730 A of CN, when loosening the soil, using rotary cultivator to soil deep ploughing 20-
40cm.Solve the problems, such as that traditional ploughing changes soil vertical structure without mixing base manure.One disclosed in 105103919 A of CN
The kind micro- ditch implantation methods of Nonirrigated Potato full-film covering ridging, ridging requirement are：Big row spacing 60cm, high 20cm, in the faces great Long
Ditch is opened in center, and small ditch depth 10cm, big furrow width 40cm, furrow width is uniform, and ridge height is consistent；When overlay film, covered using autumn
The mode of overlay film is insulted on film and top, and after preceding crop harvest, timely subsoiling is suned the earth which has been ploughed up, and rake a kind of farm tools receives moisture in the soil, site preparation ridging plastic film mulch, and autumn is covered
Film in stalk area improving straw mulching cuticula more than needed, the Film Mulching in Autumn time be late October to soil it is freeze-up before, when the icepro overlay film of top
Between for early and middle ten days soil daytime in March food taken late at night freeze when；Film covering method is：With the full covered ground of black mulch film, mulch seam is placed in major groove
It is interior, it does not interspace between film and film, joint is covered with fine earth, and mulch and ridge face paste are tight, every the horizontal one native waistbands of pressure of 2-3m；Overlay film
Management is to find that breakage is covered tightly with fine earth in time after the completion of the overlay film of field afterwards, and after a week, mulch is adjacent to covering mulch with ground
When, it is punched every 50cm in micro- ditch and major groove on ridge, precipitation is enable to penetrate into soil in time.But general 30-40cm is plough sole,
Do not break plough sole, be unfavorable for pricking under crop root, the particularly disadvantageous stem tuber in tuber crops expands, and then influences yield
It improves.In addition, fertilization depth is shallower, it is unfavorable for crop and fully absorbs.
Invention content
It is an object of the invention to：A kind of vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural method of semiarid region potato is provided, by vertical
Base manure, uniformly can deeply be manured into soil, is conducive to crop and fills by deep rototilling-tillage and the micro- ditch combination cultivation technique of full covered ground ridging
Divide and is absorbed and utilized；Break plough sole again, make loosing soil, be conducive to prick under root system, improves Potato Yields.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
The vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural method of semiarid region potato, includes the following steps：
1) selection of land and pretreatment：The soil is porous, permeability is good for selection, and topography is flat, husky content 3-5%, the content of organic matter
Planting site is made in the plot of 10-15%, and timely stubble-cleaning after preceding crop harvests makes the clean no-sundries in arable land surface；
2) basal dressing：By 10kg/ mus of urea, 15kg/ mus of Diammonium phosphate (DAP), 3kg/ mus of potassium sulfate and organic fertilizer uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields in
Earth's surface, wherein the organic fertilizer be will be 20 in mass ratio by organic fertilizer and plant ash, coal ash:3:1 ratio mixing, accumulation
After encapsulation process 15-20 days, airing 1-2 days, then spread fertilizer over the fields in earth's surface, dosage is 1000-2000kg/ mus；
3) vertical deep rotation and ridging：Basal dressing rear vertical type rotation soil 35-40cm deeply, it is desirable that laterally smash soil, do not change
Vertical structure keeps the vertical original state of soil layer to be distributed；Then make width 60cm, the big ridges high 20cm, stay wide 40cm major grooves between ridge, then
Open wide 20cm, depth 10cm ditches in the faces great Long center；
4) auxiliary material and overlay film are covered：After being covered with wheat husk with maize cob meal on ridge face and groove face, with 0.01mm or more thickness
The full covered ground of black film, mulch seam are placed in major groove, are left no gaps between film and film；Soil pressing on membrane is wanted when overlay film, ensures mulch
It is adjacent to ridge face, furrow, both sides mulch stretches compacting, every the artificial one native waistbands of horizontal pressure of 2-3m；
5) seed selection and seed treatment：Selection plant type is compact, potato shape is neat, resistance is strong, commodity is good, yield is high, quality
Excellent potato detoxicating breeding, in sowing the previous day, by 100kg seeds with 40% agricultural streptomycin sulphate soluble powder 5g
It is watered the ratio of 10kg, weight 30-50g after killing the bacterium on kind of skin, is cut into, and stay 1-2 bud eye in even spraying potato seed surface
Potato wedge；
6) it sows：At the beginning of mid or late April to 5 months, when temperature is when 5-7 DEG C or more, 10cm ground temperature reach 7-8 DEG C, by Ma Ling
Potato is planted in by spacing in the rows 40cm at the apex distance ditch 10-15cm of the ridges great Long, and potato wedge 1-2, seed level 3-5cm, planting hole earthing are put per hole
It is jammed on afterwards with the even power of foot, potato wedge and soil is made to be in close contact, prevented planting hole from largely dissipating moisture in the soil and meet that rain is hardened to cause shadow to emergence
It rings；
7) field management；
8) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control；
9) it harvests in due course；
10) film that gives up is removed.
