CN114072450B - 多元醇组分及其用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的用途 - Google Patents
多元醇组分及其用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114072450B CN114072450B CN202080047224.1A CN202080047224A CN114072450B CN 114072450 B CN114072450 B CN 114072450B CN 202080047224 A CN202080047224 A CN 202080047224A CN 114072450 B CN114072450 B CN 114072450B
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- diamine
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种包含至少两种不同的聚醚多元醇A)至C)和至少一种聚醚酯多元醇D)的多元醇组分P),使用多元醇组分P)制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法以及由其制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
Description
本发明涉及一种多元醇组分P),使用多元醇组分P)制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法以及使用多元醇组分P)制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
硬质聚氨酯(PU)泡沫可以已知方式通过使有机多异氰酸酯与一种或多种包含至少两个反应性氢原子的化合物(优选聚醚醇、聚酯醇和/或聚醚酯醇(多元醇))在发泡剂、催化剂和任选的助剂和/或添加剂的存在下进行反应来制备。
硬质PU泡沫通常用于制备制冷设备。本文中,制冷设备的壳体通常用多元醇/异氰酸酯混合物进行发泡填充,并且硬质PU泡沫在分别构成冰箱的内壳和外壳的两个盖之间原位形成。为了确保由此制备的复合结构的稳定性,硬质PU泡沫必须与外壳和内壳形成足够牢固的连接,即硬质PU泡沫必须表现出良好的粘合性。为了在发泡填充步骤中获得高产量并因此获得高生产率,硬质PU泡沫的良好脱模性能至关重要。这可从例如以下事实看出:新固化的硬质PU泡沫表现出极低的后发泡。此外,硬质PU泡沫当然必须显示出尽可能最佳的绝热性。良好的绝热性能通过例如这样的硬质PU泡沫显示出,所述硬质PU泡沫使用物理发泡剂(如烃,例如C5烃,尤其是环戊烷)制备。然而,这要求用于制备硬质PU泡沫的多元醇组分与烃具有良好的相容性。特别是,现有技术的多元醇组分仍然不能充分确保这种结合的性能特性。
制备基于异氰酸酯的硬质PU泡沫通常使用具有高官能度和低分子量的多元醇,以确保泡沫的最佳交联。优选使用的聚醚多元醇在大多数情况下的官能度为4至8且羟值为300至600,尤其是400至500mg KOH/g。已知具有非常高的官能度且羟值为300至600mg KOH/g的多元醇具有非常高的粘度。还已知这类多元醇是相对极性的,因此对于典型的发泡剂、尤其是烃(例如戊烷,尤其是环戊烷)的溶解能力差。为了减轻这种不足,通常将多元醇组分与官能度为2至4且羟值为100至250mg KOH/g的聚醚醇混合。
尚未公布的申请号为18196648.2的欧洲专利申请记载了一种用于制备硬质PU泡沫的多元醇组分,其包含具有高官能度且羟值为400至520mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇、官能度为3至5且羟值为100至290mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇、官能度为3至5且羟值为300至500mgKOH/g的聚醚多元醇和羟值为380至480mg KOH/g的聚醚酯多元醇。
WO 2017/072152 A1公开了一种用于制备硬质PU泡沫的多元醇组分,其包含具有高官能度且羟值为400至520mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇、官能度为3.7至4且羟值为300至420mgKOH/g的聚醚多元醇以及脂肪酸含量为8至17重量%的聚醚酯多元醇(多种聚醚酯多元醇)。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种多元醇组分,与现有技术中已知的多元醇组分相比,其进一步改进了由其制备的硬质PU泡沫;具体而言,意在制备具有非常好的粘合性能和良好的绝热性能的硬质PU泡沫,其还具有良好的脱模时间。此外,意在使多元醇组分与烃具有良好的相容性。此外,多元醇组分应仅含有少量的羟值>250mg KOH/g的基于芳族二胺的聚醚多元醇,因为此类聚醚多元醇在发泡过程中表现出高反应性,这会对发泡组合物的流动性产生不利影响。
该目的通过一种多元醇组分P)实现,所述多元醇组分P)包含:
a)0至70重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇A),其OH值为300至520mg KOH/g,并且选自以下物质与环氧烷的反应产物:单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇、上述化合物的烷氧基化产物或其混合物;
b)0至<5重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇B),其OH值为320至500mg KOH/g,并且选自芳族二胺与环氧烷的反应产物;
