CN108502922A - 一种锐钛矿二氧化钛微球及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种锐钛矿二氧化钛微球及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
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- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种锐钛矿二氧化钛微球及其制备方法,所述锐钛矿二氧化钛微球粒径均匀,平均粒径1~2μm,微球由平均粒径10~25nm的纳米颗粒组装而成,并且纳米颗粒粒径可调。其制备方法如下:以钛酸异丙酯为硅源,乙醇为溶剂,二乙烯三胺为封端剂,含氟离子液体和乙醇共同作为形貌调控剂进行溶剂热反应制备得到TiO2微球,将TiO2微球干燥、研磨、煅烧得到锐钛矿二氧化钛微球。本发明以乙醇为溶剂,乙醇同时和含氟离子液体共同作为形貌调控剂,通过溶剂热反应制备得到具备高能面的锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米颗粒,并且可以通过调节乙醇的用量来控制形貌。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米材料技术领域,具体涉及一种锐钛矿二氧化钛微球及其制备方法。
背景技术
能源危机和环境污染是当今人类面临的两大难题。自1972年Ti02电极上光电催化分解水产氢被发现后,光催化技术在深度氧化降解各种有机污染物、还原重金属有毒离子以及抗菌、杀毒、抗生、能源转化等方面的应用逐渐成为研究热点。目前,以TiO2为基础的光催化技术在介电效应、光致变色、气敏、湿敏、表面自清洁和环境治理等领域已有了长足的发展和广泛的应用研究。
二氧化钛作为一种半导体材料,其化学性质相对比较稳定,具有氧化还原能力强、难溶于水、对环境无毒无污染、成本低廉等优良特点,被认为是一种绿色清洁的环境友好型光催化剂。但是在实际应用中由于TiO2的宽能带、对太阳光的利用率较低、较低的量子产率和光生载流子复合等缺陷限制了其在商业中的广泛推广和在工程中的实际应用。因此各国科学家为解决此难题提出了各种改良方法,包括贵金属掺杂,半导体复合和提高高能面比例等。而贵金属掺杂和半导体的复合步骤较复杂。
研究发现当TiO2暴露不同晶面或暴露晶面比例不同时,光催化反应过程中所产生的光生电子和空穴分别表现出不同程度的氧化性和还原性。研究表明,晶面是影响二氧化钛光催化活性的一个重要因素。根据密度泛函数理论(DFT)算得,锐钛矿TiO2各表面的平均表面能排序是{110}(1.09J/㎡)>{001}(0.90J/㎡)>{100}(0.53J/
㎡)>{101}(0.44J/㎡)。近年来该方面的研究主要集中在控制合成具有更大比例的高活性表面(如:{001}面,{100}面和{101}面)的Ti02纳米晶体上。根据晶体生长动力学机理,在晶体生长过程中,往往同时存在两种机理即取向附着(oriented
attachment,OA)和Ostwald熟化(Ostwald ripening,OR)。Ostwald熟化主要解释溶液中由扩散控制的较大尺寸的晶体生长过程,较大颗粒的生长主要以牺牲小颗粒为代价,其驱动力是粒子总表面积的降低所产生的总界面自由能的降低。即晶体生长过程中要满足表面能最低原则,因而具有较高表面能的晶面在生长过程中会逐渐消失,往往造成合成的锐钛矿单晶主要由热力学上更为稳定的{101}面,而不是活性很高的{110}和{001}面。因为第一原理计算表明锐钛矿TiO2的{001}面有可能具备比{101}面更加优越的光催化性能,所以合成高比例暴露{001}晶面的二氧化钛具有重要的现实意义。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对现有技术中存在的上述不足,提供一种具备高能面的锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米颗粒及其制备方法。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供的技术方案是:
提供一种锐钛矿二氧化钛微球,所述锐钛矿二氧化钛微球粒径均匀,平均粒径1~2μm,微球由平均粒径10~25nm的纳米颗粒组装而成,并且纳米颗粒粒径可调。
本发明还提供上述锐钛矿二氧化钛微球的制备方法:以钛酸异丙酯为硅源,乙醇为溶剂,二乙烯三胺为封端剂,含氟离子液体和乙醇共同作为形貌调控剂进行溶剂热反应制备得到TiO2微球,将TiO2微球干燥、研磨、煅烧得到锐钛矿二氧化钛微球。
按上述方案,上述方法具体步骤如下:
