CN108633515B - Gleditsia sinensis rapid thorn-forming fruiting tree type cultivation method - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating a fruiting tree type of gleditsia sinensis with rapid thorn formation, which has important significance for changing low-quality and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis forests into high-quality forests and improving the quality and the efficiency. Selecting a low-yield and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis seedling as a stock, selecting current-year-grown gleditsia sinensis improved variety as a scion for primary grafting, selecting a seedling growing for two years after the primary grafting as the stock, and selecting current-year-grown fruit-used gleditsia sinensis improved variety as the scion for secondary grafting. The gleditsia sinensis propagated by the method has the advantages of long thorn, early fruiting, high thorn and fruit yield, shortening the time of the gleditsia sinensis to achieve the thorn-bearing and fruiting-high yield period, solving the technical problem of low yield and low efficiency of the gleditsia sinensis, and quickly improving the economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of forest breeding and propagation, in particular to a rapid thorn-forming fruiting tree type cultivation method for gleditsia sinensis lam.
Background
The gleditsia sinensis is a unique local tree species in China, is a treasure, integrates medicinal, edible, forage, chemical, material and ornamental functions, and is a multifunctional ecological economic tree species. Especially, the gleditschia horrida (spina gleditsiae) contains flavonoid glycoside, phenols and amino acid, is warm in nature, pungent in taste and non-toxic, is mainly used for treating carbuncle swelling, sore virus, pathogenic wind, tinea, retained fetal membranes, has the effects of dispelling wind, drawing out poison, reducing swelling and expelling pus, is a good Chinese patent medicine raw material, and is listed as an anticancer Chinese herbal medicine. The seed resources of the gleditsia sinensis are widely used as industrial raw materials, wherein the vegetable gum (guar gum) becomes an important strategic raw material. The Gleditsia sinensis is rich in saponin, and the saponin has antiinflammatory, antiulcer, and antiallergic effects, and also has effects of inhibiting lipid oxidation reaction, and also has biochemical properties of foaming, emulsifying, decontaminating, anti-permeating, and antiinflammatory etc. The saponin is developed into various medicines, health foods, pure natural detergents and foaming agents with obvious curative effect. In recent years, with the continuous research and development of the utilization value of the honey locust, the climax of planting the honey locust for thorn and the honey locust for fruit is raised in various places, soap farmers obtain better economic income, the enthusiasm of the soap farmers for planting the honey locust is greatly mobilized, and the method plays an important role in ecological civilization construction and poverty-removing and hardness-attacking work.
However, the current gleditsia sinensis is mainly bred by seeds, seedlings are slow in planting, uneven in quality and easy to degenerate, so that spina gleditsiae and fruit bearing are few, the maturity stages are scattered, gleditsia sinensis spines and gleditsia sinensis fruits with excellent quality are difficult to obtain, the input of gleditsia sinensis planting is large, the effect is poor, the economic benefit of gleditsia sinensis planting by a soapberry farmer is affected, and the positivity of the soapberry farmer for planting gleditsia sinensis is struck.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a tree type cultivation method for gleditsia sinensis to bear thorn and fruit fast, and aims to solve the problems that existing gleditsia sinensis seedlings are low in yield, low in efficiency and few in thorn bearing fruit.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is summarized as follows:
a method for cultivating a tree type of gleditsia sinensis with quick thorn-forming fruiting includes selecting low-yield and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis seedlings as rootstocks, selecting current-year-grown fine gleditsia sinensis thorns as scions for primary grafting, selecting seedlings growing two years after the primary grafting as rootstocks, and selecting current-year-grown fine gleditsia sinensis seeds as scions for secondary grafting.
Further, the low yield and low efficiency gleditsia sinensis is a gleditsia sinensis seedling with the age of more than 2 years.
Furthermore, the primary grafting adopts a bark grafting method, and the secondary grafting adopts a cutting grafting method or a cleft grafting method; the stock is thicker when the primary grafting is carried out, the grafting by bark grafting is more convenient, the survival rate is high, the secondary grafting is carried out 2 years after the primary grafting is carried out, the part of the primary grafting is thinner, the stock and the scion can be better attached by adopting the cutting grafting or cleft grafting, and the survival rate after the grafting is improved.
More specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
1) primary grafting scion treatment: selecting current-year-grown gleditsia sinensis improved varieties which are straight, free of mechanical damage and diseases and insect pests, full in bud bodies and strong in growth as scion materials, wherein the diameter of the branch serving as the scion material is 0.6-1.3cm, the length of the branch is 10-15cm, 3-4 buds are reserved, the upper end and the lower end of the branch are subjected to flat shearing, and the distance between the upper cut and the lower cut of the flat sheared branches is 0.8-1.1 cm;
2) stock grafting for the first time: selecting low-yield and low-efficiency seedling gleditschia horrida with trunk thickness of 2-3cm as a stock;
3) primary grafting: carrying out primary grafting on the scion treated in the step 1) at the position 10cm away from the ground of the rootstock in the step 2) by using a bark grafting method;
4) and (3) secondary grafting scion treatment: selecting current year fruit with straight branches, no mechanical damage, no plant diseases and insect pests, full buds and strong growth as scion material, wherein the diameter of the branch as the scion material is 0.6-1.3cm, the length of the cut is 10-15cm, 3-4 buds are reserved, the biological upper end and the biological lower end are cut horizontally, and the distance between the upper cut and the lower cut after horizontal cutting is 0.8-1.1 cm;
5) secondary grafting of the stock: cultivating the gleditsia sinensis subjected to the primary grafting in the step 3) for two years to be used as a stock;
6) secondary grafting: and (4) carrying out secondary grafting on the scion in the step 4) at the position of the stock trunk with the height of 2-2.2m and the thickness of more than 1.5cm in the step 5).
Further, the primary grafting scion in the step 1) and the secondary grafting scion in the step 4) are treated as follows: completely soaking in a mixed solution of 500-fold 800-time potassium permanganate and 50% carbendazim wettable powder, taking out after soaking for 28-32min, air drying, sealing with wax, subpackaging for moisturizing, and storing in a refrigeration house for later use.
Further, the management after the primary grafting in the step 3) and the secondary grafting in the step 6) is as follows: immediately watering once after grafting, draining water in the joint in time within 10 days after grafting, removing sprout on the tree in time after successful grafting, and spraying 50-100 times of 40% omethoate missible oil in the early morning when diseases and insect pests are discovered.
Furthermore, the improved variety of the Gleditsia sinensis for thorn is selected from Yu Zao No. 1 or Yu Zao No. 2, and the improved variety of the Gleditsia sinensis for fruit is selected from Yulin No. 1.
The improved variety of the Henan soap No. 1 and Henan soap No. 2 is a good clone of the gleditsia sinensis with strong specificity, consistency, stability and adaptability, which is bred on the basis of deep research on the gleditsia sinensis, and is granted to a new plant variety by the national forestry bureau. The Yu soap No. 1 has a conical prick shape, is thick and has more pricks on the prick, mainly grows on the trunk and the main branch, is clustered, grows together in clusters, spirally grows upwards from the base of the trunk, has late prickling period, has no big and small year phenomenon of prick formation, has low requirements on soil and climate conditions, is drought-resistant and barren, and has high prick yield; the Yu soap No. 2 spina gleditsiae is conical, long and drooping, has a drooping angle of 30-45 degrees, mainly grows at the base parts of the main trunk and the main branches, is clustered and grows together, has no big and small years of thorn formation, has low requirements on soil and climate conditions, and is drought-resistant and barren. The Henan soap No. 1 or Henan soap No. 2 is used as the fine variety of the Chinese honeylocust grafted with the scion for one time, and the Chinese honeylocust grafted to be alive has the advantages of early pricking, higher pricking yield and easier survival.
The improved variety of the number 1 gleditschia horrida in Henan province is an improved variety for the gleditschia horrida fruit bred on the basis of deep research on the gleditschia horrida, and the improved variety is already approved, so that the fruit yield of the grafted gleditschia horrida can be increased, and the planting income of the gleditschia horrida can be increased.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the gleditsia sinensis for piercing is mainly concentrated on the trunk, the pricks produced on the branches are fewer, the gleditsia sinensis for fruit is mainly on the branches, and the trunk is in an empty state;
2. the gleditsia sinensis subjected to secondary grafting has early thorn-forming and fruiting, the thorn-forming enters a normal high-yield period within 4-5 years, and the fruiting enters an initial yield period; in 5-8 years, the fruiting of the spina gleditsiae completely enters the abundant period, the yield of the spina gleditsiae in each gleditsia sinensis tree in the abundant period is up to 1-2kg, the fruit yield exceeds 10kg, the fruiting amount and the fruiting amount are increased year by year, huge economic benefits can be brought to soap farmers, and the planting enthusiasm of the soap farmers is improved;
3. the scion is disinfected by using the mixed solution of 500-800 times of potassium permanganate and 50% carbendazim wettable powder, the disinfection effect is good, the scion is not damaged, and the survival rate of the grafted gleditsia sinensis is improved.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments. Embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following examples.