The maize cob meal and wheat husk mixing quality ratio are 3:1, corncob is crushed grain size 1-1.5cm.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are：
1) vertical deep rototilling-tillage technology is combined by the present invention with the micro- ditch planting technology of full-film covering ridging, compensates for deep rotation
The deficiency of the common planting technology soil moisture conservation effect difference of farming, also solves the micro- ditch planting technology base manure of ploughing full-film covering ridging and soil
The problem of earth mixes uneven and fertilizer placement than shallower, and crop is unable to fully be absorbed and utilized；
2) organic fertilizer is mixed with plant ash, coal ash in organic fertilizer and carries out accumulation encapsulation process, vegetation by the present invention
Ash can not only improve potassium content, moreover it is possible to and improve fertilizer pH-value, and has the function of killing germ in organic fertilizer, it is prior
It is that the organic fertilizer heat preservation after mixed processing, penetrating effect are more preferable, disclosure satisfy that the need of the temperature and penetrating degree of potato growth
It asks；
3) present invention covers ground, then cover black on ridge face and groove face after deep placement organic fertilizer using corncob and wheat husk
Film is equivalent to film straw Film and straw mulching, can water storage and thermal insulation and gradually ferment supply soil nutrient, it is penetrating more to improve soil
Property, ensure the growth and development of potato；
4) quality and yield of potato can be improved in the method for the present invention, improves production efficiency, increases economic efficiency, and is suitble to big
Scale cultivation transplanting.It is carried experiments have shown that the potato yield planted using the present invention improves 12.7%, especially commodity rate on year-on-year basis
Up to 75.3%.
Specific implementation mode
Technical scheme of the present invention is described further with reference to specific embodiment, in order to same domain technical staff
Understanding.