c)>0至30重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇C),其OH值为100至240mg KOH/g,并且选自胺、多元醇或其混合物与环氧烷的反应产物;
d)5至80重量%的一种或多种聚醚酯多元醇D),其OH值为380至480mg KOH/g且脂肪酸含量为5至25重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇D)计,
e)任选地一种或多种催化剂E);
f)任选地一种或多种选自助剂和添加剂的其他组分F),
g)任选地一种或多种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂;
其中A)至D)以重量%计的浓度数值基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总量计。
该目的另外通过一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法来实现,所述方法使以下物质反应:
I)二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯PI)或其混合物,与
II)多元醇组分P)。
该目的同样通过可通过本发明的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫以及通过本发明的多元醇组分P)用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的用途来实现。
该目的同样通过由本发明的方法制备的聚氨酯泡沫在绝热和制冷应用中的用途来实现。
使用本发明的多元醇组分P)制备的硬质PU泡沫具有非常好的脱模时间,并且同时具有良好的粘合性能和良好的绝热性。
下文更详细地描述本发明。
OH值(羟值)可通过公认的方法测定。例如,OH值可根据DIN53240(1971-12)测定。
在本发明的范围内,本发明使用的多元醇、尤其是聚醚多元醇A)、B)和C)以及聚醚酯多元醇D)的官能度意指在环氧烷的计量时间之前,每摩尔起始剂化合物或每摩尔起始剂化合物的混合物环氧烷反应性氢原子的数量。在这种情况下,环氧烷的计量时间为开始将环氧烷组分添加至一种或多种起始剂化合物的时间。计算考虑了起始剂混合物中存在的一种或多种起始剂化合物的所有环氧烷反应性氢原子。
在本发明的上下文中,官能度F根据下式(I)计算:
ni=起始剂i的摩尔数
fi=起始剂i的官能度
m=起始剂混合物中的起始剂数量
F=官能度
由两种起始剂化合物(m=2)的混合物制备的多元醇的官能度F计算如下:
F=(起始剂化合物A的摩尔数*起始剂化合物A的官能度+起始剂化合物B的摩尔数*起始剂化合物B的官能度)/(起始剂A的摩尔数+起始剂B的摩尔数)。
对于其他起始剂分子,该式可相应地进行修改。因此,例如,当使用626.48mol丙三醇(官能度3)、559.74mol蔗糖(官能度8)和67.31 mol二甲基乙醇胺(官能度1)时,聚醚多元醇的官能度为5.12。
由上式确定的官能度F也称为等效官能度,并且是本领域技术人员已知的确定多元醇官能度的简便方法,参见M.Ionescu“Chemistry and Technology of Polyols forPolyurethanes”,2005,Rapra Technology Limited,第34至39页。
根据本发明上文所定义的聚醚多元醇A)、B)和C)以及聚醚酯多元醇D)的官能度可与开始添加至少一种环氧烷之后(即至少一种环氧烷与起始剂化合物的反应期间)的官能度不同,或与反应产物的官能度不同,因为在反应期间形成了副产物,例如二醇和不饱和单官能成分。副反应在文献中是已知的。因此,聚醚多元醇A)、B)和C)以及聚醚酯多元醇D)的官能度也可称为用于制备相应多元醇的起始剂或起始剂混合物的官能度。
根据上文给出的官能度的定义,“官能度为4.6至6.5的聚醚多元醇,并且选自以下物质与环氧烷的反应产物:单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇、上述化合物的烷氧基化产物或其混合物”意指例如用于与环氧烷反应的单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇、上述化合物的烷氧基化产物或其混合物根据式(I)的当量官能度为4.6至6.5。
在本发明的上下文中,聚醚多元醇为包含至少醚基和OH基作为官能团的有机化合物。聚醚多元醇通常具有2至20个OH基,优选2至10个OH基,特别优选2至8个OH基。
在本发明的上下文中,聚醚酯多元醇为包含至少醚基、酯基和OH基作为官能团的有机化合物。聚酯醚多元醇通常具有2至20个OH基,优选2至10个OH基,特别优选2至8个OH基。
在本发明的上下文中,优选包括所述范围的极限值。因此,例如,在5.2至6.4的范围内包括值5.2和6.4。
根据本发明,特定的聚醚多元醇A)、B)、C)和聚醚酯多元醇D)彼此不同。
聚醚多元醇A)、B)和C)以及聚醚酯多元醇D)选自不同起始剂与环氧烷的反应产物。合适的环氧烷选自例如C2-C4环氧烷。这些包括环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷和2,3-环氧丁烷及其混合物。特别优选环氧丙烷、环氧乙烷及其混合物。环氧烷可单独使用,交替依序使用或以混合物形式使用。
聚醚多元醇A)
多元醇组分P)包含一种或多种OH值为300至520mg KOH/g、优选390至520mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇A)。
