CN108633594A - A method of administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry - Google Patents

A method of administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108633594A
CN108633594A CN201810460934.1A CN201810460934A CN108633594A CN 108633594 A CN108633594 A CN 108633594A CN 201810460934 A CN201810460934 A CN 201810460934A CN 108633594 A CN108633594 A CN 108633594A
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paper mulberry
parts
print chinaberry
chinaberry
seedling
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冉贤
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Guizhou Wuchuan Kelong Biological Technology Co Ltd
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00Protecting plants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005Cultivation methods
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A01N59/16Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/40Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2101/00Agricultural use

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)

Abstract

This programme discloses a kind of method for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry of forestry technical field of cultivation, includes the following steps:One:To the organic fertilizer of desert ground 1~2cm of spreading thickness, then deep plough 15~20cm;Then the implantation print chinaberry seedling on the ground after turning over prints the middle implantation paper mulberry seedling two of chinaberry in adjacent rows:After paper mulberry Seeding planting, mixture is sowed to earth's surface;Three:After paper mulberry is colonized 1~2 year, the top of print chinaberry is kept to be less than 40~60cm of top of adjacent paper mulberry;Four:No rainy day number continues to exceed 5 days or more, and every 5~6 days primary to print chinaberry and paper mulberry watering;Five:First 3~5 years after the implantation of paper mulberry seedling, every year twice to paper mulberry and the fertilising of print chinaberry, timely weeding, and when pest and disease damage occur in paper mulberry and print chinaberry, it is prevented using less toxic drug.This programme coordinates mixture by being planted using between paper mulberry and print chinaberry, while reduction toxicity is used compared with extensive chemical medicament, realizes the improvement to desertification soil.

Description

A method of administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry
Technical field
The invention belongs to forestry technical field of cultivation, are related to a kind of side administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry Method.
Background technology
For Karst In China (karst) distribution area there are about more than 130 ten thousand square kilometres, wherein stony desertification area accounts for about 28.7%. The stony desertification of karst soil becomes the ecological environment problem for restricting west area sustainable development.Basement rock in environment of karst Mostly carbonate rock, main chemical compositions CaCO3, MgCO3 etc..Due to long-term strong karstification, Ka Si is caused Specially area's hydrogeologic structure is earth's surface underground dual space structure.Area's subterranean rivers are developed very much, and earth's surface development has numerous Solution cavity, molten low-lying area, lapies, solution crack, funnel and sinkhole skylight etc., along with soil layer is relatively thin, most of rock is exposed, causes rainwater Underground is leaked into quickly, becomes buried underground water, forms water and soil separate pattern, and very thin soil cover is formed by soil Water is evaporated rapidly again, causes soil drought.Meanwhile during the karstification of basement rock, hydrogen ion is also consumed, it is formed A large amount of calcium ion and bicarbonate ion, its soil cover certainly will be also transformed in this, its soil cover is made to show high pH, high calcium Environment with high heavy carbonate is in the caustic lime soil of karst, due to the high adsorption and slightly solubility of phosphorus, soil In P form cannot directly be absorbed with the Inorganic phosphorus (HPO42- or H2PO4-) needed for plant growth, it is inorganic in soil Phosphorus (P) is one of the main restriction factor for influencing plant growth.Many studies have shown that phosphorus lacks the photosystem mistake for influencing plant Journey causes stomata to be closed, and Net Photosynthetic Rate reduces, and chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters change, therefore, Phos Supply be severely limited, constrain the growth and development of karst plant.
Since paper mulberry own growth needs more calcium constituent and lower P elements, and requirement of the paper mulberry to growing environment It is relatively low, it can be grown in the soil that pH value is 4.5~8.5.Therefore, paper mulberry be for administer karst soil desertification compared with For ideal seeds.However in practical planting process, since karst desertification soil water-holding capacity is weak, soil erosion is tight Weight, soil is thin barren, and water conservation, moisturizing, nutrient preserving capability are poor, and paper mulberry is relatively low according to general planting mode still survival rate, and sets Seedling growing way is poor;It is thus also needed in plantation paper mulberry treatment karst soil desertification further perfect to planting technology.Separately Outside, due to karst Desert Area, mainly limestone and rock phosphate in powder in soil are both difficult to directly be absorbed by plant, Therefore, fundamentally improve rock phosphate in powder and limestone excess in desert soil even if paper mulberry can be difficult to if surviving its in desert The problem of.Meanwhile paper mulberry is highly prone to the infringement of longicorn and Sooty mould, current major measure is but toxicity preferable using effect Stronger drug is prevented, although improving the survival rate of paper mulberry, so that the soil of desert areas is further contaminated, Soil quality is further damaged.