Embodiment 1
In order to illustrate and verify technical solution of the present invention and actual effect, applicant at the beginning of 2015, Dingxi, Gansu into
Row field experiment, local annual rainfall 300-400mm, belongs to semiarid nonirrigated farmland, and concrete scheme is as follows：Semiarid region potato is vertical
Formula deep rototilling-tillage cultural method, includes the following steps：
1) selection of land and pretreatment
The soil is porous, permeability is good for selection, and topography is flat, the plot 10 of husky content 3-5%, content of organic matter 10-15%
Mu makees planting site, and timely stubble-cleaning after preceding crop harvests makes the clean no-sundries in arable land surface；
2) basal dressing：By 10kg/ mus of urea, 15kg/ mus of Diammonium phosphate (DAP), 3kg/ mus of potassium sulfate and organic fertilizer uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields in
Earth's surface, wherein the organic fertilizer be will be 20 in mass ratio by organic fertilizer and plant ash, coal ash:3:1 ratio mixing, accumulation
After encapsulation process 15-20 days, airing 1-2 days, then spread fertilizer over the fields in earth's surface, dosage is 1000-2000kg/ mus；
3) vertical deep rotation and ridging：Basal dressing rear vertical type rotation soil 35-40cm deeply, it is desirable that laterally smash soil, do not change
Vertical structure keeps the vertical original state of soil layer to be distributed；Then make width 60cm, the big ridges high 20cm, stay wide 40cm major grooves between ridge, then
Open wide 20cm, depth 10cm ditches in the faces great Long center；
4) auxiliary material and overlay film are covered：After being covered with wheat husk with maize cob meal on ridge face and groove face, with 0.01mm or more thickness
The full covered ground of black film, mulch seam are placed in major groove, are left no gaps between film and film；Soil pressing on membrane is wanted when overlay film, ensures mulch
It is adjacent to ridge face, furrow, both sides mulch stretches compacting, every the artificial one native waistbands of horizontal pressure of 2-3m；
5) seed selection and seed treatment：Selection plant type is compact, potato shape is neat, resistance is strong, commodity is good, yield is high, quality
Excellent potato detoxicating breeding, in sowing the previous day, by 100kg seeds with 40% agricultural streptomycin sulphate soluble powder 5g
It is watered the ratio of 10kg, weight 30-50g after killing the bacterium on kind of skin, is cut into, and stay 1-2 bud eye in even spraying potato seed surface
Potato wedge；
6) it sows：At the beginning of mid or late April to 5 months, when temperature is when 5-7 DEG C or more, 10cm ground temperature reach 7-8 DEG C, by Ma Ling
Potato is planted in by spacing in the rows 40cm at the apex distance ditch 10-15cm of the ridges great Long, and potato wedge 1-2, seed level 3-5cm, planting hole earthing are put per hole
It is jammed on afterwards with the even power of foot, potato wedge and soil is made to be in close contact, prevented planting hole from largely dissipating moisture in the soil and meet that rain is hardened to cause shadow to emergence
It rings；
7) field management
1. seedling management：Heavy showers weather is after planting met, can be formed on planting hole hardened, to be abolished in time hardened；As newly
The seedling gone out misplaces with planting hole, should put seedling in time, the plot more than two meters that is short of seedling should mend cultivation in time；
2. period management of buddingging：Timely defloration topping, optimum period, carry out foliage spray, and mu imposes urea 5-8kg, Diammonium phosphate (DAP)
5kg；Potato is more sensitive to the trace element such as boron, zinc, is blooming and is tying the potato phase, per acre with 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1-
0.3% borax or zinc sulfate solution carries out foliage-spray, sprayed 1 time, sprays 2-3 times altogether, mu 50-70kg every 7 days；
3. tuber expansion period management：The appropriate blinding on mulch reduces temperature in ridge, creates the soil environment to cool, with
Sharp stem tuber expands, and root top dressing is carried out to de- fertile plot；Chase after or do not chased after less when arid, rainfall is plentiful, good conditions for soil moisture when suitably increase
Topdressing amount；
8) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
Potato Common Diseases have late blight, ring rot, S.scabies, virosis etc., and disease is based on cultural control, tool
Body control method is as follows：
1. late blight prevents：Late blight easily occurs before and after the rainwater time on the high side, potato florescence, it is found that diseased plant is available