聚醚多元醇A)选自以下物质与环氧烷的反应产物:单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇、上述化合物的烷氧基化产物或其混合物。本发明使用的单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇和上述化合物的烷氧基化产物包含至少两个环氧烷反应性OH基,并且在本发明的范围内也称为起始剂化合物SA)或起始剂SA)。起始剂化合物包括术语起始剂化合物和多种起始剂化合物。在与环氧烷的反应中,将环氧烷加入到多种起始剂化合物中,这通常使用催化剂进行。该反应本身是本领域技术人员已知的。
用作聚醚多元醇A)的起始剂化合物SA)的多元醇优选为具有2至20个OH基、优选2至10个OH基且特别优选具有3至8个OH基的有机化合物。它们优选选自单体、二聚体和三聚体。分子量优选为最高达400g/mol,优选最高达300g/mol且特别优选最高达200g/mol。用作起始剂化合物的多元醇的实例为糖醇,例如山梨糖醇和甘露糖醇;单体多元醇,乙二醇、丙二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷和季戊四醇;二聚多元醇,二乙二醇和二丙二醇;以及三聚多元醇,三乙二醇。
本发明使用的单糖、低聚糖和多糖的实例为葡萄糖和蔗糖。
此外,列出的单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇或其混合物的烷氧基化产物可用作起始剂化合物SA)。在本文中,术语“其混合物”意指至少两种不同的选自所述单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇的起始剂化合物的混合物。所述混合物的实例为两种不同的多元醇(如丙三醇和山梨糖醇)的混合物,以及多元醇和单糖(如丙三醇和蔗糖)的混合物,以及丙三醇、乙二醇和蔗糖的混合物。
如上所述,单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇或其混合物与环氧烷反应以形成烷氧基化产物;烷氧基化产物通常使用C2-C4环氧烷制备,优选使用环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷。然后,在制备聚醚多元醇A)时,烷氧基化产物作为起始剂化合物SA)与环氧烷再次反应。当使用最初以固体形式存在或具有高粘度的其他起始剂化合物SA)时,将烷氧基化产物用作起始剂化合物SA)尤其有利,如在下文进一步描述的。
优选使用山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、蔗糖及其混合物作为起始剂化合物SA),以及一种或多种选自山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇和蔗糖的化合物与一种或多种其他多元醇的混合物,所述其他多元醇选自乙二醇、丙二醇、二乙二醇、二丙二醇和三乙二醇。在本发明的上下文中,二丙二醇包含2,2’-氧化二-1-丙醇、1,1’-氧化二-2-丙醇和2-(2-羟基丙氧基)-1-丙醇。
优选选择用于聚醚多元醇A)的起始剂化合物,使得组分SA)的官能度为4.6至6.5,更优选4.8至6.5,特别优选5.2至6.5且非常特别优选5.7至6.5。
特别优选作为起始剂化合物SA)的为蔗糖与至少一种选自丙三醇、二乙二醇和二丙二醇的化合物的混合物。非常特别优选蔗糖和丙三醇的混合物。
聚醚多元醇A)优选选自以下组分的反应产物:
10至60重量%的至少一种起始剂化合物SA),和
40至90重量%的至少一种环氧烷,
基于聚醚多元醇A)的总重量计,加上任何所用的催化剂。
在本发明使用的聚醚多元醇A)中,起始剂化合物SA)的比例优选为20至45重量%,更优选25至42重量%,特别优选30至40重量%,非常特别优选33至38重量%,基于聚醚多元醇A)的重量计。
聚醚多元醇A)特别优选选自以下组分的反应产物:
ai)5至55重量%的至少一种起始剂化合物SA),其选自葡萄糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷和山梨糖醇,
aii)5至55重量%的至少一种不同于ai)的起始剂化合物SA),优选选自丙三醇、单丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇、上述化合物的烷氧基化产物,以及葡萄糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷和/或山梨糖醇或其混合物的烷氧基化产物,
aiii)40至90重量%的至少一种环氧烷,优选选自环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷,
其中ai)、aii)和/或aiii)的总和为100重量%,加上任何所用的催化剂,如咪唑。
除了组分ai)、aii)、aiii)之外,还任选地使用催化剂。
在大多数情况下,碱性化合物用作一种或多种起始剂化合物SA)与一种或多种环氧烷的反应的催化剂。在工业方法中,这些主要为碱金属的氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化铯或特别是氢氧化钾。已知碱金属醇盐作为催化剂,例如甲醇钠、甲醇钠或甲醇钾或异丙醇钾。制备还可用胺催化进行。
胺催化剂优选选自三烷基胺,例如三甲胺、三乙胺、三丙胺和三丁胺;二甲基烷基胺,例如二甲基乙醇胺、二甲基环己胺、二甲基乙胺和二甲基丁胺;芳族胺,例如二甲基苯胺、二甲基氨基吡啶、二甲基苄胺、吡啶、咪唑类(例如咪唑、4(5)-甲基咪唑、3-甲基咪唑和1-羟基丙基咪唑);胍和脒,例如1,5-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬-5-烯和1,5-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯。催化剂优选为二甲基乙醇胺。催化剂非常特别优选为咪唑。
