CN108350136B - 聚醚酯及其在硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料制备中的用途 - Google Patents
聚醚酯及其在硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料制备中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108350136B CN108350136B CN201680063408.0A CN201680063408A CN108350136B CN 108350136 B CN108350136 B CN 108350136B CN 201680063408 A CN201680063408 A CN 201680063408A CN 108350136 B CN108350136 B CN 108350136B
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4804—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature
- C08G18/482—Mixtures of polyethers containing at least one polyether containing nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/4009—Two or more macromolecular compounds not provided for in one single group of groups C08G18/42 - C08G18/64
- C08G18/4018—Mixtures of compounds of group C08G18/42 with compounds of group C08G18/48
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/16—Catalysts
- C08G18/18—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof
- C08G18/1808—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof having alkylene polyamine groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/16—Catalysts
- C08G18/18—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof
- C08G18/1816—Catalysts containing secondary or tertiary amines or salts thereof having carbocyclic groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含以下物质的多元醇组分b):20至40重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),所述聚醚酯多元醇B)具有3.8至4.8的官能度,380至440mg KOH/g的OH值和8至7重量%的脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯含量,相对于聚醚酯多元醇B)的重量计;20至40重量%的聚醚多元醇C),所述聚醚多元醇C)具有3.7至4的官能度和300至420mg KOH/g的OH值;20至40重量%的聚醚多元醇D),所述聚醚多元醇D)具有4.5至6.5的官能度和400至520mg KOH/g的OH值;0.5至5.5重量%的催化剂E),0.1至5重量%的其他助剂和/或添加剂物质F),以及0.5至5重量%的水G)。本发明还涉及由其制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫以及所述硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于隔热和制冷应用的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种多元醇组分、一种通过使用所述多元醇组分来制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法以及硬质聚氨酯泡沫本身。
硬质聚氨酯(PU)泡沫可以以已知方式,通过在发泡剂、催化剂以及任选的助剂和/或添加剂物质存在下使有机多异氰酸酯与一种或更多种具有两个或更多个反应性氢原子的化合物、优选聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇(多元醇)反应而获得。
基于异氰酸酯生产硬质PU泡沫通常使用具有高官能度和低分子量的多元醇,以确保泡沫非常高的交联程度。优选使用的聚醚醇通常具有4至8的官能度和300至600、特别是400至500mg KOH/g范围内的羟基数。已知的是,具有非常高的官能度且羟基数在300至600范围内的多元醇具有非常高的粘度。还已知的是,这样的多元醇是相对极性的,因此对常用发泡剂,特别是烃类如戊烷、特别是环戊烷的溶解性差。为了弥补这一缺陷,通常向多元醇组分中加入官能度为2至4且羟基数为100至250mg KOH/g的聚醚醇。
还已知的是,在使用基于高官能度、极性多元醇的多元醇组分时,包含异氰酸酯和多元醇的反应混合物的流动性(由流动因子FF表示,FF=最小填充密度/自由起发密度)并不总是令人满意。但是EP-A 1 138 709公开了如何可获得具有高流动性的包含异氰酸酯和多元醇的反应混合物,条件是多元醇组分包含至少一种这样的聚醚醇:其羟基数为100至250mg KOH/g且通过环氧烷加成到具有2至4个活性氢原子的H官能起始剂分子,特别是二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、季戊四醇或邻甲苯二胺(vic-TDA)上而获得。