58% 600 times of metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder liquid, 25% triumphant 3000 times of liquid of profit missible oil, 60,%00 safe dispersible 1500 times of granula
The sprinklings such as liquid, 70% product profit 800 times of liquid of dry suspending agent；
2. ring rot prevents：Before sowing, cutter with 53.7% can kill 2000 dry suspending agent, 400 times of liquid embathe sterilizing, cut
5000 times of liquid of block 47% Jia Ruinong pulvis, 500 times of liquid or new phytomycin impregnate 30 minutes, with 50%DT wettable powders when morbidity
500 times of liquid of agent, or 25% network ammonia copper water agent, 300 times of liquid sprinklings；
3. S.scabies are prevented：2000 times of 72% intestines agricultural streptomycin or 65% Mancozeb wettable are used at the initial stage of a disease
Pulvis 1000 sprays 2-3 times again, is sprayed 1 time every 7-10 days；
4. controlling underground pest：Potato underground pests mainly have grub and aphid etc., grub etc. to be opposed with 90% crystal
Hundred worm 0.5kg are dissolved in water to be sprayed on 35kg fine earths and be spread in ditch；Strictly to prevent eliminating aphis, early period of origination is found pleasure in 40% oxidation
1000-2000 times of liquid of fruit or 2.5% decis are watered 2500 times of spraying preventions, while a situation arises according to subterranean pest-insect,
5% Isofenphos methyl 15kg preventions are admixed in conjunction with fertilising；
9) it harvests in due course
It waits for that potato wedge stops growing, i.e., selects earth's surface soil dry refreshing fine when 2/3 blade turns yellow, plant starts withered in time
Its harvest, harvest the last week slice off overground part cauline leaf and transport field, to achieve the purpose that reduction stem tuber is susceptible and shines ground, harvest
Classification pack, the stringent soil rejected in potato wedge, broken potato and the rotten potato of disease after stem tuber dries 3-5 hours afterwards；
10) film that gives up is removed
It is harvested after potato aerial part dries up and is scattered, artificial or mechanical removal mulch before harvesting, it is ensured that nothing in soil
Residual film avoids causing soil pollution, then artificial or mechanical harvest potato, timely Subsoiling, rake a kind of farm tools after the completion of harvest
Soil moisture conservation.
As a contrast, at the beginning of 2015, applicant selects the crop field that the conditions such as plot soil moisture content, soil property and illumination are comparable
Each 10 mu of progress experimental cultivation, experimental plot and control field to manage and protect method essentially identical, the difference is that tillage method, rotary tillage
Depth, film mulching method etc., test result is as follows：
One, the influence of different tillage, depth to potato emergence rate and the neat degree of emergence
Influence of 1.1 tillage methods to potato emergence rate and neat degree of emerging
1.1.1 observation potato emerges situation at any time, and 25 days after broadcast when measures Phase ofsprouting, and 30 days whens determine
Seedling rate, measurement result see the table below 1.
Influence of the table 1- tillage methods to potato emergence rate and neat degree of emerging
Influence of 1.2 tilths to potato emergence rate and neat degree of emerging
1.2.1 observation potato emerges situation at any time, and 25 days after broadcast when measures Phase ofsprouting, and 30 days whens determine
Seedling rate, measurement result see the table below 2.
Influence of the table 2- tilths to potato emergence rate and neat degree of emerging
Two, the influence of different tillage, depth to potato yield and quality
Influence of 2.1 tillage methods to potato yield and quality, see the table below 3.
Influence of the table 3- tillage methods to potato yield and quality
Influence of 2.2 tilths to potato yield and quality, see the table below 4
Influence of the table 4- tilths to potato yield and quality
In addition, applicant in field experiment, also covers corncob and wheat husk；Mixing pretreatment is carried out to organic fertilizer,
And influence of the organic fertilizer deep placement to potato yield and quality is verified, the results showed that：
1) when being 20 in mass ratio by organic fertilizer and plant ash, coal ash:3:1 ratio mixing, accumulation encapsulation process 15-20
It, when airing applies earth's surface again after 1-2 days, potato yield increases by 4.5% on a year-on-year basis, and commodity rate improves 1.8%；
2) when being covered using corncob and wheat husk, potato yield increases by 3.1% on a year-on-year basis, and commodity rate improves 0.3%；
3) when using organic fertilizer deep placement, potato yield increases by 7.0% on a year-on-year basis, and commodity rate improves 10.3%.
