CN108476160A - 基于分层覆叠穿隧的交换机互连 - Google Patents

基于分层覆叠穿隧的交换机互连 Download PDF

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CN108476160A
CN108476160A CN201680071386.2A CN201680071386A CN108476160A CN 108476160 A CN108476160 A CN 108476160A CN 201680071386 A CN201680071386 A CN 201680071386A CN 108476160 A CN108476160 A CN 108476160A
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tunnel
network
interchanger
packet
switch
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CN108476160B (zh
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P·科甘蒂
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Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/25—Routing or path finding in a switch fabric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
    • H04L12/4633—Interconnection of networks using encapsulation techniques, e.g. tunneling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/66—Layer 2 routing, e.g. in Ethernet based MAN's
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/10—Packet switching elements characterised by the switching fabric construction
    • H04L49/113—Arrangements for redundant switching, e.g. using parallel planes
    • H04L49/118—Address processing within a device, e.g. using internal ID or tags for routing within a switch
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/58—Association of routers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/10—Packet switching elements characterised by the switching fabric construction

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种新颖的光纤网交换机。所述交换机包含维持本地交换机间隧道及光纤网间隧道的隧道管理设备。所述本地交换机间隧道促进到本地光纤网交换机中的交换机的通信。所述光纤网间隧道促进到远程光纤网交换机的通信。所述交换机进一步包含包标头管理设备，所述包标头管理设备解封从所述本地交换机间隧道接收的包，且用新隧道标头来封装所述包以用于在所述光纤网间隧道上发射。

Description

基于分层覆叠穿隧的交换机互连
技术领域
本发明涉及通信网络。更明确地说，本发明涉及一种用于基于分层覆叠穿隧而构造可扩展交换系统的系统及方法。
背景技术
因特网的指数增长使因特网成为用于物理及虚拟装置上运行的多种应用的流行输送媒体。此些应用带来了带宽需求的增长。因此，装备供应商竞相构建具有多种功能(如网络虚拟化及多租户)的更大且更快交换机，以高效地适应不同网络需求。然而，交换机的大小无法无限地增长。其受物理空间、功率消耗及设计复杂性(仅举几例)限制。此外，具有较高能力的交换机通常更复杂且昂贵。更重要的是，由于过大而复杂的系统往往不能提供规模经济，因此单纯增大交换机的大小及能力可能因增大的每端口成本而在经济上不可行。
一种增大交换机系统的吞吐量的方式是使用层2交换机堆叠。在交换机堆叠中，多个较小规模的相同交换机以特殊模式互连以形成较大逻辑交换机。然而，交换机堆叠需要小心地配置端口及交换机间链路。当堆叠达到一定大小时，所需的手动配置量变得过于复杂且繁重，这使得交换机堆叠不能成为构建大规模交换系统的实际选项。此外，基于堆叠式交换机的系统往往具有因带宽因素而限制系统的可扩展性的拓扑限制。
改善交换机系统的可扩展性的一种灵活方式是构建可以一致方式控制的交换机互连，这些交换机往往可共享单个逻辑机箱或单个控制平面(称为“光纤网交换机”)。光纤网交换机是个别成员交换机的集合。这些成员交换机形成可具有任意数目个端口及任意拓扑的互连交换机网络。随着需求的增长，客户可采取“按需付费”方法来扩大光纤网交换机的容量。
虽然光纤网交换机带来了令人满意的特征，但在可扩展光纤网交换机的高效形成及数据传输方面仍存在一些问题有待解决。仍存在的一个挑战是，随着层2网络变得越来越普遍，经扩展层2广播域代管越来越多的媒体接入控制(MAC)地址。另外，基于虚拟机的云计算的出现加剧了MAC地址的数目的增长。如何管理如此大量的MAC地址，同时提供处置大量层2业务量的能力，仍然是网络装备供应商面临的主要挑战。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供一种交换机。所述交换机包含隧道管理设备，所述隧道管理设备维持本地交换机间隧道及光纤网间隧道。所述本地交换机间隧道促进到本地光纤网交换机中的交换机的通信。所述光纤网间隧道促进到远程光纤网交换机的通信。所述交换机进一步包含包标头管理设备，所述包标头管理设备解封从所述本地交换机间隧道接收的包且用新隧道标头来封装所述包以供在所述光纤网间隧道上发射。
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述交换机管理促进与端主机的通信的边缘隧道。
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述新隧道标头包含目的地远程光纤网交换机的识别符。
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述新隧道标头包含网络服务标头
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述交换机存储媒体接入控制(MAC)地址与虚拟隧道端点之间的映射。
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述交换机存储MAC地址与远程光纤网识别符之间的映射。
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述交换机阻止从光纤网内隧道接收的包被转发到另一光纤网内隧道上。