Example 1
A gleditsia sinensis rapid thorn-forming fruiting tree type cultivation method comprises the following steps:
1) primary grafting scion treatment: selecting current-year-old gleditsia sinensis improved varieties which are straight in branches, free of mechanical damage, free of plant diseases and insect pests, full in bud bodies and strong in growth as scion materials, wherein the diameter of the branches serving as the scion materials is 0.6-1.3cm, the scion materials are cut to be 10-15cm in length, 3-4 buds are reserved, the upper end and the lower end of the scion materials are horizontally cut, the distance between the upper cut and the lower cut of the horizontally cut scion materials and the bud is 0.8-1.1cm, then completely soaking the scion in a mixed solution of 500-fold potassium permanganate and 50% carbendazim wettable powder, fishing out and airing the scion materials after soaking for 28-32min, disinfecting the scion materials to improve the survival rate of the gleditsia sinensis after grafting;
2) stock grafting for the first time: selecting a low-yield and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis seedling with trunk thickness of 2-3cm and growing for more than 2 years as a stock;
3) primary grafting: carrying out primary grafting on the scion treated in the step 1) at the position 10cm away from the ground of the rootstock in the step 2) by using a bark grafting method;
the bark grafting method comprises the steps of obtaining a smooth and flat section by truncation at a position 10cm away from the ground of a stock, vertically cutting a knife on the cut stock by using a knife tip, enabling the depth of the knife to reach a cambium of the stock, prying off a cortex, cutting the biological lower end of the scion processed in the step 1) into a semi-U shape, slightly cutting the knife from the lower back part, removing a soft part at the front end, inserting the scion into the cut of the stock, binding and binding the joint of the stock and the scion and the flat section of the stock by using a plastic strip cut in advance, and binding tightly to prevent the grafted joint from ventilating and entering water;
4) and (3) management after grafting: immediately irrigating to permeate water once after grafting, observing whether water is accumulated at the joint in time within 10 days after grafting, and if water is accumulated, timely injuring the joint to discharge the water; and whether the sprouts exist or not is often observed after grafting, and once the sprouts are found, the sprouts are removed in time so as to avoid influencing wound healing and increase the nutrient consumption of the gleditsia sinensis lam; after the grafting survives, the leaves with the new shoots sprouting are very tender, the aphids harm more leaves, the control needs to be carried out in time through frequent observation, and in severe cases, 50-100 times of 40% omethoate missible oil can be sprayed in the early morning, so that the effect is good;
5) and (3) secondary grafting scion treatment: selecting current-year fruits with straight branches, no mechanical damage, no plant diseases and insect pests, full buds and strong growth as scion materials, wherein the diameter of the branches as the scion materials is 0.6-1.3cm, the scion materials are cut to be 10-15cm in length, 3-4 buds are reserved, the upper end and the lower end of the scion materials are horizontally cut, the distance between the upper cut and the lower cut after horizontal cutting is 0.8-1.1cm away from the buds, then completely soaking the scions in a mixed solution of 800 times potassium permanganate and 50% carbendazim wettable powder, taking out the scions after soaking for 28-32min, airing the scions, and carrying out wax sealing; during wax sealing, dipping the cuts of the scions in wax liquid for wax sealing treatment, controlling the temperature of the wax sealing solution at 80-90 ℃, putting the scions after wax sealing into a transparent plastic bag with air holes after the scions are completely cooled for sealed refrigeration, and using the scions when the scions are waiting for grafting, wherein the refrigeration temperature is controlled at 3-6 ℃ and the air humidity is kept at 60-75%; by controlling wax sealing and storage conditions, the scions stored for a long time still have extremely high vitality, namely the scions can be collected at a proper time and then grafted after waiting for the optimal grafting time;
6) secondary grafting of the stock: cultivating the gleditsia sinensis subjected to the primary grafting in the step 3) for two years to be used as a stock;
7) secondary grafting: and (4) carrying out secondary grafting on the scion in the step 4) at the position of the stock trunk with the height of 2-2.2m and the thickness of more than 1.5cm in the step 5).