与环氧烷的加合物形成优选在90至150℃的温度和0.1至8巴的压力下进行。计量加入环氧烷之后通常是后反应阶段,其中环氧烷通过反应被耗尽。如果需要,此后可进行后反应阶段。之后通常进行蒸馏以分离出挥发性成分,优选地在减压下进行。
尤其是当使用固体起始剂化合物(例如蔗糖)制备本发明的聚醚多元醇A)时,在方法开始时仅可使用缓慢的计量速率,因为环氧烷仅较差地溶解在反应混合物中并导致反应速率慢。此外,当在起始剂混合物中使用固体起始剂化合物时产生的高粘度确保相对较差的散热。这可导致局部过热的情况,从而对产品质量产生负面影响。此外,高粘度加剧了泵和换热器的磨损和撕裂。通过将至少一种其他多元醇添加到起始剂混合物中,可减少负面影响。这记载在例如EP 2542612中。因此,在一些记载的实验中,将起始剂化合物的混合物与聚醚醇混合,以降低起始混合物的粘度并实现更好的工艺方案。
优选在制备聚醚醇A)期间添加单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇或其混合物的烷氧基化产物以降低粘度。特别优选摩尔质量为488g/mol、OH值为490mg/mol且官能度为4.3的蔗糖/丙三醇起始的丙氧基化物,以及分子量为639g/mol且官能度为5.1的蔗糖/丙三醇起始的丙氧基化物。使用烷氧基化产物作为其他起始剂化合物SA)主要用于简化工艺方案。
在计算本发明的聚醚多元醇A)的官能度时,相应地考虑上述烷氧基化产物。
聚醚多元醇A)的官能度优选为4.6至6.5,更优选4.8至6.5,特别优选5.2至6.5且非常特别优选5.7至6.5。使用具有较高官能度的聚醚多元醇A)能够改善制备硬质PU泡沫期间的脱模性。
通过使用具有高官能度的聚醚多元醇A),并与聚醚酯多元醇D)结合,可改善硬质聚氨酯泡沫的脱模性。
在另一个优选的方案中,聚醚多元醇A)的官能度为4.8至6.5且OH值为300至520mgKOH/g,特别是官能度为5.2至6.5且OH值为390至520mg KOH/g。
通常,聚醚多元醇A)的比例为0至70重量%,优选0至65重量%,特别优选4至60重量%,基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总量计。
聚醚多元醇B)
多元醇组分P)包含一种或多种OH值为320至500mg KOH/g、优选380至450mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇B)。
聚醚多元醇B)的官能度优选为3.0至4.0,更优选官能度为3.5至4.0,特别优选官能度为3.8至4.0。
聚醚多元醇B)选自芳族二胺与环氧烷的反应产物。芳族二胺也称为起始剂化合物或起始剂化合物SB)。
用作起始剂化合物SB)的芳族二胺的实例为甲苯二胺(TDA)和亚甲基二苯胺(MDA)。优选的起始剂化合物SB)为甲苯二胺(TDA)。甲苯二胺包括甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺和甲苯-2,6-二胺。甲苯-2,3-二胺和甲苯-3,4-二胺也称为邻位TDA。甲苯二胺异构体可单独使用,或以混合物形式使用,例如2,4-TDA和2,6-TDA的混合物,3,4-TDA和2,3-TDA的混合物,或2,4-TDA、2,6-TDA、3,4-TDA和2,3-TDA的混合物。特别优选使用甲苯二胺的混合物,其中邻位甲苯二胺的含量为至少75重量%、优选至少80重量%、特别优选至少85重量%且尤其是至少90重量%,在每种情况下基于混合物的总重量计。
优选地选择用作本发明所用的聚醚多元醇B)的起始剂化合物SB)的芳族二胺,使得其官能度为3.0至4.0,更优选3.5至4.0,且特别优选3.8至4.0。任选地使用合适的起始剂分子的混合物。
聚醚多元醇B)优选选自甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺、甲苯-2,6-二胺或其混合物与C2-C4环氧烷的反应产物,特别优选聚醚多元醇B)选自甲苯二胺的混合物与C2-C3环氧烷的反应产物,所述甲苯二胺包含至少75重量%、更优选至少80重量%、特别优选至少85重量%且尤其是至少90重量%的邻位TDA,基于甲苯二胺的混合物计。
通常,聚醚多元醇B)的比例为0至<5重量%,优选0至4.9重量%,更优选0至4重量%,特别优选0至3.5重量%,基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总量计。
聚醚多元醇C)
多元醇组分P)包含一种或多种OH值为100至240mg KOH/g、优选120至220mg KOH/g、特别优选140至200mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇C)。
聚醚多元醇C)的官能度优选为2.8至5.0,优选官能度为3.1至5.0,更优选3.5至4.5,且特别优选官能度为3.5至4.0。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,官能度为3.0至5.0,或3.1至5.0。
因此,根据本发明的另一个实施方案,官能度为2.8至3.0,或2.8至低于3.0。
聚醚多元醇C)选自胺、多元醇或其混合物与环氧烷的反应产物。
通常选择用作本发明所用的聚醚多元醇C)的起始剂化合物SC)的胺、多元醇及其混合物,使得其官能度为2.8至5.0,优选3.1至5.0,更优选3.5至4.5,且特别优选3.5至4.0。任选地使用合适的起始剂分子的混合物。