WO 2013/127647 A1公开了通过OH官能起始剂分子、脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯以及环氧烷的并行反应而获得的聚醚酯多元醇。这些高官能度聚醚酯多元醇具有低粘度和非常高度的发泡剂相容性。因此,这样的聚醚酯多元醇可以以比相应多元醇的常规该羟基数和官能度范围更高的水平使用于制剂中。WO 2013/127647 A1还描述了包含这样的聚醚酯多元醇与聚醚多元醇、优选基于丙氧基化甲苯二胺的聚醚多元醇的混合物的制剂和/或多元醇组分,所述聚醚酯多元醇避免使用根据EP-A 1 138 709的官能度为2至4且羟基数为100至250mg KOH/g的任何聚醚醇,然而仍然对烃类发泡剂如戊烷、特别是环戊烷具有足够的溶解度,并且当与多异氰酸酯联合加入到反应混合物中时具有足够的流动性。
然而,根据上述现有技术可获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫并不能符合所有要求。特别是在WO 2013/127647 A1中描述的制剂和/或多元醇组分——其避免使用根据EP-A 1 138709的具有2至4官能度和100至250mg KOH/g羟基数的任何其他聚醚醇——不具有隔热和制冷应用中所需的机械性能、尤其是压缩强度。此外,所述泡沫的脱模性质也有待进一步提高。
EP 2 039 711 A1公开了储存稳定的包含至少25重量%基于天然油和正戊烷的聚醚酯多元醇的多元醇组分。所述聚醚酯多元醇的脂肪酸酯含量优选为20至60重量%。所述多元醇组分可以包含其他未指定的聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇和/或聚碳酸酯多元醇等。明确公开的是一种包含41.2重量%聚醚酯多元醇(官能度3.5)、16.47重量%TDA开端多元醇和24.72重量%蔗糖开端多元醇(OH值340)的多元醇组分。由此获得的PU硬质泡沫的压缩强度和常规脱模性仍有待提高。
因此,本发明解决的问题是提供一种用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的多元醇组分,所述多元醇组分避免使用根据EP-A 1 138 709的具有2至4官能度和100至250mg KOH/g羟基数的任何常规采用的聚醚醇,其对常规物理发泡剂,特别是烃类如戊烷和环戊烷具有高溶解性,且其在与二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯联合加入到反应混合物中时还具有良好的加工性能。多元醇组分/二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯反应混合物应当具有良好的流动性,使泡沫可以快速脱模,同时所获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫应当具有改进的机械性能、特别是改进的压缩强度。
出人意料地,该问题通过本发明的多元醇组分解决了。
因此,本发明提供一种多元醇组分b),其包含(或由以下物质组成):
20至40重量%的一种或更多种聚醚酯多元醇B),所述聚醚酯多元醇B)的(平均)官能度为3.8至4.8、优选4.0至4.7,OH值为380至440、优选390至430且更优选410至430mgKOH/g,且脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯含量、优选脂肪酸甲酯含量、更优选生物柴油和/或油酸甲酯含量为8至17重量%、优选10至16重量%、更优选11至15重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇B)的重量计;
20至40重量%的一种或更多种聚醚多元醇C),所述聚醚多元醇C)的(平均)官能度为3.7至4、优选3.9至4,且OH值为300至420、优选350至410mg KOH/g OH;
20至40重量%的一种或更多种聚醚多元醇D),所述聚醚多元醇D)的(平均)官能度为4.5至6.5、优选4.8至6.2、更优选5至6.1,其OH值为400至520、优选400至480且更优选400至460mg KOH/g;
0.5至5.5重量%的一种或更多种催化剂E),
0.1至5重量%的其他助剂和/或添加剂物质F),
0.5至5重量%的水G),
其中组分B)、C)、D)、E)、F)和G)总和是100重量%。
聚醚酯多元醇B)
合适的聚醚酯多元醇B)包含以下反应产物(由以下反应产物组成):
i)20至35重量%的至少一种含羟基起始剂分子;
ii)8至17重量%、优选10至16重量%、更优选11至15重量%的一种或更多种脂肪酸、脂肪酸单酯或其混合物;
iii)50至65重量%的一种或更多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷。
通常选择组分i)的起始剂分子,使得组分i)的(平均)官能度为3.8至4.8、优选为4.0至4.7、更优选为4.2至4.6。任选地,使用合适的起始剂分子的混合物。
优选的组分i)的含羟基起始剂分子选自糖和糖醇(葡萄糖、甘露醇、蔗糖、季戊四醇、山梨糖醇);多元酚;可熔性酚醛树脂,如由苯酚和甲醛形成的低聚的缩合产物;三羟甲基丙烷;甘油;二元醇,例如乙二醇、丙二醇以及它们的缩合产物,如聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇,例如二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇;以及水。
特别优选用作组分i)的是糖和糖醇例如蔗糖和山梨糖醇;甘油;以及所述糖和/或糖醇与甘油的混合物;水和/或二元醇,例如二乙二醇和/或二丙二醇。非常特别优选的是蔗糖与一种或多于一种——优选一种——选自甘油、二乙二醇和二丙二醇的化合物的混合物。非常特别优选蔗糖和甘油的混合物。
起始剂分子i)占根据本发明使用的聚醚酯多元醇B)的比例通常在20至35重量%范围内、优选在22至32重量%范围内、更优选在24至30重量%范围内且最优选在24至29重量%范围内,基于聚醚酯多元醇B)的重量计。
所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸单酯ii)通常选自多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性油、基于肉豆蔻脑酸的羟基改性脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯、棕榈油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸(stearidonic acid)、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸和二十二碳六烯酸(cervonicacid)。脂肪酸甲酯是优选的脂肪酸单酯。优选的脂肪酸是硬脂酸,棕榈酸,亚麻酸且特别是油酸,其单酯、优选其甲酯,及其混合物。脂肪酸优选以纯脂肪酸使用。非常特别优选地,使用脂肪酸甲酯,例如生物柴油或油酸甲酯。