在此实施例的变化形式中，所述交换机响应于识别出包中的MAC地址而将所述MAC地址加载于所述交换机的转发硬件中。
附图说明
图1A图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示范性光纤网交换机架构。
图1B图解说明根据本发明的实施例的利用分层覆叠隧道群组的示范性转发策略。
图1C图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示范性交换机识别符映射表。
图1D图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示范性虚拟局域网络(VLAN)映射表。
图2A呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机在光纤网交换机中建立光纤网内隧道的示范性过程的流程图。
图2B呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机将交换机识别符映射到转发信息的示范性过程的流程图。
图2C呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机在转发硬件中维持对话MAC地址的示范性过程的流程图。
图3A图解说明根据本发明的实施例的用于载运光纤网交换机识别符的示范性包标头配置。
图3B图解说明根据本发明的实施例的用于载运光纤网交换机识别符的示范性包标头配置。
图3C图解说明根据本发明的实施例的跨越光纤网交换机端到端地转发包的示范性过程。
图4A呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机转发从边缘端口接收的包的示范性过程的流程图。
图4B呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机转发从隧道接收的包的示范性过程的流程图。
图4C呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明主干节点转发从隧道接收的多目的地包的示范性过程的流程图。
图5A图解说明根据本发明的实施例的具有虚拟隧道端点的示范性多机箱链路聚合群组(MLAG)。
图5B呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机转发从MLAG接收的包的示范性过程的流程图。
图5C呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明主干节点转发具有MLAG识别符的包的示范性过程的流程图。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例的基于分层覆叠隧道的光纤网交换机的示范性配置。
图7图解说明根据本发明的实施例的基于IP的光纤网交换机中的示范性成员交换机。
在各图中，相似元件符号是指相同图形元件。
具体实施方式
呈现以下说明以使得所属领域的技术人员能够制作及使用本发明，且在特定应用及其要求的上下文中提供以下说明。所属领域的技术人员将容易地明了对所揭示实施例的各种修改，且可在不背离本发明的精神及范围的情况下将本文中所定义的一般原理应用于其它实施例及应用。因此，本发明不限于所展示的实施例，而是将被赋予与权利要求书一致的最宽广范围。
概述
在本发明的实施例中，构建多功能、具成本效益且可扩展的层2交换系统的问题通过基于具有分层覆叠穿隧的基础层3协议形成拓扑不可知光纤网交换机而得以解决。此新光纤网交换机架构可包含通过可基于现有层3及穿隧协议(例如IP及虚拟可扩展LAN(VXLAN))以及专用协议的基础网络而互连的一或多个光纤网交换机。每一光纤网交换机可包含通过使用相同层3及穿隧协议的类似基础网络而互连的若干物理交换机。如本发明的后续章节中更详细描述，处置经扩展层2广播域中的大量MAC地址的问题通过具有分层穿隧机构及基于标记的光纤网式地址聚合机构而得以解决。
在光纤网交换机内，可使用基础穿隧协议在所有交换机当中建立全网状逻辑拓扑。换句话说，光纤网内的任何两个交换机可基于此全网状逻辑拓扑经由直接逻辑链路或光纤网内隧道而彼此通信。特定来说，当这些交换机实施层2功能性时，这些交换机可形成以太网光纤网。因此，以太网广播域可基于此全网状逻辑拓扑而到达光纤网内的每个交换机。
当多个光纤网交换机被互连且层2广播域跨越一个以上光纤网交换机而扩展时，可建立光纤网间隧道以促进光纤网间通信。离开一个光纤网的包可被封装在这些光纤网间隧道中且被传输到远程光纤网。每一光纤网可具有可负责维持这些光纤网间隧道的一或多个光纤网间网关。
构建大层2广播域的一个挑战是如何管理在广播域内预期可到达的大量MAC地址及相关联MAC地址学习。解决此问题的一种方式是使光纤网交换机内的所有MAC地址与此光纤网的标记相关联，所述标记还可充当光纤网的识别符。当以太网包进入光纤网时，以太网包的目的地地址(DA)被映射到对应目的地光纤网的标记，且基于此目的地光纤网的标记而被朝向远程光纤网转发。一旦包到达目的地光纤网，所述包便被从光纤网间隧道解封，且使用光纤网内隧道被朝向目的地出口交换机转发。
建立MAC DA与光纤网ID(即，光纤网的标记)之间的映射关系的方式有若干种。此映射可通过从初始广播包学习而在数据平面中进行，在此过程期间，包的MAC源地址(SA)被映射到其源光纤网ID。当一或多个MAC地址与远程光纤网相关联时，此信息还可使用控制协议分布在控制平面中。第三种方法是使用基于数据平面的方法与基于控制平面的方法两者的组合，此允许本地光纤网基于本地学习及/或控制平面消息而学习远程光纤网中的MAC-到-光纤网-ID映射。
前述分层覆叠穿隧机构及基于标记的地址聚合机构可提供解决当前光纤网架构中存在的许多挑战的多功能且可扩展的光纤网交换解决方案。
应注意，光纤网交换机不同于常规交换机堆叠。在交换机堆叠中，多个交换机基于特定拓扑而互连在共同位置处(通常在相同机架内)，且以特定方式手动配置。这些堆叠式交换机通常共享共同地址(例如，IP地址)，因此这些堆叠式交换机对外可作为单个交换机而寻址。此外，交换机堆叠需要端口及交换机间链路的显著量的手动配置。手动配置的需要使交换机堆叠不能成为构建大规模交换系统的可行选项。交换机堆叠强加的拓扑约束还限制可堆叠的交换机的数目。这是因为设计允许总体交换机带宽随交换机单元的数目而充分缩放的堆叠拓扑是极困难的(如果有可能的话)。
相比之下，光纤网交换机可包含具有个别地址的任意数目个交换机、可基于任意物理拓扑且不需要大量手动配置。交换机可驻存在相同位置中或分布在不同位置上。这些特征克服了交换机堆叠的固有限制且使构建大“交换机群”成为可能，所述交换机群可被视为单个逻辑交换机。由于光纤网交换机的自动配置能力，因此个别物理交换机可动态地加入或离开光纤网交换机而不会中断对网络其余部分的服务。
此外，光纤网交换机的自动及动态配置能力允许网络操作者在不牺牲可扩展性的情况下以分布式及“按需付费”方式构建光纤网交换机的交换系统。在网络负载往往随时间改变的情况下，光纤网交换机对变化的网络条件作出响应的能力使光纤网交换机成为虚拟计算环境中的理想解决方案。
还应注意，光纤网交换机不同于VLAN。光纤网交换机可适应多个VLAN。VLAN通常通过VLAN标签而识别。相比之下，光纤网交换机通过指派给光纤网交换机的光纤网识别符(例如，群集识别符)而识别。由于光纤网交换机可表示为逻辑机箱，因此光纤网识别符还可称为逻辑机箱识别符。光纤网交换机的相应成员交换机与光纤网识别符相关联。在一些实施例中，光纤网交换机识别符被预先指派给成员交换机。因此，当交换机加入光纤网交换机时，其它成员交换机将所述交换机识别为光纤网交换机的成员交换机。