用于聚醚多元醇C)的有用的起始剂化合物SC)包括例如:脂族二胺和芳族二胺,例如乙二胺、丙-1,3-二胺、丁-1,3-二胺或丁-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,2-二胺、六亚甲基-1,3-二胺、六亚甲基-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,5-二胺和六亚甲基-1,6-二胺、苯二胺、甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺和甲苯-2,6-二胺,以及4,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷和2,2′-二氨基二苯基甲烷。
特别优选上述伯二胺,特别是上述包含邻位TDA(邻TDA)的伯胺的混合物。
用于聚醚多元醇C)的有用的起始剂化合物SC)还包括如上文对于聚醚多元醇A)所述的多元醇。多元醇优选选自丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、单丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇及其混合物。非常特别优选丙三醇。
根据一个实施方案,聚醚多元醇C)包含胺与环氧烷的一种或多种反应产物,所述胺选自乙二胺、丙-1,3-二胺、丁-1,3-二胺、丁-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,2-二胺、六亚甲基-1,3-二胺、六亚甲基-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,5-二胺、六亚甲基-1,6-二胺、苯二胺、甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺、甲苯-2,6-二胺,以及4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,2’-二氨基二苯基甲烷及其混合物;聚醚多元醇C)优选选自上述反应产物。
根据另一个实施方案,聚醚多元醇C)包含多元醇与环氧烷的一种或多种反应产物,所述多元醇选自丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、单丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇及其混合物;聚醚多元醇C)优选选自上述反应产物。
用于制备聚醚醇C)的环氧烷对应于上文进一步描述的环氧烷。聚醚多元醇C)优选包含环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷单元,聚醚醇C)更优选选自胺、多元醇或其混合物与环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的反应产物,聚醚醇C)尤其优选选自以下物质与环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的反应产物:乙二胺、丙-1,3-二胺、丁-1,3-二胺、丁-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,2-二胺、六亚甲基-1,3-二胺、六亚甲基-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,5-二胺、六亚甲基-1,6-二胺、苯二胺、甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺、甲苯-2,6-二胺和4,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,2′-二氨基二苯基甲烷、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、单丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇或其混合物。
本发明使用的聚醚多元醇B)和C)可通过已知方法由一种或多种亚烷基中具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷制备,例如通过使用碱金属氢氧化物(例如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾)或碱金属醇盐(例如甲醇钠、甲醇钠或甲醇钾或异丙醇钾)作为催化剂的阴离子聚合,或通过使用路易斯酸(例如五氯化锑、氟化硼醚化物,或尤其是漂白土)作为催化剂的阳离子聚合。制备同样可使用咪唑催化或使用三甲胺或N,N-二甲基环己胺进行。
通常,在多元醇组分P)中,聚醚多元醇C)的比例为>0重量%至30重量%,优选1至25重量%,特别优选2至20重量%,基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总量计。
聚醚酯多元醇D)
多元醇组分P)包含一种或多种OH值为380至480mg KOH/g、优选390至440mg KOH/g、尤其优选410至430mg KOH/g的聚醚酯多元醇D)。
另外,聚醚酯多元醇D)中脂肪酸的含量为5至25重量%,优选10至20重量%,特别优选10至15重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇D)的总重量计。
聚醚酯多元醇D)的官能度优选为3.0至5.0,优选官能度为3.2至5.0,更优选3.4至4.8,更优选4.0至4.7,且尤其优选4.2至4.6。