Invention content
The invention is intended to provide a kind of method for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, to realize karst famine Limestone and rock phosphate in powder decompose and reduce toxicity compared with the purpose that extensive chemical medicament uses in desertization region.
A kind of method for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry in this programme, includes the following steps:
Step 1:To the organic fertilizer of desert ground 1~2cm of spreading thickness, then deep plough 15~20cm;Ground after turning over Upper to print chinaberry seedling by 2.5~3m*4 of seeding row spacing~5m implantation, the middle that chinaberry is then printed in adjacent rows is implanted into paper mulberry seedling;Structure The spacing in the rows for setting seedling is 1.8~2m;
Step 2:After paper mulberry Seeding planting, mixture, the original that mixture includes are sowed to earth's surface by 200~230kg/ mus Material and its parts by weight are:70~90 parts of ferrous sulfide, 13~15 parts of sawdust, 17~25 parts of coconut palm chaff, 30~35 parts of carbon dust and print 10~15 parts of chinaberry element;
Step 3:After paper mulberry is colonized 1~2 year, per the top for removing excessively high print chinaberry every year, the top of print chinaberry is kept to be less than phase 40~60cm of top of adjacent paper mulberry;
Step 4:No rainy day number continues to exceed 5 days or more, and every 5~6 days primary to print chinaberry and paper mulberry watering, when watering Entire tree crown need to be covered;
Step 5:First 3~5 years after the implantation of paper mulberry seedling, every year twice to paper mulberry and the fertilising of print chinaberry, timely weeding, and When pest and disease damage occur in paper mulberry and print chinaberry, it is prevented using less toxic drug.
The advantageous effect of this programme:This programme by before implantation print chinaberry and paper mulberry to ground spreading organic fertilizer, be paper mulberry Growth with print chinaberry provides sufficient nutrient.By the way of being planted between paper mulberry prints chinaberry, prints and contained with nimbin in chinaberry (aza-dirachtin) more than 80 based on plant insecticide active substance, living with a variety of biologies such as desinsection, sterilization and nematicidal Property;The special odor that neem tree is sent out can be equal to longicorn, sooty moulds, termite, chafer, white moth plant hopper, aleyrodid and scale insect etc. There is certain effect of killing, the generation of paper mulberry pest and disease damage can be largely reduced by printing the miscegenation of chinaberry and paper mulberry, to make the dosage of pesticide It is reduced, the medical of paper mulberry is made to be improved, and reduce the use of drug toxicity.
While print chinaberry kills the direct pest and disease damage longicorn of paper mulberry and sooty moulds, also have to white moth plant hopper, aleyrodid and scale insect Play the role of inhibiting or killing, and the secretion of white moth plant hopper, aleyrodid and scale insect is the source of nutrition of sooty moulds, thus moth wax Cicada, aleyrodid and scale insect are reduced, and further reduced the probability that paper mulberry suffers from Sooty mould.
After paper mulberry field planting, is sowed to earth's surface and contain 70~90 parts of ferrous sulfide, 13~15 parts of sawdust, coconut palm chaff in mixture 10~15 parts of 17~25 parts, 30~35 parts of carbon dust and nimbin, wherein ferrous sulfide is contacted with the oxygen in air, is slowly sent out Sulfuric acid is formed after raw oxidation reaction, sulfuric acid reacts the calcium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium sulfate that generates and can be absorbed by plants with rock phosphate in powder, together Shi Zishen also can provide ferro element during decomposing for paper mulberry and print chinaberry;In addition sulfuric acid can also corrode calcium carbonate, contribute to stone The decomposition of limestone so that the soil horizon on desert ground gradually thickeies, and is conducive to fundamentally make Desertification Soil that must play improvement.Separately Outside, although the sulfuric acid generated is slowly and a small amount of, during to paper mulberry and using sprinkling water, on the one hand understand leaf surface Dust is conducive to plant and carries out photosynthesis, meanwhile, the pest on leaf surface or germ are flushed to during being rinsed to leaf Under tree, sulfuric acid and nimbin kill it effect, and then further reduced the generation of pest and disease damage, help to reduce chemistry The use of medicament.
