CN108585125A - 还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极、制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极、制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
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- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
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- KACAUYDQOUENGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ta].[Ru].[Ir] Chemical compound [Ta].[Ru].[Ir] KACAUYDQOUENGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RLGQACBPNDBWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cetyltrimethylammonium ion Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C RLGQACBPNDBWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JVMRPSJZNHXORP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ON=O.ON=O.ON=O.N Chemical compound ON=O.ON=O.ON=O.N JVMRPSJZNHXORP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4676—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
- C02F2101/163—Nitrates
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极、制备方法及其应用。以碳材料为基底,先电负载碳纳米管,然后电负载铜镍双金属,即得所述复合电极。以此复合电极为反应装置的阴极,可用于电化学还原硝酸盐,其硝态氮还原速率显著优于单纯的铜镍电极。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极、制备方法及其应用,属于电化学领域。
背景技术
目前,人类的工农业生产和其他社会活动已造成地下水及地表水中硝酸盐浓度的不断提高,而饮用水中硝酸盐浓度的升高回对人体健康造成严重危害。因此,世界卫生组织建议,饮用水中硝酸盐浓度应低于10mg/L。
水体中硝态氮的污染来源于难处理的工业废水和生活污水、氮肥的过度使用和污染气体的沉积。这种污染会造成水体的富营养化、婴儿的蓝婴综合征以及成人的胃肠道癌。
废水的硝态氮处理方法主要有离子交换和反渗透、生物脱氮、催化加氢和电化学还原法。电渗析、反渗透和离子交换仅仅只是把硝酸盐从水中分离出来,分离产生的高浓度硝酸盐废水还需要进一步处理。生物脱氮在生物反应器中利用微生物将水中的硝态氮转变为氮气,但是处理过程中产生细菌污染的可能性、自养或异养细菌的对环境的敏感性、额外的碳源投加、连续监测、处理时间长使生物脱硝与物理化学过程相比没有竞争力。催化加氢需要不断的氢气供应,大规模工业应用得到限制。电化学过程具有不需要投加化学药剂、设备占地面积小、不会产生污泥、相对较低的投资成本、高能量效率和良好的环境兼容性。
近年来,电化学还原硝态氮的研究集中在电极材料的开发上。还原过程主要分两种途径,一是硝态氮在阴极直接还原为氮气或笑气从而脱氮,二是硝态氮先还原为氨氮然后氨氮在阳极氧化成氮气从而脱氮。目前有研究报道已经能使硝态氮达到90%的去除,没有副产物氨氮和亚硝态氮的产生,但是还原时间比较长,使用的电流密度较大,对于工业应用来说成本过高。说明现行电化学还原硝酸盐的技术还亟待改善。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极、制备方法,该复合电极具有较快还原硝态氮的能力。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述复合电极的应用。
实现本发明的技术解决方案是:一种还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极,以碳基材料为基底,所述基底依次电负载碳纳米管和铜镍双金属,即得所述复合电极。
上述复合电极中,碳基材料为石墨毡、碳电极等碳类材料中的一种。
上述复合电极中,碳纳米管为单壁碳纳米管、高纯多壁碳纳米管、羧基化多壁碳纳米管、氨基化多壁碳纳米管、羟基化多壁碳纳米管的一种或几种的混合物。
上述复合电极中,电负载铜镍双金属时,其电解质溶液中,采用的添加剂为硫酸铵或柠檬酸钠中的一种或两种混合物,采用的铜镍盐为硫酸铜和硫酸镍的两种混合物,硫酸铜与硫酸镍的摩尔比为1:4~35:2。
上述复合电极中,电负载多壁碳纳米管时,其电解质溶液中,多壁碳纳米管与溴化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的质量比为4:1~1:1。
上述碳基铜镍复合电极的制备方法,其步骤如下:
(a)按照多壁碳纳米管:溴化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵=4:1~1:1的质量比例,将其溶于去离子水中,搅拌均匀;
(b)按照硫酸铜:硫酸镍=1:4~35:2的摩尔比例,将其溶于硫酸铵或柠檬酸钠中的一种或两种混合溶液中;
(c)将碳基材料作阴极,在15-25V恒电压下于步骤(a)所配制的溶液中负载20-40min;
(d)将步骤(c)中负载碳纳米管后的碳基材料作阴极,在10-20mA/cm2的恒电流条件下于步骤(b)所配制的溶液中负载20-40min即得碳基铜镍复合电极。
上述碳基铜镍复合电极在电化学还原硝酸盐的应用。