在本发明中，术语“光纤网交换机”是指可形成单个可扩展交换机网络的若干个经互连物理交换机。光纤网交换机的成员交换机可作为个别交换机而操作。光纤网交换机的成员交换机还可作为配设与控制平面、数据平面或两者中的单个逻辑交换机而操作。“光纤网交换机”不应解释为将本发明的实施例限制于作为单个逻辑交换机而操作的多个交换机。在本发明中，术语“光纤网交换机”与“光纤网”可互换地使用。
尽管使用基于封装协议的实例而呈现本发明，但本发明的实施例不限于使用与特定开放系统互连参考模型(OSI参考模型)层相关联的一个特定封装协议而定义的网络。举例来说，本发明的实施例还可适用于多协议标记交换(MPLS)网络。在本发明中，术语“封装”以一般意义使用，且可是指任何联网层、子层或联网层组合中的封装。
术语“端主机”可是指在网络外部(例如，不执行所述网络中的转发)的任何装置。端主机的实例包含但不限于物理或虚拟机、常规层2交换机、层3路由器或任何其它类型的网络装置。另外，端主机可耦合到远离层2或层3网络的其它交换机或主机。端主机还可为若干网络装置进入网络的聚合点。代管一或多个虚拟机的端主机可称为主机机器。在本发明中，术语“端主机”与“主机机器”可互换地使用。
术语“VLAN”以一般意义使用且可是指任何虚拟化网络。包括物理联网装置、软件网络资源及网络功能性的区段的任何虚拟化网络可可称为“VLAN”。“VLAN”不应解释为将本发明的实施例限制于层2网络。“VLAN”可被指代虚拟化网络或网络区段的其它术语替换，例如“虚拟专用网络(VPN)”、“虚拟专用LAN服务(VPLS)”或“简易虚拟网络(EVN)”。
术语“包”是指可跨越网络一起被传输的位群组。“包”不应解释为将本发明的实施例限制于层3网络。“包”可被指代位群组的其它术语替换，例如“帧”、“格(cell)”或“数据报”。
术语“交换机”以一般意义使用，且可指代在任何网络层中操作的任何独立或光纤网交换机。“交换机”可为物理装置或在计算装置上运行的软件。“交换机”不应解释为将本发明的实施例限制于层2网络。可将业务量转发到外部装置或另一交换机的任何装置均可称为“交换机”。“交换机”的实例包含但不限于层2交换机、层3路由器、TRILL RBridge或者包括多个类似或异构的较小物理交换机的光纤网交换机。
术语“边缘端口”是指网络上的与网络外部的装置交换数据帧的端口(即，边缘端口不用于与网络的另一成员交换机交换数据帧)。术语“交换机间端口”是指在网络的成员交换机当中发送/接收数据帧的端口。交换机间端口之间的链路称为“交换机间链路”。术语“接口”与“端口”可互换地使用。
术语“交换机识别符”是指可用于识别交换机的位群组。交换机识别符的实例包含但不限于媒体接入控制(MAC)地址、因特网协议(IP)地址、RBridge识别符或其组合。在本发明中，“交换机识别符”用作通用术语、不限于任何位格式且可指代可识别交换机的任何格式。
术语“隧道”是指其中使用另一联网协议来封装一或多个联网协议的数据通信。尽管本发明使用基于层2协议的层3封装的实例而呈现，但“隧道”不应解释为将本发明的实施例限制于层2及层3协议。“隧道”可针对及使用任何联网层、子层或联网层组合而建立。
“光纤网内隧道”是指在属于共同光纤网交换机的交换机之间建立的隧道。“光纤网间隧道”是指在两个光纤网交换机之间(通常在驻存于相应光纤网中的两个主干节点之间)建立的隧道。“边缘隧道”是在交换机与端主机之间建立的隧道。
网络架构
图1A图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示范性光纤网交换机架构。在此实例中，所述架构包含光纤网交换机104、主干光纤网交换机106及光纤网交换机108。此处，光纤网交换机104及108经由边缘端口耦合到端主机，且因此可称为边缘光纤网交换机。
光纤网交换机104包含若干交换机，例如交换机105及107。在一个实施例中，光纤网104内的每一交换机可与同一光纤网内的每一其它交换机形成光纤网内隧道，借此实现全网状逻辑拓扑。可使用各种穿隧技术。举例来说，隧道可使用VXLAN协议来建立。还可使用其它穿隧协议(例如，通用路由封装(GRE)、层2穿隧协议(L2TP)、多协议标记交换(MPLS)等)来建立光纤网内隧道。由于此全网状逻辑拓扑，因此光纤网104内的任何交换机可通过对应隧道仅利用一次跳跃而到达同一光纤网中的另一交换机。在其中VXLAN用作穿隧协议的情形中，隧道可通过元组{source_IP,destination_IP,source_port,destination_port}而识别，其中source_IP是源交换机的IP地址，destination_IP是目的地交换机的IP地址，source_port是源交换机的UDP端口，且destination_port是目的地交换机的UDP端口(因为VXLAN使用UDP作为传输层协议)。用于识别隧道的其它方式也是可能的。在一些实施例中，source_port依据元组中的字段中的一者的散列值而产生。
端主机102可经由多机箱链路聚合群组(MLAG)112耦合到光纤网104，所述MLAG是包含分别耦合交换机107及105的两个物理链路的逻辑链路。MLAG 112为端主机102提供物理链路冗余。如果两个链路中的一者故障，那么另一链路可继续操作。另外，交换机107及105可形成虚拟隧道端点(VTEP)114，所述VTEP可利用虚拟IP地址将其自身呈现为虚拟交换机。在一些实施例中，端主机102可与VTEP 114形成边缘隧道116。对于端主机102，VTEP 114可像光纤网104中的任何其它交换机一样起作用，且MLAG112可像用于从端主机102转发业务量及将业务量转发到端主机102目的的常规链路一样起作用。
在操作期间，可在端主机102与交换机107之间建立边缘隧道116。如果发生故障，那么隧道116可以最小的发射中断移动到工作链路。类似地，端主机103可经由MLAG115耦合到光纤网104，所述MLAG是包含分别耦合交换机107及105的两个物理链路的逻辑链路。相同VTEP 114可经由MLAG 112及115接收及转发包。因此，VTEP 114的虚拟IP地址可充当用于MLAG 112及115两者的VTEP地址。
注意，光纤网交换机104可充当逻辑层2交换机，其允许连接到光纤网104的多个端主机处于共同以太网广播域，只要这些端主机经配置具有共同VLAN即可。还要注意，端主机可为物理主机或可为代管多个虚拟机的机器。此外，控制物理主机上的多个虚拟机的管理程序可包含虚拟交换机。此虚拟交换机可为光纤网交换机104的一部分，且与光纤网104中的每一其它交换机建立光纤网内隧道，借此成为全网状逻辑拓扑的一部分。
如图1A中的实例中所展示，主干网络106可互连多个光纤网交换机，例如光纤网104及光纤网108。光纤网104可包含参与光纤网104及主干光纤网106(或主干106)两者的交换机121。此交换机可称为主干节点。类似地，光纤网108可包含参与光纤网108及主干106两者的主干节点123。对于光纤网104与光纤网106之间的业务量，可在交换机121与交换机123之间建立光纤网间隧道120。光纤网间隧道120允许光纤网104中的以太网广播域扩展到光纤网108。在此实例中，类似于端主机102，端主机110使用MLAG 112耦合到光纤网108。MLAG112可形成于端主机110与交换机111及113之间。交换机111及113共同地形成VTEP 110。在一个实施例中，端主机110与VTEP110形成边缘隧道124。
在常规交换式以太网网络中，交换机基于其MAC DA而转发所接收以太网包，假设交换机基于源自所述MAC DA的先前包先前已了解哪一输出端口将用于所述MAC DA。然而，在横跨多个光纤网交换机(例如光纤网104及108)的经扩展以太网广播域中，对于单个交换机来说针对与广播域相关联的所有MAC地址维持可达性信息可是不可能的，尤其是在端主机可适应多个虚拟机时更不可能。此外，仅基于MAC DA的转发可因大MAC地址空间而具有类似可扩展性问题。