And the addition of sawdust, coconut palm chaff and carbon dust, on the one hand have and belong to the pest that will fall off and germ is fixed, it is avoided to float It dissipates and forest is caused further to damage, while sulfuric acid and nimbin in mixture being contributed to concentrate killing to it;It simultaneously can also Play the role of moisturizing, water conservation and fertilizer conservation to soil, is conducive to the growth of sapling.
After paper mulberry is colonized 1~2 year, per the top for removing excessively high print chinaberry every year, the top of print chinaberry is kept to be less than adjacent paper mulberry 40~60cm of top;On the one hand it avoids print chinaberry and shelters from paper mulberry, be conducive to the growth of paper mulberry, on the other hand, remove top Print chinaberry due to losing apical dominance, can promote to print chinaberry limb and sprout more shoots, enrich the content of the substances such as nimbin, So that it is become apparent from the repelling and killing efficacy of forest zone germ, pest, reduces the generation of paper mulberry pest and disease damage.
To sum up, this programme is by using print chinaberry and paper mulberry miscegenation, and by being sheared to print chinaberry;Make print chinaberry to forest zone Interior germ, pest are killed, and reducing paper mulberry Pesticide use amount, (for relatively conventional plantation, Pesticide use amount reduces by 40 ~50%.) while make desertification region rock phosphate in powder and limestone decompose, be conducive to the desert for improving soil from the root cause Change.
Further, after paper mulberry height reaches 3~4m or more;The top of paper mulberry side print chinaberry is kept to be less than the top of paper mulberry 40~50cm, top 150~180cm of the paper mulberry other side less than print chinaberry.After paper mulberry height reaches 3~4m, by paper mulberry both sides Print chinaberry staggeredly gone to push up, since to print the height between chinaberry different for adjacent rows so that the smell that print chinaberry distributes is in vertical space Interior extending space bigger, is more advantageous to the expeling to pest and disease damage.
Further, the print chinaberry branches and leaves of excision are crushed and spreading is in the earth's surface under tree crown.By the print chinaberry branch of top removal Item is chopped into the root of particle embedment paper mulberry, and print chinaberry particle can play the role of paper mulberry heat preservation, while printing and containing in chinaberry The substances such as nimbin can in soil germ and pest play the role of killing;In addition, since the branches and leaves of print chinaberry contain compared with polyacid Property substance, corruption makes while provide nutriment for the growth of paper mulberry again the soil for growth of paper mulberry be in acid after decomposing;From And promote the growth of paper mulberry from many aspects.
Further, it after paper mulberry is colonized 1~2 year, is cut out from 30~50cm of its trunk.By cutting strunk, contribute to shoot It sprouts.
Further, the raw material and its parts by weight that the mixture includes be:75~85 parts of ferrous sulfide, sawdust 13~15 Part, 20~25 parts of coconut palm chaff, 30~35 parts of carbon dust and 10~15 parts of nimbin.
Further, the raw material and its parts by weight that the mixture includes be:80 parts of ferrous sulfide, 14 parts of sawdust, coconut palm chaff 15 parts of 25 parts, 30 parts of carbon dust and nimbin.