合适的聚醚酯多元醇D)选自一种或多种含羟基的起始剂化合物、一种或多种脂肪酸、脂肪酸单酯或其混合物与一种或多种C2-C4环氧烷的反应产物。含羟基的起始剂化合物优选选自单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇或其混合物。
优选的含羟基的起始剂化合物选自:糖和糖醇(例如葡萄糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖和山梨糖醇)、多元酚、甲阶酚醛树脂(例如苯酚和甲醛的低聚缩合产物)、多元醇(如三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、丙三醇)和二醇(如乙二醇、丙二醇)及其缩合产物(如聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇,例如二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇)和水。
特别优选的起始剂化合物为糖和糖醇(例如蔗糖和山梨糖醇)、丙三醇;以及上述糖和/或糖醇与丙三醇、水和/或二醇(例如二乙二醇和/或二丙二醇)的混合物。非常特别优选蔗糖和至少一种、优选一种选自以下的化合物的混合物:丙三醇、二乙二醇和二丙二醇。非常特别优选蔗糖和丙三醇的混合物。
通常,脂肪酸或脂肪酸单酯选自多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油、羟基改性的脂肪酸,以及基于以下酸的脂肪酸酯:肉豆蔻酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、十八碳烯酸、伞形花子油酸、鳕油酸、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸、亚麻油酸(stearidonic acid)、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。优选的脂肪酸单酯为脂肪酸甲酯。优选的脂肪酸为硬脂酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸,且尤其是油酸、其单酯、优选其甲酯,及其混合物。脂肪酸可以纯脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯的形式使用。它们优选以脂肪酸酯的形式使用。非常特别优选使用脂肪酸甲酯,例如生物柴油或油酸甲酯。
“生物柴油”理解为意指基于2010年的EN 14214标准的脂肪酸甲酯。生物柴油——通常从菜籽油、大豆油或棕榈油中获得——的主要成分为饱和C16至C18脂肪酸的甲酯,以及单不饱和或多不饱和C18脂肪酸的甲酯,例如油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的甲酯。
具有2至4个碳原子的合适的环氧烷为例如环氧乙烷、四氢呋喃、环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷或2,3-环氧丁烷。环氧烷可单独使用,交替依序使用或以混合物形式使用。优选的环氧烷为环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷,特别优选环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物,其环氧丙烷含量大于50重量%,并且非常特别优选纯环氧丙烷。
在一个优选的实施方案中,所用的烷氧基化催化剂为胺,优选二甲基乙醇胺或咪唑;特别优选咪唑。
合适的聚醚酯多元醇D)选自以下组分的反应产物:
di)20至35重量%的一种或多种含羟基的起始剂化合物;
dii)5至25重量%、优选10至20重量%、特别优选10至15重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸、脂肪酸单酯或其混合物,
diii)50至65重量%的一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷,
基于聚醚酯多元醇D)的总重量计。
在本发明使用的聚醚酯多元醇D)中,起始剂化合物di)的比例通常为20至35重量%,优选22至32重量%,特别优选24至30重量%,非常特别优选24至29重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇D)的总重量计。
在本发明使用的聚醚酯多元醇D)中,脂肪酸或脂肪酸单酯dii)的比例通常优选为10至20重量%,特别优选10至15重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇D)的重量计。
在本发明使用的聚醚酯多元醇D)中,环氧烷diii)的比例通常为50至65重量%,优选52至62重量%,特别优选55至61重量%,非常特别优选57至60重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇D)的重量计。
通常,聚醚酯多元醇D)的比例为5至80重量%,优选7至75重量%,更优选9至65重量%,特别优选11至60重量%,基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总重量计。
催化剂E)
本发明的多元醇组分P)可包含至少一种催化剂E)。
所使用的催化剂E)尤其为极大地加速多元醇组分P)中存在的聚醚多元醇A)、B)和C)以及聚醚酯多元醇D)与有机的、任选改性的二异氰酸酯和/或多异氰酸酯PI按照下文本发明的方法进行反应的化合物。