为解决这些问题，在本发明的一些实施例中，每一光纤网通过唯一标记或识别符而识别。源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记可包含于隧道封装标头中。对于光纤网内业务量，即，其MAC SA及MAC DA两者驻存于同一光纤网中的包，所述包的源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记是相同的。当交换机从光纤网内隧道接收包时，交换机可检验目的地光纤网标记。如果标记与本地光纤网的标记相同，那么交换机可将包从隧道标头解封，且基于以太网包的MAC DA而转发以太网包。如果包的目的地光纤网标记并非本地光纤网的标记，那么交换机可解封包、将包重新封装在光纤网间隧道标头中且经由适当光纤网间隧道而发射包。
举例来说，假定端主机102将包发送到端主机110。还假设端主机102不含有参与光纤网104的虚拟交换机。端主机102将产生可包含用于端主机110的内IP包(其中端主机110的MAC地址作为所述内IP包的MAC DA)的以太网包，且经由边缘隧道116而发送所述包。注意，在此点处，包不含有任何光纤网标记信息。当包到达充当光纤网104的入口交换机的交换机107时，交换机107解封包且检验包的MAC DA。接着，交换机107确定MAC DA对应于光纤网108(在本发明的后续章节中更详细地描述用于分布MAC-到-光纤网-标记映射信息的机构)。
因此，交换机107确定包将需要被发送到主干节点121，因为所述包被送到远程光纤网。接着，交换机107用包含光纤网104的标记作为其源光纤网标记且包含光纤网108的标记作为其目的地标记的隧道标头来封装包，且将所述包发射到通往主干节点121的光纤网内隧道118上。光纤网104还可促进客户业务量的分流。举例来说，如果端主机102及103属于两个不同客户，那么光纤网104可分配隧道118的单独隧道区段来用于来自端主机102及103的业务量。交换机105及107可将端主机102及103的服务及客户VLAN识别符映射到相应隧道区段识别符。在一些实施例中，隧道118是VXLAN隧道，且隧道区段识别符是VXLAN网络识别符(VNI)。
在接收到包之后，交换机121首先检验包的隧道标头以确定目的地光纤网标记。由于目的地光纤网标记不同于光纤网104的标记，因此交换机121将包从光纤网内隧道118的标头解封，且将包封装在用于光纤网间隧道120的新隧道标头中，所述光纤网间隧道通往光纤网108的主干节点123。注意，新隧道标头还指示光纤网104的标记作为目的地光纤网标记。接着，交换机121将包发射到光纤网间隧道120上。
当交换机123接收到包时，交换机123检验包的目的地光纤网标记，所述目的地光纤网标记与光纤网108的标记相同。接着，交换机123确定包被送到光纤网108内的MAC地址。因此，交换机123解封包且检验内以太网的MAC DA，所述内以太网的MAC DA是端主机110的MAC地址。基于此MAC DA，交换机确定所述包应被发送到出口交换机113。对应地，交换机123用对应于光纤网内隧道122的隧道标头来封装包，且将所述包发送到隧道122上。
随后，当包到达交换机113时，交换机113确定目的地光纤网标记是用于光纤网108的相同标记。因此，交换机113解封包且查阅内以太网包的MAC DA。作为查阅的结果，交换机113确定包被送到经由隧道124耦合到VTEP 110的端主机110。因此，交换机113用对应于隧道124的隧道标头来封装包，且将所述包递送到端主机110。如果包被送往经由边缘端口而非隧道(例如，隧道124)耦合到光纤网108的端主机101，那么交换机113将基于MAC DA经由边缘端口将包转发到端主机101，而不封装包。
在一些实施例中，交换机113可作为端主机101的IP网关(例如，由动态主机配置协议(DHCP)服务器提供的网关地址)而操作。因此，来自端主机101的以太网帧可被送到交换机113。假定端主机101将包发送到端主机102。端主机101将包封装在以太网标头中，且将以太网帧发送到交换机113。在接收到所述帧后，交换机113移除以太网标头且提升用于层3处理的有效负载，所述有效负载是IP包。光纤网交换机中的交换机可维持映射到端主机的IP地址以及MAC地址的转发信息。因此，交换机113可基于映射到端主机102的IP地址的转发信息经由隧道122将包转发到端主机102。
注意，在以上实例性使用情形中，主干节点是个别交换机。在一些实施例中，主干节点还可为类似于VTEP 114及VTEP 110的分布式虚拟交换机。另外，一光纤网中可存在多个主干节点。一个主干节点可负责将业务量转发到远程光纤网的一个子组，且另一主干节点可负责将业务量转发到另一子组远程光纤网。此外，
可达性信息分布及循环预防
如上文所提及，一般来说，基础网络上方可存在三个层次的覆叠隧道，即：边缘隧道、光纤网内隧道及光纤网间隧道。另外，一旦包进入光纤网，所述包便通过隧道传输，其中所述包的隧道标头载运源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记。光纤网在隧道之间的转发可基于目的地光纤网标记而进行。
当包经由入口交换机进入光纤网时，此入口交换机负责产生包的隧道标头，所述隧道标头包含源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记。因此，入口交换机理想地可维持将MACDA映射到光纤网标记的一组映射信息(光纤网标记可为本地光纤网或远程光纤网的标记)。
对于本地光纤网内的所有MAC地址，此MAC-到-光纤网-标记映射信息可通过MAC地址学习而获取。即，当端主机将以太网包发送到光纤网时，入口交换机可建立以太网的MACSA与本地光纤网的标记之间的映射关系。接着，此映射信息可在本地光纤网中的所有交换机当中共享，借此允许将具有与其DA相同的MAC的未来包转发到端主机。
对于与远程光纤网相关联的MAC地址，一种用于建立MAC-到-光纤网-标记映射的方法是学习数据平面中的映射，此类似于光纤网内MAC学习。然而，此方法可较慢且不可扩展，因为此方法取决于先前所观察到业务量。在可建立完整映射信息之前，具有未知MAC DA的包将必须被广播到整个广播域(其可包含本地光纤网及远程光纤网两者)。因此，可发生大量业务量满溢。
用以分布位于远程光纤网中的MAC地址的MAC-到-光纤网-标记映射信息的第二种方法是在控制平面中使用分布协议。举例来说，参考图1A，当在光纤网108中分配若干MAC地址(例如，在部署有若干虚拟机的情况下)时，这些MAC地址及光纤网108的标记可经由控制信息分布协议而分布到光纤网104中的所有交换机。此分布方法可减小学习未知MAC地址所需的满溢量。在一个实施例中，可使用多协议边界网关协议以太网虚拟专用网络(MPBGP-EVPN)协议来分布远程光纤网中的MAC地址群组的MAC-到-光纤网-标记映射信息。MPBGP-EVPN的细节在https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7432处可见，且其揭示内容整体并入本文中。注意，可定期或按需要发送映射分布消息。举例来说，当将新MAC地址添加到光纤网108时，可将新分布消息发送到光纤网104以将此新MAC添加到存储MAC地址与光纤网108的标记之间的映射的数据结构。