Specific implementation mode
It is further described below by specific implementation mode:
Embodiment 1
A method of karst soil desertification being administered using paper mulberry, is included the following steps:
Step 1:To the organic fertilizer of desert ground spreading 2cm thickness, then deep plough 18cm;By strain on the ground after turning over Line-spacing 3m*4m implantation print chinaberry seedling, the middle that chinaberry is then printed in adjacent rows is implanted into paper mulberry seedling;The spacing in the rows of paper mulberry seedling is 2m;
Step 2:After paper mulberry Seeding planting, mixture is sowed to earth's surface by 230kg/ mus, raw material that mixture includes and its Parts by weight are:15 parts of 80 parts of ferrous sulfide, 14 parts of sawdust, 25 parts of coconut palm chaff, 30 parts of carbon dust and nimbin;When prepared by mixture, Each raw material is uniformly mixed;
Step 3:After paper mulberry is colonized 2 years, cut out from its trunk 50cm;After paper mulberry blocks trunk simultaneously, per average annual removal The top of excessively high print chinaberry, keeps the top of print chinaberry to be less than the top 60cm of adjacent paper mulberry;After paper mulberry height reaches 4m or more;It protects The top for holding paper mulberry side print chinaberry is less than the top 50cm of paper mulberry, top 180cm of the paper mulberry other side less than print chinaberry;By excision It prints the crushing of chinaberry branches and leaves and spreading is in the earth's surface under tree crown.
Step 4:No rainy day number continues to exceed 5 days or more, and every 6 days primary to print chinaberry and paper mulberry watering, and when watering need to be covered Cover entire tree crown;
Step 5:First 5 years after the implantation of paper mulberry seedling, every year twice to paper mulberry and the fertilising of print chinaberry, timely weeding, and in paper mulberry When there is pest and disease damage with print chinaberry, it is prevented using less toxic drug.
Embodiment 2
A method of karst soil desertification being administered using paper mulberry, is included the following steps:
Step 1:To the organic fertilizer of desert ground spreading 1.5cm thickness, then deep plough 20cm;On the ground after turning over by Seeding row spacing 2.5m*5m implantation print chinaberry seedling, the middle that chinaberry is then printed in adjacent rows is implanted into paper mulberry seedling;The strain of paper mulberry seedling Away from for 1.8m;
Step 2:After paper mulberry Seeding planting, mixture, the original that mixture includes are sowed to earth's surface by 200~230kg/ mus Material and its parts by weight are:10 parts of 85 parts of ferrous sulfide, 15 parts of sawdust, 20 parts of coconut palm chaff, 35 parts of carbon dust and nimbin;
Step 3:After paper mulberry is colonized 1 year, cut out from its trunk 40cm;After paper mulberry blocks trunk simultaneously, per average annual removal The top of excessively high print chinaberry, keeps the top of print chinaberry to be less than the top 50cm of adjacent paper mulberry;After paper mulberry height reaches 3m or more;It protects The top for holding paper mulberry side print chinaberry is less than the top 45cm of paper mulberry, top 150cm of the paper mulberry other side less than print chinaberry;By excision It prints the crushing of chinaberry branches and leaves and spreading is in the earth's surface under tree crown.
Step 4:No rainy day number continues to exceed 5 days or more, and every 5 days primary to print chinaberry and paper mulberry watering, and when watering need to be covered Cover entire tree crown;
Step 5:First 4 years after the implantation of paper mulberry seedling, every year twice to paper mulberry and the fertilising of print chinaberry, timely weeding, and in paper mulberry When there is pest and disease damage with print chinaberry, it is prevented using less toxic drug.
Comparative example
A method of karst soil desertification being administered using paper mulberry, is included the following steps:
Step 1:To the organic fertilizer of desert ground spreading 2cm thickness, then deep plough 18cm;By strain on the ground after turning over Line-spacing 2m*2m is implanted into paper mulberry seedling;
Step 2:After paper mulberry is colonized 2 years, cut out from its trunk 50cm;
Step 3:No rainy day number continues to exceed 5 days or more, and every 6 days primary to print chinaberry and paper mulberry watering, and when watering need to be covered Cover entire tree crown;
Step 5:First 5 years after the implantation of paper mulberry seedling, every year twice to paper mulberry and the fertilising of print chinaberry, timely weeding, and in paper mulberry When there is pest and disease damage, it is prevented using less toxic drug.
When preventing longicorn, Examples 1 to 2 and comparative example select Bordeaux mixture when selecting Hopside, treatment Sooty mould.