在2010年的EN 14214标准的含义内,生物柴油将应理解为是指脂肪酸甲酯。生物柴油通常由菜籽油、豆油或棕榈油制得,其主成分为饱和C16至C18脂肪酸的甲酯以及单或多不饱和C18脂肪酸的甲酯,所述单或多不饱和C18脂肪酸例如油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸。
根据本发明采用的聚醚酯多元醇B)中的脂肪酸和脂肪酸单酯含量通常在8至17重量%范围内、优选在10至16重量%范围内且更优选在11至15重量%范围内,基于聚醚酯多元醇B)的重量计。
合适的具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷iii)为,例如环氧乙烷、四氢呋喃、环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷和/或环氧苯乙烷。环氧烷可以单独使用、依序交替使用或混合使用。
优选的环氧烷是环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷,然而特别优选包含>50重量%环氧丙烷的环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物;非常特别优选纯环氧丙烷。
一个优选的实施方案使用胺、优选二甲基乙醇胺或咪唑、更优选咪唑作为烷氧基化催化剂。
环氧烷占根据本发明使用的聚醚酯多元醇B)的比例通常在50至65重量%范围内、优选在52至62重量%范围内、更优选在55至61重量%范围内且最优选在57至60重量%范围内,基于聚醚酯多元醇B)的重量计。
根据本发明所述使用的所述聚醚酯多元醇B)的羟基数(OH数)为380至440mg KOH/g,优选390至430mg KOH/g,更优选410至430mg KOH/g。
根据本发明的聚醚酯多元醇的(平均)官能度通常在3.8至4.8、优选4.0至4.7范围内。
聚醚酯多元醇B)的比例通常在20至40重量%范围内、优选在25至35重量%范围内且更优选在27至32重量%范围内,基于组分B)至G)总和计。
聚醚多元醇C)
根据本发明使用的聚醚多元醇C)可通过已知方法获得,例如通过阴离子聚合或阳离子聚合,所述阴离子聚合以碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾,或者碱金属醇盐如甲醇钠、乙醇钠、乙醇钾或异丙醇钾作为催化剂,通过添加至少一种含胺的起始剂分子进行,所述阳离子聚合以路易斯酸(Lewis acid)例如五氯化锑、氟化硼醚化物等或漂白土作为催化剂,由一种或更多种亚烷基部分中具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷进行。
通常选择起始剂分子,使得它们的(平均)官能度为3.7至4、优选为3.8至4、更优选为4。任选地,使用合适的起始剂分子的混合物。
有用的聚醚多元醇C)的起始剂分子包括,例如,脂族二胺和芳族二胺例如乙二胺、1,3-丙二胺、1,3-丁二胺、1,4-丁二胺、1,2-六亚甲基二胺、1,3-六亚甲基二胺、1,4-六亚甲基二胺、1,5-六亚甲基二胺、1,6-六亚甲基二胺、苯二胺、2,3-甲苯二胺、3,4-甲苯二胺、2,4-甲苯二胺、2,5-甲苯二胺以及2,6-甲苯二胺、4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷和2,2’-二氨基二苯基甲烷。
有用的起始剂分子还包括烷醇胺,例如乙醇胺、N-甲基乙醇胺和N-乙基乙醇胺,二烷醇胺例如二乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺,和三烷醇胺例如三乙醇胺,以及氨。
特别优选上述伯二胺,特别是邻-TDA(vic-TDA)例如2,3-甲苯二胺和/或3,4-甲苯二胺。
合适的具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷为,例如,环氧乙烷、四氢呋喃、环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷和/或环氧苯乙烷。环氧烷可单独使用、依次交替使用或混合使用。
优选的环氧烷为环氧丙烷和/或环氧乙烷,而包含>50重量%环氧丙烷的环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物是特别优选的;非常特别优选纯环氧丙烷。
所述聚醚多元醇C),优选聚氧亚丙基多元醇和/或聚氧亚乙基多元醇的官能度为优选3.7至4且特别3.9至4。
本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案使用丙氧基化的甲苯二胺、特别是邻-甲苯二胺作为聚醚多元醇C)。
聚醚多元醇C)的比例通常在20至40重量%范围内、优选在25至35重量%范围内且更优选在27至32重量%范围内,基于组分B)至G)总和计。
聚醚多元醇D)
根据本发明使用的聚醚多元醇D)同样通过如上所述用于聚醚多元醇C)的已知方法来制备,不同之处在于,它们的阴离子聚合或阳离子聚合在至少一种包含2至8、优选4至8且更优选6至8个连接形式的反应性氢原子的含羟基起始剂分子的存在下进行。
任选地,使用合适的含羟基起始剂分子的混合物。
对聚醚多元醇D)而言,含羟基起始剂分子优选选自糖和糖醇(葡萄糖、甘露醇、蔗糖、季戊四醇、山梨糖醇);多元酚;可熔性酚醛树脂,例如由苯酚和甲醛形成的低聚的缩合产物;三羟甲基丙烷;甘油;二醇如乙二醇、丙二醇以及它们的缩合产物,如聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇,如二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇;以及水。
对聚醚多元醇D)而言,特别优选的的起始剂分子为糖和糖醇如蔗糖和山梨糖醇、甘油,以及所述糖和/或糖醇与甘油的混合物;水和/或二醇,例如二乙二醇和/或二丙二醇。非常特别优选蔗糖与一种或多于一种——优选一种——选自甘油、二乙二醇和二丙二醇的化合物的混合物。非常特别优选蔗糖和甘油的混合物。