将数据平面方法与控制平面方法进行组合也是可能的。举例来说，针对光纤网108中的所有MAC地址的一组初始MAC-到-光纤网-标记映射信息可经由控制平面通过光纤网104中的交换机而获得。当光纤网104中的交换机观察到具有光纤网108的标记作为其源光纤网标记的包以及映射信息数据结构中当前未存储的MAC SA时，交换机可将此新MAC地址添加到映射到光纤网108的现有MAC地址群组，且与光纤网104中的所有交换机共享此信息。
在设计光纤网架构中的一个重要问题是如何防止循环。循环发生于转发决策导致包被发送到其之前访问过的交换机时。在本发明的一些实施例中，可通过约束交换机的转发行为而防止循环。具体来说，在光纤网交换机内，阻止交换机将包从光纤网内隧道转发到另一光纤网内隧道，或阻止交换机将包从光纤网间隧道转发到另一光纤网间隧道。允许交换机在光纤网间隧道与光纤网内隧道之间、在光纤网内隧道与边缘隧道之间及在光纤网间隧道与边缘隧道之间转发包。还允许交换机在两个边缘隧道之间转发包，因为交换机可耦合到两个端主机，且此转发可促进这两个端主机之间的通信。
注意，由于期望在光纤网内，交换机可利用直接光纤网内隧道而到达任何其它交换机，因此不需要在光纤网内隧道之间转发包。类似地，期望光纤网间隧道直接连接两个主干节点，且不需要将包从一个光纤网间隧道转发到另一光纤网间隧道。
图1B图解说明根据本发明的实施例的具有分层覆叠隧道群组的示范性转发策略。在此实例中，交换机107可将从端主机102接收的包转发到通往主干节点121的光纤网内隧道，例如光纤网内隧道118。交换机107还可经由另一边缘隧道131将包转发到端主机130。应注意，主干节点可参与多个边缘光纤网及主干光纤网。举例来说，主干节点121还可参与另一边缘光纤网140。
在接收到光纤网内隧道上的包之后，主干节点121可将所述包转发到光纤网间隧道120上，此处，阻止主干节点121将包转发到光纤网104的光纤网内隧道上，将包转发到光纤网104的光纤网内隧道上可导致形成循环。然而，如果包是多目的地包，那么虽然主干节点121不将包转发到光纤网104的光纤网内隧道上，但主干节点121将包转发到光纤网140的光纤网内隧道上(例如，主干节点121与光纤网140的交换机145之间的光纤网内隧道142)。
类似地，当主干节点123接收到包时，主干节点123可仅将包转发到光纤网内交换机上，且被阻止将包发送到另一光纤网间交换机。
转发信息
一旦包进入光纤网，便可假设，包通常沿着链路行进，同时被封装在隧道标头中。此隧道标头可包含源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记。在一个实施例中，此光纤网标记信息载运于网络服务标头(NSH)中。然而，光纤网交换机中的交换机需要确定在转发包时将使用哪一标记。
在操作期间，交换机(例如图1A中的交换机107)经由控制平面(例如，从管理装置)接收光纤网104的转发信息。此信息可包含耦合到光纤网104的端主机(例如，虚拟机及物理服务器)的MAC地址列表。所述信息还包含哪一MAC地址经由光纤网104中的哪一交换机可到达。类似地，交换机107还可接收耦合到远程光纤网的端主机的转发信息，所述远程光纤网是经由主干光纤网106(例如，光纤网108)而耦合。然而，交换机107中的与光纤网108相关联的转发信息仅指示这些端主机经由主干光纤网106可到达。交换机107将转发信息存储在交换机识别符映射表中。
图1C图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示范性交换机识别符映射表。在此实例中，交换机识别符映射表150中的条目映射交换机识别符152与光纤网标记154及隧道识别符156。交换机识别符152可为MAC地址、IP地址或两者。IP地址可从地址分辨协议(ARP)响应消息获得。隧道识别符156可为交换机存储表150的内部及本地编号，例如存储在交换机的转发硬件中的整数值。在一些实施例中，相应主干节点将指示主干节点耦合到主干光纤网的通知消息发送到边缘光纤网中的其它交换机。举例来说，在从主干节点121接收通知消息后，交换机107使主干106的光纤网标记与隧道118的隧道识别符相关联。
如果交换机识别符152被指派给端主机101，且表150在交换机111中，那么光纤网标记154对应于光纤网108，且隧道识别符156识别交换机111与113之间的光纤网内隧道。另一方面，主干节点121已通知交换机107：主干106经由主干节点121可到达。因此，如果交换机识别符152被指派给端主机101，且表150在交换机107中，那么光纤网标记154对应于主干光纤网106，且隧道识别符156识别交换机107与主干节点121之间的光纤网内隧道118。
在一些实施例中，隧道识别符156指向转发数据结构160(例如，隧道识别符156作为数据结构160的索引而操作)。转发数据结构160包含可用于将包封装在隧道封装标头中且经由隧道识别符156所识别的隧道而转发经封装包的任何信息。转发数据结构160中的信息包含但不限于目的地识别符(例如，隧道的另一端的VTEP IP地址)、IP DHCP值、隧道所支持的VNI列表、映射到相应VNI的一或多个VLAN、ARP响应信息及以太网优先级值。
在一些实施例中，映射到VNI的VLAN存储在单独表中。图1D图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示范性VLAN映射表。VLAN映射表170包含包括客户VLAN 172与VNI178之间的映射的条目。在一些实施例中，VLAN映射表170可进一步将服务VLAN 174映射到VNI 178。VLAN映射表170可针对相应隧道及所述隧道所支持的VNI而维持。VNI 178可映射到一或多个客户VLAN及/或一或多个服务VLAN。此允许交换机将来自不同客户端或隧道中的不同VLAN的业务量分流。
光纤网形成及MAC地址管理
在图1A的实例中，光纤网104可为IP网络，且光纤网104的相应交换机运行BGP(或其变化形式)以确定交换机当中的线路。当网络收敛时，光纤网104中的交换机在所述交换机当中具有若干线路，且因此在光纤网104中建立光纤网内隧道。图2A呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机在光纤网交换机中建立光纤网内隧道的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机确定光纤网的收敛(操作202)。接着，交换机接收经配置用于相应交换机的VNI(操作204)。交换机可从来自其它交换机或管理装置(例如，网络管理员的工作站)的通知消息接收此信息。
交换机识别具有至少一个共同VNI的交换机(操作206)，且与所识别交换机建立光纤网内隧道(操作208)。隧道可通过所识别交换机的交换机IP地址而表示(即，VTEP识别符是交换机IP地址)。交换机可进一步产生(或接收)用以识别隧道的本地及内部隧道识别符。交换机使得相应共同VNI能够用于所建立隧道(操作210)。以此方式，可针对多个VNI使用相同隧道。接着，交换机检查是否针对共同VNI检查了所有交换机(操作212)。如果否，那么交换机继续识别具有至少一个共同VNI的另一交换机(操作206)，且与所识别交换机建立光纤网内隧道(操作208)。
图2B呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机将交换机识别符映射到转发信息的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机接收MAC地址及其相关联目的地信息(操作252)，如结合图1C所描述。交换机识别经由远程光纤网可到达的MAC地址且映射具有主干光纤网的光纤网标记的所识别MAC地址(操作254)。交换机将具有光纤网内隧道的隧道识别符的所识别MAC地址映射到本地及主干光纤网的主干节点(操作256)。如果交换机接收到对MAC地址的ARP响应，那么交换机包含与映射中的MAC地址相关联的IP地址。