The secondary grafting is carried out 2 years after the primary grafting, and the primary grafted part is still fine, so the secondary grafting can be carried out by adopting a cutting grafting method and a cleft grafting method.
The specific operation of the cutting and connecting method is as follows: cutting the stock at a position 2-2.2m away from the ground and with the thickness of more than 1.5cm to obtain a smooth and flat section, vertically cutting one side of the section with a grafting knife, wherein the cutting depth is 3-4cm and the cutting edge is provided with a little xylem, beveling a wedge-shaped long cutting surface of the scion processed in the step 4), slightly cutting the back with a knife to remove the soft part at the front end, inserting the long cutting surface of the scion inwards into the cut of the stock to align the cambium of the stock and the scion, and finally binding the stock with a plastic strip cut in advance.
The cleft grafting method specifically operates as follows: cutting the stock at a position 2-2.2m away from the ground and with the thickness of more than 1.5cm to obtain a smooth and flat section, splitting the stock in the middle by using a grafting knife, wherein the depth of the cut is 3-4cm, cutting the biological lower end of the scion processed in the step 4) into a wedge-shaped oblique cut, then inserting the scion into the cut of the stock, aligning and closely connecting the stock and a scion cambium, and binding the stock and the scion cambium by using a plastic strip which is cut in advance.
8) The management after grafting is the same as that in the step 4).
According to the method, 600 low-yield and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis pods with the age of more than 2 years are selected as rootstocks in 2006, the current-year-old fine variety of gleditsia sinensis lam for spina 1 and the current-year-old fine variety of gleditsia sinensis lam for spina 2 are selected as mother plants, and 300 scions are respectively adopted for primary grafting. Selecting current-year Yulin No. 1 fruit with gleditsia sinensis improved variety as scion in 2008, randomly selecting 150 survived seedlings which are grafted once and use Yu soap No. 1 and Yu soap No. 2 as scions respectively as stock for secondary grafting, simultaneously culturing 100 common seedling gleditsia sinensis, Yu soap No. 1, Yu soap No. 2 and Yulin No. 1, and recording the pricking result of the corresponding gleditsia sinensis, so as to obtain the results shown in tables 1 and 2:
TABLE 1 survival rate after 1 graft and 2 grafts
From the data after the primary grafting in table 1, it can be seen that yu soap No. 1 and yu soap No. 2 have good compatibility with common seedling low-yield and low-efficiency gleditschia horrida, the survival rate after grafting is high, and the loss rate of the gleditschia horrida seedlings is low; and the data after the secondary grafting shows that the Yulin No. 1 can be the gleditsia sinensis pod obtained after the primary grafting with the Yuping No. 1 or the gleditsia sinensis pod obtained after the primary grafting with the Yuping No. 2, the compatibility is excellent, and the grafting survival rate is high. Therefore, as can be seen from the data in the table above, the tree-shaped cultivation method provided by the invention can obtain higher fruit yield and thorn yield after grafting, ensure the survival rate of the grafted seedlings, reduce the loss and improve the yield.
Table 2: comparison of the results of pricking
As can be seen from the comparison of the data in table 2, the initial prick yield of the gleditsia sinensis lam adopting yunang soap No. 1 as the primary grafting scion is basically equal to that of yunang soap No. 1 in the first year and the fifth year, and the initial fruit yield of the first year and the fifth year is basically equal to that of yunang 1; the yield of the first year and the fifth year of thorn formation of the gleditsia sinensis pod which adopts Yu soap No. 2 as a primary grafting scion is basically equal to that of Yu soap No. 2, and the yield of the first year and the fifth year of fruit formation is basically equal to that of Yulin No. 1; the result shows that the pricking capacity of the gleditsia sinensis subjected to secondary grafting completely inherits the pricking capacity of the good variety of the gleditsia sinensis for pricking, the result capacity completely inherits the result capacity of the good variety of the fruit gleditsia sinensis, and the gleditsia sinensis subjected to secondary grafting is not influenced too much, namely the tree type cultivation method for quickly fruiting the gleditsia sinensis for pricking, provided by the invention, can perfectly dissolve the capacities of the good variety of the gleditsia sinensis for pricking and the good variety of the fruit gleditsia sinensis for pricking into a whole, makes up the defect that the gleditsia sinensis for pricking cannot bear results, and the gleditsia sinensis for fruit cannot bear pricks, so that branches and a main stem of the gleditsia sinensis can be better utilized. As can also be seen from table 2, the thorn-forming and fruiting time of the gleditsia sinensis cultured by the gleditsia sinensis rapid thorn-forming fruiting tree type cultivation method provided by the invention is obviously earlier than that of