合适的具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷为,例如环氧乙烷、四氢呋喃、环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷和/或环氧苯乙烷。环氧烷可单独使用、依次交替使用或混合使用。
优选的环氧烷为环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷,而包含>50重量%环氧丙烷的环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物是特别优选的;非常特别优选纯环氧丙烷。
所述聚醚多元醇D),优选聚氧亚丙基多元醇和/或聚氧亚乙基多元醇的官能度为优选4.8至6.2且特别5至6.1。
本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案使用丙氧基化的蔗糖-甘油混合物作为聚醚多元醇D)。
聚醚多元醇D)的比例通常在20至40重量%范围内、优选在25至35重量%范围内且更优选在27至32重量%范围内,基于组分B)至G)总和计。
催化剂E)
用作催化剂E)的化合物特别为对多元醇组分b)的组分聚醚酯多元醇B)和聚醚多元醇C)和D)与有机的,任选改性的二和/或多异氰酸酯A)按照下文所述本发明方法进行的反应具有显著的加速作用的化合物。
有利地,用作催化剂E)的化合物为基本型的聚氨酯催化剂,例如叔胺,例如三乙胺、三丁基胺、二甲基苄基胺、二环己基甲胺、二甲基环己基胺、双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、双(二甲基氨基丙基)脲、N-甲基吗啉、N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基亚乙基二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基丁二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基己烷-1,6-二胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、二甲基哌嗪、N-二甲基氨基乙基哌啶、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环(2.2.0)辛烷、1,4-二氮杂双环(2.2.2)辛烷(Dabco)、1,8-二氮杂双环(5.4.0)十一-7-烯;以及烷醇胺化合物,例如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺、N-乙基二乙醇胺、二甲基氨基乙醇、2-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇、N,N’,N”-三(二烷基氨基烷基)六氢三嗪如N,N’,N”-三(二甲基氨基丙基)-s-六氢三嗪),和三亚乙基二胺。然而,还合适的是金属盐,例如氯化亚铁(II)、氯化锌、辛酸铅,优选锡盐,例如二辛酸锡、二乙基己酸锡和二月桂酸二丁锡。
有用的催化剂还包括脒,例如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶;四烷基氢氧化铵,例如四甲基氢氧化铵;碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠;和碱金属醇盐例如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾;以及酸的碱金属盐,所述酸特别是具有10至20个碳原子和任选的侧OH基团的长链脂肪酸。
优选使用两种或更多种前述催化剂E)的混合物。特别优选使用由二甲基环己基胺E1)、五甲基二亚乙基三胺E2)、三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢-1,3,5-三嗪E3)和二甲基苄基胺E4)组成的催化剂混合物E)。
单种催化剂占前述的由E1)至E4)组成的催化剂混合物的比例优选为E1)占20至60重量%、E2)占10至50重量%、E3)占10至40重量%以及E4)占20至50重量%,前提条件是催化剂E1)至E4)的总和是100重量%。
优选使用1.0至5.5重量%、特别1.0至5.0重量%的一种或更多种催化剂E),基于组分B)至G)的重量计。
当在发泡过程中使用相对较大程度过量的多异氰酸酯时,可考虑将以下用作用于过量NCO基团之间的三聚反应的催化剂:形成异氰脲酸酯基团的催化剂,例如铵离子或者碱金属盐单独或与叔胺相结合。异氰酸酯的形成导致优选用作工业硬质泡沫、例如土木工程中的夹层元件或隔热板的阻燃性PIR泡沫。
关于所提及的催化剂的进一步详情参见技术文献,例如Kunststoffhandbuch,卷VII,Polyurethanes,Carl Hanser Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第一、第二和第三版,1966、1983和1993年。
助剂和/或添加剂物质F)
用于多元醇组分b)的有用的助剂和/或添加剂物质F)包括,例如表面活性物质例如乳化剂、泡沫稳定剂和孔调节剂,优选泡沫稳定剂。
有用的表面活性物质包括,例如,用于增加起始材料的均匀性且任选还适于调节塑料的孔结构的化合物。合适的实例包括乳化剂,例如蓖麻油硫酸酯的钠盐或脂肪酸的钠盐,以及脂肪酸与胺的盐如油酸二乙胺、硬脂酸二乙醇胺、蓖麻油酸二乙醇胺,磺酸的盐如十二烷基苯二磺酸或二萘基甲烷二磺酸的碱金属盐或铵盐以及蓖麻油酸的碱金属盐或铵盐;泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷-氧化亚烷基共聚物以及其他有机聚硅氧烷、乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂族醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯或蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油和花生油;和孔调节剂,例如石蜡、脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。