其中,所述的应用中,其具体步骤如下:以钌铱钛电极为阳极,以上述复合电极为阴极,电解液采用100-1000mg/L硝态氮、7.1g/L硫酸钠和1-10g/L氯化钠的混合溶液,将电解液置于用阳离子交换膜隔开的双室电化学反应器中,在电流密度为10-40mA/cm2的恒电流条件下进行反应。
与现有技术相比,本发明制备的复合电极在双室反应器中能使水中的硝态氮快速还原为氨氮,处理一段时间后无亚硝态氮,而对于产生的氨氮,可以用电化学氧化处理。具有以下特点:1、还原时间短; 2、制作成本低;3、处理后无亚硝态氮。这些特点使该复合电极在城市污水及含硝态氮废水处理等领域中对于硝酸根的去除广泛应用。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明进行详细描述。
实施例1
将5cm×2.5cm石墨毡依次采用丙酮和甲醇进行超声清洗后进行酸洗、水洗;多壁碳纳米管负载溶液按4:1摩尔比的高纯多壁碳纳米管和溴化十六烷基三甲基胺配制的水溶液;铜镍负载溶液按1:4摩尔比的硫酸铜和硫酸镍配制的水溶液并添加柠檬酸钠和硫酸铵;
阳极使用钌铱钛电极,阴极为上述负载量的石墨毡铜镍复合电极,电解液采用100mg/L硝态氮、7.1g/L硫酸钠和1g/L氯化钠的混合溶液,将200ml电解液置于用阳离子交换膜隔开的双室电化学反应器中,在电流密度为10mA/cm2的恒电流条件下进行反应。
实施例2
改变硫酸铜和硫酸镍的摩尔比为16:35,其他条件同实施例1。
实施例3
改变硫酸铜和硫酸镍的摩尔比为1:1,其他条件同实施例1。
实施例4
改变硫酸铜和硫酸镍的摩尔比为7:4,其他条件同实施例1。
实施例5
将100ml电解液置于用阳离子交换膜隔开的双室电化学反应器中,其他条件同实施例3。
实施例6
将100ml电解液置于全混反应器中,阳极使用钌铱钛电极,阴极为实施例1负载量的石墨毡铜镍复合电极,电解液采用1000mg/L硝态氮、7.1g/L硫酸钠和1g/L氯化钠的混合溶液,在电流密度为10mA/cm2的恒电流条件下进行反应。
对比例1
电解液不添加硫酸镍,其他条件同实施例3。
对比例2
电解液不添加硫酸铜,其他条件同实施例3。
对比例3
将5cm×2.5cm石墨毡依次采用丙酮和甲醇进行超声清洗后进行酸洗、水洗;
阳极使用钌铱钛电极,阴极为上述清洗后的石墨毡,电解液采用100mg/L硝态氮、7.1g/L硫酸钠和1g/L氯化钠的混合溶液,将100ml电解液置于用阳离子交换膜隔开的双室电化学反应器中,在电流密度为10mA/cm2的恒电流条件下进行反应。
对比例4
改变阴极为泡沫镍,其他条件同对比例3。
对比例5
改变阴极为泡沫铜,其他条件同对比例3。
表1实施例5、对比例3、对比例4、对比例5硝酸盐浓度变化对比
时间/min | 实施例5硝酸盐浓度(mg/L) | 对比例4硝酸盐浓度(mg/L) | 对比例5硝酸盐浓度(mg/L) | 对比例3硝酸盐浓度(mg/L) |
0 | 511.72 | 538.89 | 542.42 | 553.94 |
10 | 190.25 | 496.90 | 413.56 | 432.99 |
20 | 76.28 | 458.01 | 372.24 | 358.27 |
30 | 0 | 491.68 | 344.85 | 307.74 |
60 | 0 | 469.47 | 252.63 | 180.67 |
120 | 0 | 430.55 | 156.14 | 77.29 |
表2实施例3、对比例1、对比例2硝态氮浓度变化对比
时间/min | 实施例3硝态氮浓度(mg/L) | 对比例1硝态氮浓度(mg/L) | 对比例2硝态氮浓度(mg/L) |
0 | 94.48 | 98.73 | 96.91 |
30 | 23.82 | 27.06 | 79.70 |
60 | 3.58 | 4.59 | 63.10 |
90 | 1.35 | 1.76 | 60.87 |
120 | 1.55 | 1.15 | 53.99 |
Claims (8)
1.还原水中硝态氮的碳基铜镍复合电极,其特征在于,以碳基材料为基底,所述基底依次电负载碳纳米管和铜镍双金属,即得所述复合电极。
2.如权利要求1所述的复合电极,其特征在于,碳基材料为石墨毡、碳电极中的一种。
3.如权利要求1所述的复合电极,其特征在于,碳纳米管为单壁碳纳米管、高纯多壁碳纳米管、羧基化多壁碳纳米管、氨基化多壁碳纳米管、羟基化多壁碳纳米管的一种或几种的混合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的复合电极,其特征在于,电负载铜镍双金属时,其电解质溶液中,采用的添加剂为硫酸铵或柠檬酸钠中的一种或两种混合物,采用的铜镍盐为硫酸铜和硫酸镍的两种混合物,硫酸铜与硫酸镍的摩尔比为1:4~35:2。
5.如权利要求1所述的复合电极,其特征在于,电负载碳纳米管时,其电解质溶液中,碳纳米管与溴化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的质量比为4:1~1:1。
6.如权利要求1-5任一所述的碳基铜镍复合电极的制备方法,其特征在于,其步骤如下:
(a)按照碳纳米管:溴化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵=4:1~1:1的质量比例,将其溶于去离子水中,搅拌均匀;
(b)按照硫酸铜:硫酸镍=1:4~35:2的摩尔比例,将其溶于硫酸铵或柠檬酸钠中的一种或两种混合溶液中;
(c)将碳基材料作阴极,在15-25V恒电压下于步骤(a)所配制的溶液中负载20-40min;
(d)将步骤(c)中负载碳纳米管后的碳基材料作阴极,在10-40mA/cm2的恒电流条件下于步骤(b)所配制的溶液中负载20-40min即得碳基铜镍复合电极。
7.如权利要求1-5任一所述的碳基铜镍复合电极在电化学还原硝酸盐的应用。
8.如权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,以钌铱钛电极为阳极,以所述的复合电极为阴极,电解液采用100-1000mg/L硝态氮、7.1g/L硫酸钠和1-10g/L氯化钠的混合溶液,将电解液置于用阳离子交换膜隔开的双室电化学反应器中,在电流密度为10-40mA/cm2的恒电流条件下进行反应。
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