the gleditsia sinensis for common thorn, the thorn-forming amount in the first year after thorn formation is started is at least 0.63kg higher than that of the gleditsia sinensis for low yield and low efficiency, and the thorn-forming amount in the fifth year is at least 1.12kg higher than that of the gleditsia sinensis for low yield and low efficiency, namely, the gleditsia sinensis after secondary grafting is basically doubled relative to the thorn-forming amount of the gleditsia sinensis for low yield and low; the fruiting amount in the first year after fruiting is started exceeds that of the low-yield low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis at least 1.41kg, the fruiting amount in the fifth year exceeds that of the low-yield low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis at least 9.51kg, the fruit yield of the secondarily grafted gleditsia sinensis is increased by nearly 1 time relative to that of the low-yield low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis in the first year, and the fruit yield is increased by nearly 4 times in the fifth year when fruiting is carried out; the method provided by the invention greatly improves the yield of the fruits and the thorn of the gleditsia sinensis lam, enables the same land area to obtain the gleditsia sinensis lam and the gleditsia sinensis lam thorn far beyond the previous area, greatly improves the income of growers, reduces the planting and maintenance cost, is more convenient for the growers to manage, and has good planting prospect.
The above description is an embodiment of the present invention. The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any structural changes made under the teaching of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention, which is similar or similar to the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A gleditsia sinensis rapid thorn-forming fruiting tree type cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) primary grafting scion treatment: selecting current-year-grown gleditsia sinensis improved varieties which are straight, free of mechanical damage and diseases and insect pests, full in bud bodies and strong in growth as scion materials, wherein the diameter of the branch serving as the scion material is 0.6-1.3cm, the length of the branch is 10-15cm, 3-4 buds are reserved, the upper end and the lower end of the branch are subjected to flat shearing, and the distance between the upper cut and the lower cut of the flat sheared branches is 0.8-1.1 cm;
2) stock grafting for the first time: selecting low-yield and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis seedlings with trunk thickness of 2-3cm as rootstocks;
3) primary grafting: carrying out primary grafting on the scion treated in the step 1) at the position 10cm away from the ground of the rootstock in the step 2) by using a bark grafting method;
4) and (3) secondary grafting scion treatment: selecting current year fruit with straight branches, no mechanical damage, no plant diseases and insect pests, full buds and strong growth as scion material, wherein the diameter of the branch as the scion material is 0.6-1.3cm, the length of the cut is 10-15cm, 3-4 buds are reserved, the biological upper end and the biological lower end are cut horizontally, and the distance between the upper cut and the lower cut after horizontal cutting is 0.8-1.1 cm;
5) secondary grafting of the stock: cultivating the gleditsia sinensis subjected to the primary grafting in the step 3) for two years to be used as a stock;
6) secondary grafting: performing secondary grafting on the scion in the step 4) at the position of the stock trunk with the height of 2-2.2m and the thickness of more than 1.5cm in the step 5);
the low-yield and low-efficiency gleditsia sinensis is a gleditsia sinensis seedling with the age of more than 2 years;
the primary grafting adopts a bark grafting method, and the secondary grafting adopts a cutting grafting method or a cleft grafting method.
2. The method for cultivating a fruit tree type with quick thorn formation of Gleditsia sinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first grafting scion of step 1) and the second grafting scion of step 4) are processed as follows: completely soaking in a mixed solution of 500-fold 800-time potassium permanganate and 50% carbendazim wettable powder, taking out after soaking for 28-32min, air drying, sealing with wax, subpackaging for moisturizing, and storing in a refrigeration house for later use.
3. The method for cultivating a fruit tree type of gleditsia sinensis with quick thorn-forming features as claimed in claim 1, wherein the management after grafting after performing the first grafting in step 3) and after performing the second grafting in step 6) is as follows: immediately watering once after grafting, draining water in the joint in time within 10 days after grafting, removing sprout on the tree in time after successful grafting, and spraying 50-100 times of 40% omethoate missible oil in the early morning when diseases and insect pests are discovered.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the variety of Gleditsia sinensis with rapid thorn formation is one of Yu Zao No. 1 or Yu Zao No. 2, and the variety of Gleditsia sinensis with rapid thorn formation is Yulin No. 1.
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