多元醇组分b)优选包含泡沫稳定剂,特别是含硅酮的泡沫稳定剂作为助剂或作为添加剂物质F),所述泡沫稳定剂例如硅氧烷-氧化亚烷基共聚物以及其他有机聚硅氧烷。
前述泡沫稳定剂的优选使用量为0.5至4重量%、更优选1至3重量%,基于组分B)至G)的重量计。
关于前述的更加合适的助剂和添加剂物质的进一步详情参见技术文献,例如J.H.Saunders和K.C.Frisch的专题著作“High Polymers”卷XVI,Polyurethanes,第1和2部分,分别为Interscience Publishers 1962至1964;或Kunststoff-Handbuch,Polyurethane,卷VII,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第一和第二版,1966和1983年。
发泡剂
根据本发明的多元醇组分b)优选包含1至3重量%、特别优选1.5至3.0重量%且非常特别优选2.0至3.0重量%的水G),基于全部多元醇组分b)计。在与二或多异氰酸酯A)的反应混合物中,所述水G)起化学发泡剂的作用。
用于制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的发泡剂使用水G)作为化学发泡剂,与物理发泡剂H)相结合。所述物理发泡剂H)可以在所述多元醇组分发泡之前,优选直接添加到本发明的最终多元醇组分b)中。添加可以采取通过静态混合器计量添加的形式。
物理发泡剂H)和/或发泡剂混合物H)的用量为10至20重量份、优选10至17重量份,基于100重量份的多元醇组分b)计。
合适的物理发泡剂H)为对于有机的任选改性的二或多异氰酸酯A)呈惰性且在大气压力下沸点低于100℃、优选低于50℃的低沸点液体,以便它们在放热加聚反应的作用下蒸发。优选使用的这样的低沸点液体的实例为,烷烃,例如庚烷、己烷、正戊烷和异戊烷,优选正戊烷和异戊烷的工业级混合物、正丁烷和异丁烷与丙烷的工业级混合物;环烷烃,例如环戊烷和/或环己烷;醚,例如呋喃、二甲醚和二乙醚;酮,例如丙酮和甲基乙基酮;烷基羧酸酯,例如甲酸甲酯、草酸二甲酯和乙酸乙酯。也可使用这些低沸点液体彼此间和/或与其他取代或未取代的烃的混合物。
优选不使用卤代烃作为发泡剂H)。
优选用作物理发泡剂H)的是戊烷异构体和/或环戊烷、特别是环戊烷。
特别优选水G)作为化学发泡剂和环戊烷作为物理发泡剂H)的组合。
根据本发明的多元醇组分b)优选包含(或由以下物质组成):
25至35重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
25至35重量%的聚醚多元醇C),
25至35重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
1.0至5重量%的催化剂E),
0.1至5重量%的助剂和/或添加剂物质F),以及
0.5至5重量%的水G),
其中组分B)至G)总和为100重量%。
根据本发明的多元醇组分b)更优选包含(或由以下物质组成):
25至35重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
25至35重量%的聚醚多元醇C),
25至35重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
1.0至5重量%的催化剂E),
0.5至4重量%的助剂和/或添加剂物质F),以及
1.0至3重量%的水G),
其中组分B)至G)总和为100重量%。
根据本发明的多元醇组分b)最优选包含(或由以下物质组成):
27至32重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
27至32重量%的聚醚多元醇C),
27至32重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
1至3重量%的催化剂E),
1至3重量%的助剂和/或添加剂物质F),以及
1.5至3重量%、优选2.0至3.0重量%的水G),
其中组分B)至G)总和为100重量%。
一个优选的实施方案使用包含C2-C4-烷氧基化的、优选丙氧基化的甲苯二胺的聚醚多元醇C)和包含C2-C4-烷氧基化的、优选丙氧基化的蔗糖/甘油混合物的聚醚多元醇D)。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,所述聚醚酯多元醇B)包含蔗糖/甘油混合物与生物柴油或油酸甲酯以及一种或更多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷、优选环氧丙烷的反应产物。
在本发明中,各种实施方案可以彼此结合。
本发明还提供了一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,通过
I)有机或改性的有机二或多异氰酸酯A)或它们的混合物,与
II)添加了发泡剂H)之后的本发明的多元醇组分b)
的反应进行。
二或多异氰酸酯A)
可用作有机二或多异氰酸酯A)的化合物包括熟悉的脂族、环脂族、芳脂族的二或多异氰酸酯,且优选芳族二或多官能异氰酸酯。所述有机二或多异氰酸酯任选可为改性状态。
具体实例包括在亚烷基部分具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯、2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯,优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯以及任何所需的它们的混合物,1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷(IPDI),2,4-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯和2,6-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构混合物,4,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构混合物;优选芳族二和多异氰酸酯,例如2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构混合物,4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构混合物,4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的混合物,多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯,2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI),以及粗MDI和甲苯二异氰酸酯的混合物。有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯可单独使用或以它们的混合物形式使用。