1)制备TiO2微球:将乙醇、二乙烯三胺、含氟离子液体置于反应釜中搅拌均匀,随后搅拌加入钛酸异丙酯,其中乙醇、二乙烯三胺、含氟离子液体和钛酸异丙酯的体积比为20~40:0.024:1:2,搅拌均匀后进行溶剂热反应,反应结束后将反应液离心分离,所得沉淀物洗涤干燥后得到TiO2微球;
2)制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球:将步骤1)所得TiO2微球研磨成粉末,然后放入马弗炉中煅烧得到锐钛矿二氧化钛微球。
按上述方案,步骤1)所述含氟离子液体为1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐。
按上述方案,步骤1)所述溶剂热反应条件为:于160~200℃反应1~2天。
按上述方案,步骤2)所述煅烧条件为:以1~3℃/min的速率升温至500~600℃,然后保温4~6h。
本发明的原理在于:本发明以乙醇为溶剂,乙醇同时和含氟离子液体共同作为形貌调控剂,并控制乙醇、二乙烯三胺、含氟离子液体和钛酸异丙酯的体积比为20~40:0.024:1:2,其中适量的离子液体可促使Ti-F键产生取代部分Ti-O键,形成TiO2-IL的共聚物,获得尺寸可调的纳米颗粒,在溶剂热调节下这些纳米颗粒自组装形成结构最稳定的球形结构,并且其可抑制(001)面的生长,使得其高能面暴露比例提高,随着乙醇加入量的增加,产生的Ti-F键减少,束缚(Ti-F键的作用力)变小,不足以产生足够的Ti-F键用于替换TiO2,因此TiO2会发生畸变放大。同时,由于含氟离子液体与乙醇具有很好的相融性,随着含氟离子液体与钛源的结合,乙醇与离子液体的互混一定程度上促进Ti-F键的产生,束缚增大,从而抑制二氧化钛的进一步增长,当锻烧去除离子液体后,TiO2-IL的共聚物随着离子液体的去除而消失,使得氧空位的产生,氧空位的产生有助于提高二氧化钛的光催化性能。
本发明的有益效果在于:1、本发明以乙醇为溶剂,乙醇同时和含氟离子液体共同作为形貌调控剂,通过溶剂热反应制备得到具备高能面的锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米颗粒,并且可以通过调节乙醇的用量来控制形貌,适当增加乙醇的量可减小纳米颗粒的尺寸,制备方法绿色环保。2、本发明制备的锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米颗粒(001)
晶面的暴露比大,有很高的结晶度,并具有氧空位缺陷,表现出优异的催化性能。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1所制备的TiO2(20mL乙醇)的SEM图;
图2为实施例1所制备的TiO2的SEM图;
图3为实施例2所制备的TiO2(30mL乙醇)的SEM图;
图4为实施例3所制备的TiO2(35mL乙醇)的SEM图;
图5为实施例4所制备的TiO2(40mL乙醇)的SEM图;
图6为对比例1所制备的TiO2(35mL水)的SEM图;
图7为实施例1-4及对比例1所制备的TiO2的XRD图;
图8为实施例1-4及对比例1所制备的降解亚甲基蓝的光催化性能图;
图9为实施例3所制备的TiO2(35mL乙醇)的EPR图。
具体实施方式
为使本领域技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案,下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细描述。
实施例1
一种锐钛矿型纳米二氧化钛的绿色合成方法,包含以下步骤:
(1)在反应釜中加入20mL的乙醇为溶剂,加入24μL的二乙烯三胺,再加入1mL的1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐,然后放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌,搅拌10-15分钟后,边搅拌边加入2mL钛源钛酸异丙酯,加完后继续搅拌5-10分钟,最后放入200℃烘箱中反应24h。
(2)停止反应后,将反应溶液取出,离心得到沉淀,并用乙醇清洗沉淀三次,然后将沉淀放到70℃烘箱中干燥24小时,再将干燥好的样品磨成粉末并将其放入马弗炉中以3℃/min的速率升温至600℃,然后保温4h得到二氧化钛样品。
图1和图2为本实施例制备的TiO2的SEM图,由图可见本实施例合成的样品为纳米颗粒堆积而成的二氧化钛微球,微球平均粒径为2μm,纳米颗粒平均粒径为10nm,按照本实施方法能有效制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球。
实施例2
采用与实施例1相似的方法制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球,不同之处在于乙醇用量为30mL。
本实施例制备的TiO2的SEM图如图3所示,可见微球平均粒径为2μm,纳米颗粒平均粒径为18nm。