On the karst Desertification Soil that soil, weather are close, applicant used Examples 1 to 2 in 2014 Karst soil desertification is administered with the mode of comparative example, paper mulberry 500 is planted by each way, is checked in June, 2017 Survival rate, Sooty mould and the longicorn of paper mulberry invade situation, Pesticide use situation and rock phosphate in powder and limestone percentage of damage situation such as Under:
As can be known from the above table, using the method for Examples 1 to 2, the survival rate of paper mulberry is obviously improved, while it is by Sooty mould The case where being invaded with longicorn substantially reduces, while the cracking degree higher of limestone and rock phosphate in powder, is conducive to fundamentally improve The soil property of desert soil.
Above-described is only the embodiment of the present invention, and the common sense such as well known concrete structure and characteristic are not made herein in scheme Excessive description.It, without departing from the structure of the invention, can be with it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art Several modifications and improvements are made, these should also be considered as protection scope of the present invention, these all do not interfere with what the present invention was implemented Effect and patent practicability.The scope of protection required by this application should be based on the content of the claims, in specification The records such as specific implementation mode can be used for explaining the content of claim.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of method for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, it is characterised in that:Include the following steps:
Step 1:To the organic fertilizer of desert ground 1~2cm of spreading thickness, then deep plough 15~20cm;On the ground after turning over by 2.5~3m*4 of seeding row spacing~5m implantation print chinaberry seedling, the middle that chinaberry is then printed in adjacent rows is implanted into paper mulberry seedling;Paper mulberry children The spacing in the rows of seedling is 1.8~2m;
Step 2:After paper mulberry Seeding planting, mixture is sowed to earth's surface by 200~230kg/ mus, raw material that mixture includes and Its parts by weight is:70~90 parts of ferrous sulfide, 13~15 parts of sawdust, 17~25 parts of coconut palm chaff, 30~35 parts of carbon dust and nimbin 10~15 parts;
Step 3:After paper mulberry is colonized 1~2 year, per the top for removing excessively high print chinaberry every year, the top of print chinaberry is kept to be less than adjacent structure 40~60cm of top of tree;
Step 4:No rainy day number continues to exceed 5 days or more, and every 5~6 days primary to print chinaberry and paper mulberry watering, and when watering need to be covered Cover entire tree crown;
Step 5:First 3~5 years after the implantation of paper mulberry seedling, every year twice to paper mulberry and the fertilising of print chinaberry, timely weeding, and in paper mulberry When there is pest and disease damage with print chinaberry, it is prevented using less toxic drug.
2. the method according to claim 1 for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, it is characterised in that:Work as paper mulberry After height reaches 3~4m or more;The top of paper mulberry side print chinaberry is kept to be less than 40~50cm of top of paper mulberry, the paper mulberry other side is low In 150~180cm of top of print chinaberry.
3. the method according to claim 2 for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, it is characterised in that:It will excision Print chinaberry branches and leaves crush and spreading in the earth's surface under tree crown.
4. the method according to claim 3 for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, it is characterised in that:Paper mulberry is fixed After planting 1~2 year, cut out from 30~50cm of its trunk.
5. the method according to claim 4 for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, it is characterised in that:It is described mixed It closes the raw material for expecting to include and its parts by weight is:75~85 parts of ferrous sulfide, 13~15 parts of sawdust, 20~25 parts of coconut palm chaff, carbon dust 30~35 parts and 10~15 parts of nimbin.
6. the method according to claim 5 for administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry, it is characterised in that:It is described mixed It closes the raw material for expecting to include and its parts by weight is:80 parts of ferrous sulfide, 14 parts of sawdust, 25 parts of coconut palm chaff, 30 parts of carbon dust and nimbin 15 parts.
CN201810460934.1A 2018-05-15 2018-05-15 A method of administering karst soil desertification using paper mulberry Withdrawn CN108633594A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113951042A (en) * 2021-11-30 2022-01-21 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 Ecological and production function cooperative improvement method suitable for stony desertification control

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113951042A (en) * 2021-11-30 2022-01-21 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 Ecological and production function cooperative improvement method suitable for stony desertification control

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