优选的多异氰酸酯是甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),特别是二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯和多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(聚合物MDI或PMDI)。
通常还使用改性的二或多异氰酸酯,即通过化学转化有机多异氰酸酯而获得的产物。实例为包含以下基团的多异氰酸酯:酯基团、脲基团、缩二脲基团、脲基甲酸酯基团、碳二亚胺基团、异氰脲酸酯基团、脲二酮基团、氨基甲酸酯基团和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基团。
为了制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,使任选改性的有机二和/或多异氰酸酯A)和本发明的多元醇组分b)与另外添加的物理发泡剂H)反应,用量应使得异氰酸酯指数为70至300,优选90至200,更优选100至150。
有利地,硬质聚氨酯泡沫通过一步法方法(one shot process)例如在敞开或闭合模具,例如金属模具中使用高压或低压技术而获得。另一常规方式是将反应混合物以连续方式施用于合适的带生产线以生产面板。
在15至90℃、优选20至60℃且特别是20至35℃的温度下将起始组分混合,并将混合物引入敞开模具中,或任选在高于大气压下引入闭合模具中。混合通常在高压混合头中进行。有利地,模具温度为20至110℃、优选30至70℃且特别为40至60℃。
通过本发明的方法获得的硬质PU泡沫为本发明的另一个方面。
通过本发明的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫通常具有10至100g/l、优选15至50g/l且特别是20至40g/l的自由起发密度。
本发明还提供了使用通过本发明方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于隔热和制冷应用的方法。
通过以下实施例对本发明进行更具体的说明。
实施例
测量方法:
羟基数的测量:
羟基数根据DIN 53240(1971-12)来测定。
粘度测定:
除非另有说明,多元醇的粘度是在25℃下,根据DIN EN ISO 3219(1994)使用Rheotec RC 20旋转粘度计和CC 25Din锭子(锭子直径:12.5mm,量筒测量内径:13.56mm)在50 1/s的剪切速率下测定。
戊烷溶解性的测定:
为了评估戊烷溶解性,将多元醇组分b)以实施例中对于物理发泡剂H)的所述的量混合(Vollrath搅拌器,1500rpm,搅拌时间2min),并将混合物倒入螺旋盖的罐中,然后将罐关闭。在气泡完全逸出后,首先在室温下评估样品的清澈度。如果样品是清澈的,则随后将样品在水浴中以1℃的增量冷却下来,并且在达到设定温度30min后评估其清澈度。
脱模行为的测定:
脱模行为通过测量使用700×400×90mm的箱模具在45±2℃的模具温度下制备的泡沫体的后发泡率随脱模时间的变化以及通过测量过量填入(OP)程度来测定,所述过量填入程度对应于总表观密度/最小填充密度的比值。后发泡率通过在24h后测量泡沫立方体来测定。
组分部分的最小填充密度/自由起发密度:
最小填充密度通过将恰好足够的聚氨酯反应混合物在45±2℃模具温度下引入尺寸为2000×200×50mm的模具中至恰好填满模具而测定。自由起发密度通过使发泡聚氨酯反应混合物在室温下,在塑料袋中膨胀来测定。该密度是在从泡沫填充的塑料袋中心移出的立方体上测定。
流动性的测定:
流动性以流动因子来表示,流动因子=(最小填充密度/自由起发密度)。
热导率:
热导率是在10℃的中点温度下,使用Taurus TCA300 DTX来测定。为了制备测试样品,将聚氨酯反应混合物引入2000×200×50mm的模具中,15%过量填入,并在5min后脱模。在标准条件下老化24小时后,从中心切下几个200×200×50mm尺寸的泡沫立方体(在Brett模具下端10、900和1700mm处)。然后去除顶部侧和底部侧以得到200×200×30mm尺寸的测试样品。
压缩强度:
压缩强度根据DIN ISO 844 EN DE(2014-11)来测定。
实施例:
起始材料:
按照EN 14214(2010)标准的生物柴油。
聚醚多元醇C的制备
将配备有搅拌器、加热和冷却夹套、用于固体和液体物质和环氧烷的计量装置以及氮气惰性化装置和真空系统的600l的压力反应器加热至80℃并反复惰性化。将120.2kg邻甲苯二胺引入反应器中并打开搅拌器。然后,将反应器再次惰性化并将温度提高至130℃,计量加入160.06kg环氧丙烷。反应2h后,将温度降低至100℃并加入4.29kg二甲基乙醇胺。使中间产物与另外的233.97kg环氧丙烷反应。这一后反应在100℃下进行2h,获得508.6kg具有以下参数的产物:
OH值 399mg KOH/g
粘度(25℃下) 17016mPas
聚醚多元醇D3的制备
向如上所描述的用于聚醚多元醇C)的反应器中装入21.20kg甘油、136.49kg蔗糖和1.03kg咪唑水溶液(在水中50重量%)。启动搅拌器,将反应器反复惰性化并加热至120℃。然后,将361.1kg环氧丙烷计量加入到反应器中。后反应在120℃下进行2小时。仍然存在的环氧丙烷以氮气气流汽提掉。产物(498.3kg)具有以下参数:
OH值 432mg KOH/g
粘度(25℃下) 26871mPas
聚醚酯多元醇B1的制备
将53.60kg甘油、0.47kg咪唑水溶液(50重量%)、90.53kg蔗糖和70.24kg生物柴油在25℃下装入到如上所述的用于聚醚多元醇C)的反应器中。随后将反应器用氮气惰性化三次。将罐体加热至130℃并计量加入305.41kg环氧丙烷。3h反应时间后,在100℃下将反应器排空至完全真空,持续60min,随后冷却至25℃,以获得502.4kg产物。
OH值 415mg KOH/g