Claims (2)
1. the vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural method of semiarid region potato, it is characterised in that：Include the following steps：
1) selection of land and pretreatment：The soil is porous, permeability is good for selection, and topography is flat, husky content 3-5%, content of organic matter 10-
Planting site is made in 15% plot, and timely stubble-cleaning after preceding crop harvests makes the clean no-sundries in arable land surface；
2) basal dressing：10kg/ mus of urea, 15kg/ mus of Diammonium phosphate (DAP), 3kg/ mus of potassium sulfate and organic fertilizer are uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields in ground
Table, wherein the organic fertilizer be will be 20 in mass ratio by organic fertilizer and plant ash, coal ash:3:1 ratio mixing, accumulation are close
After envelope processing 15-20 days, airing 1-2 days, then spread fertilizer over the fields in earth's surface, dosage is 1000-2000kg/ mus；
3) vertical deep rotation and ridging：Basal dressing rear vertical type rotation soil 35-40cm deeply, it is desirable that laterally smash soil, do not change longitudinal direction
Structure keeps the vertical original state of soil layer to be distributed；Then make width 60cm, the big ridges high 20cm, to stay wide 40cm major grooves between ridge, then in great Long
Open wide 20cm, depth 10cm ditches in face center；
4) auxiliary material and overlay film are covered：After being covered with wheat husk with maize cob meal on ridge face and groove face, with 0.01mm or more thickness black films
Full covered ground, mulch seam are placed in major groove, are left no gaps between film and film；Soil pressing on membrane is wanted when overlay film, ensures mulch and ridge
Face, furrow are adjacent to, and both sides mulch stretches compacting, every the artificial one native waistbands of horizontal pressure of 2-3m；
5) seed selection and seed treatment：Selection plant type is compact, potato shape is neat, resistance is strong, commodity is good, yield is high, best in quality
Potato detoxicating breeding, in sowing the previous day, be watered with 40% agricultural streptomycin sulphate soluble powder 5g by 100kg seeds
Weight 30-50g after killing the bacterium on kind of skin, is cut into, and stay the potato of 1-2 bud eye in the ratio of 10kg, even spraying potato seed surface
Block；
6) it sows：At the beginning of mid or late April to 5 months, when temperature is when 5-7 DEG C or more, 10cm ground temperature reach 7-8 DEG C, potato is pressed
Spacing in the rows 40cm is planted at the apex distance ditch 10-15cm of the ridges great Long, is put potato wedge 1-2, seed level 3-5cm per hole, is used after planting hole earthing
The even power of foot jams on, and potato wedge and soil is made to be in close contact, and prevents planting hole from largely dissipating moisture in the soil and meets that rain is hardened to impact emergence；
7) field management；
8) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control；
9) it harvests in due course；
10) film that gives up is removed.
2. the vertical deep rototilling-tillage cultural method of semiarid region potato as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The corn
Core powder and wheat husk mixing quality ratio are 3:1, corncob is crushed grain size 1-1.5cm.
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| CN109874624A (en) * | 2019-02-26 | 2019-06-14 | 湖南杂交水稻研究中心 | A kind of slight alkaline land potato planting method |
| CN109874624B (en) * | 2019-02-26 | 2021-06-08 | 湖南杂交水稻研究中心 | Potato planting method for slight saline-alkali soil |
| CN110583136A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2019-12-20 | 四川农业大学 | Sponge soil improvement method |
| CN113030433A (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2021-06-25 | 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所 | Method for rapidly determining whether soil needs to be deeply loosened |
| CN113030433B (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2023-06-20 | 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所 | Method for quickly determining whether soil needs deep scarification |
| CN114467649A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2022-05-13 | 甘肃农业大学 | Method for improving yield of edible sunflower by using broken wheat straw cushion film coverage |
| CN115413544A (en) * | 2022-08-19 | 2022-12-02 | 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 | Water-fertilizer efficient cultivation method for codonopsis pilosula in dry land |
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