碱性聚氨酯催化剂可方便地用作催化剂E),例如叔胺,如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基苄胺、二环己基甲胺、二甲基环己胺、双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、双(二甲基氨基丙基)脲、N-甲基吗啉或N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N′,N′-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基丁二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基己-1,6-二胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、二甲基哌嗪、N-二甲基氨基乙基哌啶、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环[2.2.0]辛烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(Dabco)、1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯,以及烷醇胺化合物,例如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺、二甲基氨基乙醇、2-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇、N,N′,N″-三(二烷基氨基烷基)六氢三嗪,例如N,N′,N″-三(二甲基氨基丙基)-s-六氢三嗪,和三亚乙基二胺。然而,还合适的为金属盐,例如氯化亚铁(II)、氯化锌、辛酸铅,且优选锡盐,例如二辛酸锡、二乙基己酸锡和二月桂酸二丁基锡。
有用的催化剂E)还包括:脒,例如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶;四烷基氢氧化铵,例如四甲基氢氧化铵;碱金属氢氧化物,例如氢氧化钠;以及碱金属醇盐,例如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾,以及酸的碱金属盐、尤其是具有10至20个碳原子和任选的侧OH基的长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐。
优选使用多种上述催化剂E)的混合物。特别优选使用由以下组成的催化剂混合物E):二甲基环己胺E1)、五甲基二亚乙基三胺或双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚E2)、三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢-1,3,5-三嗪E3)和二甲基苄胺E4)。
优选地,在由催化剂E1)至E4)组成的上述催化剂混合物中,催化剂E1)的比例为20至60重量%,催化剂E2)的比例为10至50重量%,催化剂E3)的比例为10至40重量%,且催化剂E4)的比例为20至50重量%,其中催化剂E1)至E4)的总和为100重量%。
优选使用1.0至5.5重量%、尤其是1.0至5.0重量%的一种或多种催化剂E),基于多元醇组分P)的重量计。
如果在发泡中使用相对大的多异氰酸酯过量,则用于过量NCO基团彼此之间的三聚反应的有用的催化剂还包括:形成异氰脲酸酯基团的催化剂,例如铵离子盐或碱金属盐,单独使用或与叔胺结合使用。异氰脲酸酯的形成得到阻燃的PIR泡沫,其优选用于工业硬质泡沫中,例如在建筑业中用作绝热板或夹层元件。
关于所述催化剂的更多详细信息可在技术文献中找到,例如Kunststoffhandbuch[Plastics Handbook],第VII卷,Polyurethane[Polyurethanes],Carl Hanser VerlagMunich,Vienna,第1版,第2版和第3版,1966,1983和1993。
组分F)
本发明的多元醇组分P)可包含一种或多种选自助剂和添加剂的其他组分F)。
多元醇组分P)的助剂和添加剂F)为例如表面活性物质,例如乳化剂、泡沫稳定剂和泡孔调节剂。
有用的表面活性物质包括例如有助于原料均质化且还可适于调节塑料的泡孔结构的化合物。可提及例如乳化剂,例如蓖麻油硫酸钠盐或脂肪酸钠盐,以及脂肪酸与胺的盐,例如二乙胺油酸酯、二乙醇胺硬脂酸酯、二乙醇胺蓖麻油酸酯,磺酸盐,例如十二烷基苯二磺酸或二萘基甲烷二磺酸的碱金属盐或铵盐,以及蓖麻油酸盐;泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其他有机聚硅氧烷、乙氧基化的烷基酚、乙氧基化的脂肪醇、石蜡油、蓖麻油酯或蓖麻油酸酯、火鸡红油和花生油;以及泡孔调节剂,例如石蜡、脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。特别优选硅氧烷稳定剂。
特别优选二丙二醇(DPG)作为添加剂。
作为另外的组分F),多元醇组分P)优选包含一种或多种泡沫稳定剂,尤其是含硅氧烷的泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其他有机聚硅氧烷。
上述泡沫稳定剂的用量优选为0.5至4.5重量%,特别优选1至3.5重量%,基于多元醇组分P)的重量计。