粘度(25℃下) 3215mPas
酸值: 0.01mg KOH/g
将以下组分类似于以上合成方法转化为多元醇(所有细节均以重量%计)。
多元醇B1:基于蔗糖17.4%、甘油10.3%、环氧丙烷(PO)58.7%和生物柴油13.5%的聚醚酯醇,OH数415mg KOH/g;
多元醇B2(非根据本发明的):基于蔗糖12.04%、甘油12.7%、环氧丙烷(PO)41.2%和油酸甲酯25.6%的聚醚酯醇,OH数489mg KOH/g;
多元醇C:基于邻-TDA和PO的聚醚醇,OH数399mg KOH/g;
多元醇X1(非根据本发明的):基于邻-TDA、环氧乙烷(EO)和PO的聚醚醇,OH数160mg KOH/g。
多元醇X2(非根据本发明的):基于甘油和PO的聚醚醇,OH数160mg KOH/g。
多元醇X3(非根据本发明的):基于蔗糖的聚醚醇,OH数340mg KOH/g,类似于来自Covestro的Multranol 9171(在EP 2 029 711 A1中用作多元醇Z)。
多元醇X4:基于邻-TDA的聚醚醇,类似于来自Covestro的Multranol 8120(在EP 2029 711 A1中用作多元醇Y)。
多元醇D1:基于蔗糖、甘油和PO的聚醚醇,OH数450mg KOH/g、官能度:5.0。
多元醇D2:基于蔗糖、甘油和PO的聚醚醇,OH数411mg KOH/g、官能度:6.0。
多元醇D3:基于蔗糖、甘油和PO的聚醚醇,OH数432mg KOH/g、官能度:6.0。
由以下物质组成的催化剂混合物E):
催化剂E1):二甲基环己基胺
催化剂E2):五甲基二亚乙基三胺
催化剂E3):三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢-1,3,5-三嗪
催化剂E4):二甲基苄基胺
前述催化剂混合物E)使用于实施例1至3中和对比实施例1、2、4和5中(见表1)。对比实施例3中的催化剂混合物(根据WO 2013/127647,表2,实施例3)仅包含催化剂E1)、E2)和E3)。
使用前述原材料来制备多元醇组分(所有详细数据以重量%计),所述多元醇组分在发泡前与物理发泡剂混合。使用PU 30/80IQ high pressure(ElastogranGmbH)以250g/s的输出速率运行,来混合多元醇组分(其已经混合有物理发泡剂)与必需量的所述异氰酸酯,以获得117的异氰酸酯指数(除非另有说明)。将反应混合物注射到温度调节至40℃且尺寸为2000mm×200mm×50mm和/或400mm×700mm×90mm的模具中,并使其在模具中发泡。过量填入为14.5%,即,使用比所需的多14.5%的反应混合物,以从模具完全发泡出来。
表1示出了特定的多元醇组分(PC)b)组成(详细数据以重量%计)及由其得到的泡沫的测量结果。物理发泡剂(环戊烷)的量以重量份给出,添加到100重量份的多元醇组分中。
表1
*=对比实施例2对应于EP-A 1 138 709。
*=对比实施例3对应于WO 2013/127647 A1。
*=对比实施例4和5对应于EP 2 039 711 A1。
对比实施例1示出了非根据本发明的多元醇组分制剂,包含了根据本发明使用的多元醇B1、C和D1,且额外包含了官能度为4且羟基数为160mg KOH/g的聚醚醇X1。所获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫在脱模性和压缩强度方面次于在实施例1中获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(压缩强度低~9%)。
对比实施例2示出了根据EP 1 138 709 A1的包含官能度为4且羟基数为160mgKOH/g的聚醚醇X2的常规制冷剂制剂。对比所获得的硬质PU泡沫,清楚地,根据实施例1的产物具有改进6%的压缩强度以及在4min时改进的脱模性。
对比实施例3使用了根据WO 2013/127647 A1的实施例3的多元醇组分制剂,包含聚醚酯醇B2(这是非根据本发明的)和聚醚醇C。所获得的硬质PU泡沫的压缩强度比实施例1至3的产物低6-8%。
实施例2和实施例3中的多元醇组分制剂分别使用了基于蔗糖-甘油且具有更高官能度的聚醚醇D2和D3。所获得的硬质PU泡沫特别值得注意的是更好的脱模性。
对比实施例4使用了这样的多元醇组分制剂,其除了本发明使用的多元醇B)和C)之外,还包含本发明没有使用的多元醇X3——类似于根据EP-A 2 039 711的多元醇Z(Multranol 9171)。所获得的硬质PU泡沫的压缩强度比由实施例1至3获得的产物低4至5%。所获得的硬质PU泡沫在脱模性方面也次于在实施例2和3中获得的硬质PU泡沫。
对比实施例5示出了包含本发明使用的多元醇B1),和类似于根据EP-A 2 039 711(cp.例7)的多元醇Z(Multranol 9171)和Y(Multranol 8120)的多元醇X3和X4的多元醇组分制剂。获得的硬质PU泡沫在脱模性方面次于在实施例1至3中获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,且在压缩强度方面也低8%至9%。
Claims (13)
1.一种多元醇组分b),包含:
25至35重量%的一种或更多种聚醚酯多元醇B),所述聚醚酯多元醇B)具有3.8至4.8的官能度,380至440mg KOH/g的OH值和8至17重量%的脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯含量,基于聚醚酯多元醇B)的重量计;
25至35重量%的一种或更多种聚醚多元醇C),所述聚醚多元醇C)具有3.7至4的官能度和300至420mg KOH/g的OH值;
25至35重量%的一种或更多种聚醚多元醇D),所述聚醚多元醇D)具有4.5至6.5的官能度和400至520mg KOH/g的OH值;
1.0至5重量%的一种或更多种催化剂E),
0.1至5重量%的其他助剂和/或添加剂物质F),
0.5至5重量%的水G),
其中组分B)、C)、D)、E)、F)和G)的总和是100重量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多元醇组分b),其中
所述聚醚酯多元醇B)具有4.0至4.7的平均官能度,390至430mg的OH值和10至16重量%的脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯含量;