接着，交换机识别经由本地光纤网的交换机可到达的MAC地址且映射具有本地光纤网的光纤网标记的所识别MAC地址(操作258)。交换机将具有隧道的隧道识别符的相应所识别MAC地址映射到针对所述MAC地址的出口交换机(即，经由其可到达MAC地址的隧道)(操作260)。接着，交换机与对应隧道识别符相关联地存储相应MAC地址的转发信息(例如，转发数据结构160中的转发信息)(操作262)。举例来说，交换机使用隧道识别符作为转发信息的索引，如结合图1C所描述。
由于交换机可存储经由本地光纤网交换机及远程光纤网交换机两者可到达的MAC地址的转发信息，因此此些MAC地址的数目可能很大。因此，如此大量的MAC地址不可能存储在交换机的转发硬件(例如，内容可寻址存储器(CAM))中。为解决此问题，交换机可将转发信息存储在交换机的存储装置中，且只是在交换机与MAC地址通信时才将转发信息加载于转发硬件中。这些MAC地址可称为对话MAC地址。
图2C呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机在转发硬件中维持对话MAC地址的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机识别所接收帧中的MAC地址(操作252)，且检查MAC地址是否在交换机的转发硬件中(操作254)。如果MAC地址不在转发硬件中，那么交换机从交换机的存储装置获得与MAC地址相关联的转发信息(操作256)，且将转发信息加载于交换机的转发硬件中(操作258)。
转发信息及光纤网标记
图3A图解说明根据本发明的实施例的用于载运光纤网交换机识别符的示范性包标头配置。在此实例中，假设，包被封装于VXLAN隧道标头中。如图3A中所图解说明，包300包含有效负载302，所述有效负载与以太网标头304一起载运于以太网包中。此以太网包封装于VXLAN标头306中，所述VXLAN标头包含网络服务标头307。
VXLAN标头306之外是UDP标头308，因为VXLAN使用UDB作为传输层协议。UDP标头308之外是IP标头310。注意，源UDP端口及目的地UDP端口以及源IP地址及目的地IP地址可唯一地识别VXLAN隧道。交换机可使用这些元组作为唯一隧道识别符而维持将光纤网内MAC地址映射到不同光纤网内隧道的数据结构。
封装IP标头310的是外以太网标头311，所述外以太网标头充当实际数据链路层协议。注意，内以太网标头304与外以太网标头311用于不同目的。内以太网标头304指示端到端以太网转发路径，而外以太网标头311用作逐跳数据链路层协议。
网络服务标头307通常为32位宽，且可包含若干字段，例如版本与强制位312、服务路径ID与服务索引字段314、网络平台内容字段316、网络共享内容字段318、服务平台内容字段320及服务共享内容字段322。在一个实施例中，网络平台内容字段316可包含源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记，其中之每一者可为16位长。
注意，光纤网标记概念还可用于使用其它穿隧协议或不使用隧道覆叠的光纤网架构中。举例来说，光纤网交换机可基于无需隧道的IP转发而构建，且不依赖于任何穿隧协议。在此情形中，光纤网标记信息可不利用任何穿隧标头而载运。图3B图解说明根据本发明的实施例的用于载运光纤网交换机识别符的示范性包标头配置。在此实例中，包332包含有效负载322，所述有效负载与以太网标头324一起载运于以太网包中。此以太网包利用IP标头326而IP封装。接着，在IP标头326外放置网络服务标头328以载运源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记。外以太网标头330用于封装整个包且充当数据链路层标头。
图3C图解说明根据本发明的实施例的跨越光纤网交换机端到端地转发包的示范性过程。在此实例中，端主机352正经由两个光纤网将以太网包发送到端主机360。在操作期间，端主机352经由边缘隧道362将包发送到入口光纤网交换机354。所述包利用VXLAN标头372而封装，同时在边缘隧道312中传输。注意，VXLAN标头372不包含源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记，因为端主机352并非光纤网的一部分。
在接收及解封包之后，交换机354查阅内以太网标头的MAC DA，且基于MAC DA而确定目的地光纤网标记。继而，交换机354用新隧道标头来封装包，所述新隧道标头包含IP标头、UDP标头及VXLAN标头374。VXLAN标头374包含指示源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记的网络服务标头。接着，交换机354经由光纤网内隧道364将经封装包发送到主干节点306。注意，VXLAN标头374可共享与VXLAN标头372相同的VXLAN网络识别符(VNI)。
在从光纤网内隧道364接收包及解封所述包后，主干节点356即刻基于所述包的目的地光纤网标记而确定所述包被送往远程光纤网。因此，交换机356用对应于光纤网间隧道366的新隧道标头(即，IP及UDP标头)来封装包，同时保留相同VXLAN标头304，所述VXLAN标头包含网络服务标头作为VXLAN标头374的部分。注意，通过保留相同VXLAN标头374，包保留相同源光纤网标记及目的地光纤网标记，此允许包通过光纤网而转发。
接着，交换机356将包发送到光纤网间隧道366上。在接收及解封包后，远程主干节点358即刻基于包的目的地光纤网标记而确定所述包被送到其中驻存交换机358的光纤网。因此，交换机查阅包的内以太网标头中的MAC DA。假设对应于包的MAC DA的目的地端主机360耦合到交换机358，交换机358可用新隧道标头(即，对应于端主机360的IP/UDP标头)来封装包，所述新隧道标头包含新VXLAN标头376。注意，VXLAN标头376可具有与VXLAN标头374相同的VNI，而不具有网络服务标头，因为端主机310并非交换机358所属的光纤网的一部分。在接收此包后，端主机360可将包从隧道标头解封并处理内以太网包。
转发信息及光纤网标记
图4A呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机转发从边缘端口接收的包的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机从端主机接收包(操作402)。交换机可从边缘端口或边缘隧道接收此包。交换机检查交换机是否已从边缘隧道接收包(操作404)。如果交换机已从边缘隧道接收包，那么交换机解封边缘隧道封装标头(操作406)。如果交换机尚未从边缘隧道接收包或已解封边缘隧道封装标头，那么交换机检查所述包是否被送往本地交换机(操作408)。
如果交换机作为用于端主机的IP网关而操作，那么交换机可为包的目的地。接着，交换机移除包的标头(例如，以太网标头)且将有效负载(例如，内IP包)提升到上层(例如，以用于IP处理)(操作410)。因此，有效负载变为包。如果包未被送往本地交换机或者在提升到上层后，交换机获得映射到包的目的地地址的光纤网标记及隧道识别符(操作412)，如结合图1C所描述。交换机将NSH附加到包且将所获得光纤网标记作为目的地标记包含在NSH中(操作414)。交换机还将本地光纤网标记作为源标记包含在NSH中(操作416)。