实施例3
采用与实施例1相似的方法制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球,不同之处在于乙醇用量为35mL。
本实施例制备的TiO2的SEM图如图4所示,可见微球平均粒径为2μm,纳米颗粒平均粒径为22nm。
实施例4
采用与实施例1相似的方法制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球,不同之处在于乙醇用量为40mL。
本实施例制备的TiO2的SEM图如图5所示,可见微球平均粒径为2μm,纳米颗粒平均粒径为25nm。由图1-5可知,微球表面纳米颗粒随着乙醇含量从20mL增加到40mL,纳米颗粒逐渐变大。
对比例1
采用与实施例1相似的方法制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球,不同之处在于以35mL水代替20mL乙醇。
本对比例制备的TiO2的SEM图如图6所示,可见微球平均粒径为2μm,纳米颗粒平均粒径为16nm。
从图1到图6各样品的SEM图可以看出,随着乙醇用量的增加,各样品的微球尺寸基本不变,大约在2μm左右。而微球表面的纳米颗粒的尺寸在逐渐变小。
如图7所示为实施例1-4及对比例1所制备的TiO2的XRD图,可知所制备的都为锐钛矿结构的TiO2,从图7样品600℃煅烧后的XRD图可以看出,随着乙醇含量从20mL增加到40mL,纳米颗粒001面的半峰宽变小,增加乙醇的用量后,样品的结晶度明显变高,其中在加入35mL的乙醇条件下得到的样品结晶度最高。并且从图中可以看出,35mL的乙醇条件下的样品的高能面{001}面的半峰宽要比其他样品小(004对应的是001面),说明在此乙醇用量条件下晶体高能面的暴露比相对其他样品都更高。
利用对亚甲基蓝染料的降解来表征样品的光催化性能,具体实验条件:分别取0.02g实施例1-4及对比例1所制备的TiO2样品溶于100mL的0.01g/L的亚甲基蓝溶液中,在搅拌、避光的条件下暗反应30min,再在18A光强的全光条件下进行光反应,每隔10min采点进行UV测试,各样品降解亚甲基蓝的光催化性能图如图8所示,可知在一定范围内增加乙醇的用量,样品的光催化性能明显提高,光降解反应速率常数比P25(P25是市场上常用的一种性能优异的二氧化钛光催化剂)还要大,其中35mL乙醇和含氟离子液体体系下合成出的样品的光催化性能最好。
通过图8降解亚甲基蓝的光催化性能图,可知实施例1-4及对比例1所制备的TiO2样品中实施例3所制备的TiO2(35mL乙醇)光催化性能最好。
图9为实施例3所制备的TiO2(35mL乙醇)的常温电子顺磁共振性能(EPR)图,通过图可以得到两个g值,即g1=1.986,g2=2.011,分别代表的是Ti3+和氧空位,说明通过离子液体可以得到氧空位缺陷。该氧空位缺陷的存在能够促进锐钛矿二氧化钛纳米颗粒的光催化性能。
Claims (6)
1.一种锐钛矿二氧化钛微球,其特征在于:所述锐钛矿二氧化钛微球粒径均匀,平均粒径1~2μm,微球由平均粒径10~25nm的纳米颗粒组装而成,并且纳米颗粒粒径可调。
2.一种权利要求1所述的锐钛矿二氧化钛微球的制备方法,其特征在于:以钛酸异丙酯为硅源,乙醇为溶剂,二乙烯三胺为封端剂,含氟离子液体和乙醇共同作为形貌调控剂进行溶剂热反应制备得到TiO2微球,将TiO2微球干燥、研磨、煅烧得到锐钛矿二氧化钛微球。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
1)制备TiO2微球:将乙醇、二乙烯三胺、含氟离子液体置于反应釜中搅拌均匀,随后搅拌加入钛酸异丙酯,其中乙醇、二乙烯三胺、含氟离子液体和钛酸异丙酯的体积比为20~40:0.024:1:2,搅拌均匀后进行溶剂热反应,反应结束后将反应液离心分离,所得沉淀物洗涤干燥后得到TiO2微球;
2)制备锐钛矿二氧化钛微球:将步骤1)所得TiO2微球研磨成粉末,然后放入马弗炉中煅烧得到锐钛矿二氧化钛微球。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于步骤1)所述含氟离子液体为1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐。
5.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于步骤1)所述溶剂热反应条件为:于160~200℃反应1~2天。
6.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于步骤2)所述煅烧条件为:以1~3℃/min的速率升温至500~600℃,然后保温4~6h。
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