所述聚醚多元醇C)具有3.9至4的平均官能度和350至410mg KOH/g的OH值;以及所述聚醚多元醇D)具有4.8至6.2的平均官能度和400至480mg KOH/g的OH值。
3.根据权利要求2所述的多元醇组分b),其中所述聚醚酯多元醇B)具有10至16重量%的脂肪酸甲酯含量。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分b),其中
所述聚醚酯多元醇B)具有4.0至4.7的平均官能度,410至430mg KOH/g的OH值和11至15重量%的脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯含量。
5.根据权利要求4所述的多元醇组分b),其中,所述聚醚酯多元醇B)具有11至15重量%的脂肪酸甲酯含量。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分b),其中所述聚醚多元醇C)为烷氧基化的甲苯二胺且所述聚醚多元醇D)为烷氧基化的蔗糖-甘油混合物。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分b),其中所述聚醚酯多元醇B)包含蔗糖-甘油起始剂混合物与生物柴油或油酸甲酯以及一种或更多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷的反应产物。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分b),其包含:
27至32重量%的聚醚酯多元醇B),
27至32重量%的聚醚多元醇C),
27至32重量%的聚醚多元醇D),
1至3重量%的催化剂E),
1至3重量%的助剂和/或添加剂物质F),以及
1.5至3重量%的水G),
其中组分B)至G)的总和为100重量%。
9.根据权利要求8所述的多元醇组分b),其包含2.0至3.0重量%的水G)。
10.一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,通过
I)有机或改性的有机二或多异氰酸酯A)或它们的混合物,与
II)添加了发泡剂H)后的根据权利要求1或2的多元醇组分b)的反应进行。
11.一种通过根据权利要求10的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
12.使用根据权利要求1或2的多元醇组分b)制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法。
13.使用通过根据权利要求10的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫用于隔热和制冷应用的方法。
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EP3856815B1 (de) | 2018-09-25 | 2022-09-07 | Basf Se | Polyolkomponente und ihre verwendung zur herstellung von polyurethan-hartschaumstoffen |
EP3990512B1 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2023-05-10 | Basf Se | Polyol component and use thereof for the production of rigid polyurethane foams |
EP4004078A1 (en) * | 2019-07-24 | 2022-06-01 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Formulated polyol compositions |
CN110964169B (zh) * | 2019-12-23 | 2023-05-09 | 山东一诺威聚氨酯股份有限公司 | 直接成型的高透气型聚氨酯鞋垫组合料及其制备方法 |
CN111499828B (zh) * | 2020-04-15 | 2022-04-12 | 黎明化工研究设计院有限责任公司 | 一种低密度高阻燃聚氨酯材料用树脂组合物及其应用 |
CN111690113B (zh) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-11 | 安徽大松树脂有限公司 | 一种微孔金刚弹性模块树脂的制备方法 |
EP4008737A1 (en) | 2020-12-02 | 2022-06-08 | Logstor A/S | An insulated pipe with an increased compressive strength and axial shear strength |
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WO2017072152A1 (de) | 2017-05-04 |
EP3368584B1 (de) | 2020-07-01 |
US10723831B2 (en) | 2020-07-28 |
ES2821744T3 (es) | 2021-04-27 |
EP3368584A1 (de) | 2018-09-05 |
CA3003315C (en) | 2023-10-17 |
PL3368584T3 (pl) | 2020-12-14 |
HUE050576T2 (hu) | 2020-12-28 |
CA3003315A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
MX2018005301A (es) | 2018-05-17 |
DK3368584T3 (da) | 2020-09-21 |
CN108350136A (zh) | 2018-07-31 |
RU2018119341A (ru) | 2019-11-28 |
RU2018119341A3 (zh) | 2020-02-28 |
US20180346636A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
KR20180075615A (ko) | 2018-07-04 |
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