接着，交换机获得通过隧道识别符标引的转发信息(操作418)，且将包封装在基于所获得转发信息而产生的隧道封装标头中(操作420)，如结合图1C所描述。此转发信息可包含隧道的源VTEP IP地址及目的地VTEP IP地址及下一跳交换机的MAC地址。接着，交换机经由通过隧道识别符而识别的光纤网间隧道来转发经封装包(操作422)。
如果包被送到经由远程光纤网可到达的端主机，那么交换机将包转发到主干节点。图4B呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机转发从隧道接收的包的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机经由隧道而接收包(操作432)，且解封封装标头以存取包的NSH(操作434)。交换机检查NSH的目的地标记是否为本地光纤网标记(操作436)。
如果NSH的目的地标记是本地光纤网标记，那么交换机检查包的目的地地址是否为本地可到达的(操作446)。如果目的地地址并非本地可到达的，那么交换机识别与包的目的地地址相关联的光纤网内隧道(即，VTEP IP地址)及其隧道识别符(操作448)。另一方面，如果NSH的目的地标记并非本地光纤网标记，那么交换机识别与目的地光纤网标记相关联的光纤网间隧道及其隧道识别符(操作438)。
在识别包的光纤网间隧道或光纤网内隧道(操作438或448)后，交换机即刻获得通过所识别隧道的隧道识别符标引的转发信息(操作440)。交换机将包封装在基于所获得转发信息而产生的隧道封装标头中(操作442)，且经由通过隧道识别符而识别的隧道来转发经封装包(操作444)。
如果目的地地址是本地可到达的，那么交换机移除附加到包的NSH(操作450)，且检查包的目的地地址是否经由边缘隧道可到达(操作452)。如果目的地地址经由边缘隧道可到达，那么交换机封装包且经由边缘隧道而转发经封装包(操作454)。另一方面，如果目的地经由边缘隧道不可到达，那么交换机经由与包的目的地地址相关联的边缘端口而转发包(操作456)。
图4C呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明主干节点转发从隧道接收的多目的地包的示范性过程的流程图。多目的地包可为广播包、多播包或未知单播包。在操作期间，节点经由入口隧道而接收多目的地包(操作462)，且识别与入口隧道相关联的光纤网内隧道群组(操作464)。接着，节点阻止本地交换机经由所识别光纤网内隧道群组进行转发(操作466)。节点确定节点是否在其它边缘光纤网中(即，节点确定节点是否在其它光纤网内隧道群组中)(操作468)。
如果节点在其它边缘光纤网中，那么节点获得与边缘光纤网的光纤网内隧道群组中的相应隧道相关联的转发信息(操作470)。节点将包封装在光纤网内隧道群组中的相应隧道的隧道封装标头中(操作472)，且经由光纤网内隧道群组中的隧道而转发经封装包(操作474)。接着，节点继续确定节点是否在其它边缘光纤网中(操作468)。
如果节点不在其它边缘光纤网中，那么节点获得与主干光纤网的光纤网间隧道群组中的相应隧道相关联的转发信息(操作476)。节点将包封装在光纤网间隧道群组中的相应隧道的隧道封装标头中(操作478)，且经由光纤网间隧道群组中的隧道而转发经封装包(操作480)。
多机箱链路聚合群组(MLAG)
图5A图解说明根据本发明的实施例的具有虚拟隧道端点的示范性MLAG。在此实例中，端主机502耦合到为光纤网的成员的两个单独交换机。两个单独物理链路形成MLAG504。从端主机502的视角来看，MLAG 504像常规链路聚合群组(LAG)一样作用，且端主机502可使用MLAG 504中的两个物理链路，犹如所述两个物理链路连接到同一交换机一样。MLAG504中的交换机可称为伙伴交换机。
此外，两个物理交换机形成任选地可通过虚拟IP地址而识别的VTEP 506。这两个交换机可使用交换机间链路507来交换状态信息，使得在链路故障的情形中，一个交换机可接管故障链路先前载运的业务量。在操作期间，端主机502可与VTEP 506建立边缘VXLAN隧道503。此外，VTEP 506可建立到相同光纤网内的任何其它交换机的光纤网内隧道508。注意，边缘隧道503及光纤网内隧道508两者可使用VTEP 506的虚拟IP地址作为其源IP。换句话说，VTEP 506自身可呈现为光纤网中的另一交换机。
当VTEP 506中的交换机将NSH附加到经由MLAG 504而接收的包时，交换机包含MLAG 504的MLAG识别符作为NSH中的源标记。此允许隧道508的接收VTEP确定包最初是否经由MLAG 504而接收。举例来说，如果主干节点接收包，那么节点可基于NSH中的源标记而确定所述包是从MLAG 504接收。接着，节点用入口边缘光纤网的光纤网标记来替换MLAG识别符，且经由光纤网间隧道而转发包。
在一些实施例中，从不同范围分配光纤网标记及MLAG识别符。因此，节点可确定源标记是MLAG识别符。在一些其它实施例中，主干节点维持VTEP 506的虚拟IP地址与MLAG识别符之间的映射。当节点将虚拟IP地址识别为包的封装标头的源IP地址时，节点确定包的NSH的源标记是MLAG识别符。
图5B呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明交换机转发从MLAG接收的包的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机经由MLAG从端主机接收包(操作522)，且检查所述包是否被送往伙伴交换机(操作524)。如果包被送往伙伴交换机，那么交换机将包转发到伙伴交换机(操作538)，如结合图4A所描述。如果包未被送往伙伴交换机，那么交换机获得映射到包的目的地地址的光纤网标记及隧道识别符(操作526)，如结合图4A所描述。交换机将NSH附加到包且将所获得光纤网标记作为目的地标记包含在NSH中(操作528)。
交换机还将MLAG识别符作为源标记包含在NSH中(操作530)。接着，交换机获得通过隧道识别符标引的转发信息(操作532)，且将包封装在基于所获得转发信息而产生的隧道封装标头中(操作534)，如结合图1C所描述。此转发信息可包含隧道的源VTEP IP地址及目的地VTEP IP地址以及下一跳交换机的MAC地址。接着，交换机经由通过隧道识别符而识别的光纤网间隧道来转发经封装包(操作536)。
图5C呈现根据本发明的实施例的图解说明主干节点转发具有MLAG识别符的包的示范性过程的流程图。在操作期间，交换机从光纤网内隧道接收包(操作552)，且将MLAG识别符识别为NSH中的源标记(操作554)。接着，交换机用入口光纤网交换机的光纤网标记替换NSH中的MLAG识别符(操作556)。交换机封装包且经由隧道而转发经封装包(操作558)，如结合图4B所描述。
分层覆叠隧道
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例的基于分层覆叠隧道的光纤网交换机的示范性配置。在此实例中，光纤网包含三个VTEP 607、611及615。VTEP 607由交换机604及606形成，VTEP 611由交换机608及610形成，且VTEP 615由交换机612及614形成。端主机602经由MLAG603而耦合到VTEP 607，所述MLAG是基于到交换机604及606的链路。一般来说，端主机602可经由边缘隧道632而与VTEP 607通信。类似地，端主机603经由MLAG 607而耦合到VTEP 611，所述MLAG是基于到交换机608及610的链路。端主机603可经由边缘隧道634而与VTEP 611通信。在此实例中，VTEP 607、611及615可被视为形成光纤网的逻辑单元。
在光纤网内，所有VTEP可使用光纤网内隧道来形成全网状逻辑拓扑。具体来说，光纤网内隧道626形成于VTEP 607与615之间；光纤网内隧道622形成于VTEP 607与611之间；及光纤网内隧道624形成于VTEP 611与615之间。另外，VTEP 615充当到主干网络的网关VTEP，且可维持一或多个光纤网间隧道，例如光纤网间隧道630。
示范性交换机
图7图解说明根据本发明的实施例的基于IP的光纤网交换机中的示范性成员交换机。在此实例中，交换机700可包含若干通信端口702、包处理器710。交换机700还包含处理器749、存储装置750、交换机控制设备730，所述交换机控制设备包含光纤网标记管理设备732。交换机700进一步包含VTEP管理设备720、隧道管理设备722、链路聚合设备724及包转发设备726。
在操作期间，光纤网标记管理设备负责维持远程光纤网中的MAC与对应远程光纤网的标记之间的映射。另外，交换机控制设备730还负责维持本地光纤网中的本地MAC-到-VTEP映射。VTEP管理设备负责维持本地VTEP状态，例如获得及维持指派给VTEP的虚拟IP，且将VTEP的虚拟IP映射到交换机700的自身IP。隧道管理设备722负责维持所有边缘隧道、光纤网内隧道及任选地光纤网间隧道的状态。具体来说，隧道管理设备722可维持存储每一隧道的IP/UDP元组信息的数据结构，且将此数据结构存储在存储装置750中。
链路聚合设备724负责维持与端主机的MLAG。包处理器710负责解封及封装包。包转发设备726负责确定在转发包时将使用什么隧道，及在将包转发到适当隧道上之前将使用什么标头。
注意，前述设备可实施为存储在存储装置750中的指令。当这些指令由处理器749执行时，所述指令可致使处理器执行前述方法中的一或多者。
简而言之，在本发明的实施例中，构建多功能、具成本效益且可扩展的层2交换系统的问题通过基于具有分层覆叠穿隧的基础层3协议形成拓扑不可知光纤网交换机而得以解决。此光纤网交换机架构可包含通过可基于现有层3及穿隧协议(例如，IP及VXLAN)的基础网络而互连的一或多个光纤网交换机。每一光纤网交换机可包含通过使用相同层3及穿隧协议的类似基础网络而互连的若干物理交换机。处置经扩展层2广播域中的大量MAC地址的问题通过具有分层穿隧机构及基于标记的光纤网式地址聚合机构而得以解决。
本文中所描述的方法及过程可体现为可存储在计算机可读非暂时性存储媒体中的代码及/或数据。当计算机系统读取及执行存储在计算机可读非暂时性存储媒体上的代码及/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构及代码且存储在媒体内的方法及过程。
本文中所描述的方法及过程可由硬件模块或设备执行及/或包含在硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可包含但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用或共享处理器，及/或现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑装置。当激活硬件模块或设备时，所述硬件模块或设备执行包含在其内的方法及过程。
对本发明的实施例的前述说明仅出于图解及说明目的而呈现。所述说明不打算为穷尽性的或限制本发明。因此，所属领域的技术人员将明了许多修改形式及变化形式。本发明的范围由所附权利要求书定义。

Claims (20)

1.一种交换机，其包括：
隧道管理设备，其经配置以维持本地交换机间隧道及光纤网间隧道，其中所述本地交换机间隧道促进到本地光纤网交换机中的交换机的通信，且其中所述光纤网间隧道促进到远程光纤网交换机的通信；及
包标头管理设备，其经配置以解封从所述本地交换机间隧道接收的包且用新隧道标头来封装所述包以用于在所述光纤网间隧道上发射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其中所述隧道管理设备进一步经配置以管理促进与端主机的通信的边缘隧道。
3.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其中所述新隧道标头包含目的地远程光纤网交换机的识别符。
4.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其中所述新隧道标头包含网络服务标头。
5.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其进一步包括存储媒体接入控制MAC地址与虚拟隧道端点之间的映射的数据结构。
6.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其进一步包括存储MAC地址与远程光纤网识别符之间的映射的数据结构。
7.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其进一步包括经配置以阻止从光纤网内隧道接收的包被转发到另一光纤网内隧道上的包转发设备。
8.根据权利要求1所述的交换机，其进一步包括经配置以响应于识别出包中的MAC地址而将所述MAC地址加载于所述交换机的转发硬件中的包转发设备。
9.一种方法，其包括：
维持本地交换机间隧道及光纤网间隧道，其中所述本地交换机间隧道促进到本地光纤网交换机中的交换机的通信，且其中所述光纤网间隧道促进到远程光纤网交换机的通信；
解封从所述本地交换机间隧道接收的包；及
用新隧道标头来封装所述包以用于在所述光纤网间隧道上发射。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其进一步包括管理促进与端主机的通信的边缘隧道。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述新隧道标头包含目的地远程光纤网交换机的识别符。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述新隧道标头包含网络服务标头。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其进一步包括存储媒体接入控制MAC地址与虚拟隧道端点之间的映射。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其进一步包括存储MAC地址与远程光纤网识别符之间的映射。
15.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其进一步包括阻止从光纤网内隧道接收的包被转发到另一光纤网内隧道上。
16.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其进一步包括响应于识别出包中的MAC地址而将所述MAC地址加载于所述交换机的转发硬件中。
17.一种计算系统，其包含处理器及存储装置，其中所述存储装置存储在由所述处理器执行时致使所述处理器执行一方法的指令，所述方法包括：
维持本地交换机间隧道及光纤网间隧道，其中所述本地交换机间隧道促进到本地光纤网交换机中的交换机的通信，且其中所述光纤网间隧道促进到远程光纤网交换机的通信；
解封从所述本地交换机间隧道接收的包；及
用新隧道标头来封装所述包以用于在所述光纤网间隧道上发射。
18.根据权利要求17所述的计算系统，其中所述方法进一步包括管理促进与端主机的通信的边缘隧道。
19.根据权利要求17所述的计算系统，其中所述新隧道标头包含目的地远程光纤网交换机的识别符。
20.根据权利要求17所述的计算系统，其中所述新隧道标头包含网络服务标头。
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