关于上述和其他合适的助剂和添加剂的更多详细信息可在技术文献中找到,例如在J.H.Saunders和K.C.Frisch的专著,“High Polymers”,第XVI卷,Polyurethanes,第1部分和第2部分,Interscience Publishers,1962和1964,或Kunststoff-Handbuch[PlasticsHandbook],Polyurethane[Polyurethanes],第VII卷,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,Vienna,第1版和第2版,1966和1983。
多元醇组分P)还可包含一种或多种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂。多元醇组分P)优选包含至少一种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂,并且多元醇组分P)特别优选包含至少一种化学发泡剂G1)和至少一种物理发泡剂G2)。
本发明的多元醇组分P)优选包含1至20.0重量%,特别优选1.2至5.0重量%,非常特别优选1.5至3.0重量%的化学发泡剂G1),基于组分A)至G1)的总量计。
本发明的多元醇组分P)优选包含1至40.0重量%,特别优选3至30.0重量%,非常特别优选9.0至17.0重量%的物理发泡剂G2),基于组分A)至G1)的总量计。优选烃,且特别优选非环状的戊烷异构体和/或环戊烷,或其混合物。
根据一个实施方案,本发明的多元醇组分P)包含上述浓度范围内的至少一种化学发泡剂G1)和至少一种物理发泡剂G2)。
可使用的合适的物理发泡剂G2)通常是本领域技术人员已知的作为发泡剂的所有烃,例如非卤代的和卤代的、优选氟代的烯烃。
根据一个实施方案,使用C2至C6氟代烯烃,特别优选C3至C5氟代烯烃。
本发明合适的氟代烯烃的特别优选的实例为具有3至6个氟取代基的丙烯、丁烯、戊烯和己烯,其中可存在其他取代基例如氯,例如四氟丙烯、氟氯丙烯(例如三氟一氯丙烯)、五氟丙烯、氟氯丁烯、六氟丁烯或其混合物。
本发明特别优选的氟代烯烃选自顺式或反式1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯、1,1,1-三氟-2-氯丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、顺式或反式的1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烯、1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟丁烯、1-溴五氟丙烯、2-溴五氟丙烯、3-溴五氟丙烯、1,1,2,3,3,4,4-七氟-1-丁烯、3,3,4,4,5,5,5-七氟-1-戊烯、1-溴-2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、2-溴-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、3-溴-1,1,3,3-四氟丙烯、2-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、(E)-1-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟-2-(三氟甲基)丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,1,1-三氟-2-丁烯、(E)-2,3,3,3-四氟-1-氯丙-1-烯、(Z)-2,3,3,3-四氟-1-氯丙-1-烯,及其混合物。
根据另一个实施方案,不使用卤代烃作为物理发泡剂G2)。
优选用作物理发泡剂G2)的为非环状的戊烷异构体和/或环戊烷,尤其是环戊烷。优选使用9至17重量%的非环状的戊烷异构体和/或环戊烷,基于组分A)至G1)的总量计。优选环戊烷以及异戊烷与环戊烷的混合物,其中环戊烷的含量为至少70重量%,并且特别优选使用纯度为至少90重量%、尤其是至少95重量%的环戊烷。
优选使用水作为化学发泡剂G1)。水尤其优选以1.5至3重量%的浓度使用,基于组分A)至G1)的总量计。
多元醇组分P)优选由以下组分组成:
a)0至70重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇A),其OH值为300至520mg KOH/g并且其选自单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇或其混合物与环氧烷的反应产物;
b)0至<5重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇B),其OH值为320至500mg KOH/g并且选自芳族二胺与环氧烷的反应产物;
c)>0重量%至30重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇C),其OH值为100至240mg KOH/g并且选自胺、多元醇或其混合物与环氧烷的反应产物;
d)5至80重量%的一种或多种聚醚酯多元醇D),其OH值为380至480mg KOH/g并且脂肪酸含量为5至25重量%,基于聚醚酯多元醇D)计;
e)任选地一种或多种催化剂E);
f)任选地一种或多种选自助剂和添加剂的其他组分F);
g)任选地一种或多种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂;
其中A)至D)以重量%计的浓度数值基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总量计。
特别优选如上文所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇A)的官能度为5.7至6.5,且聚醚多元醇B)的存在量为18至40重量%。由这些多元醇组分P)可制备具有特别好的可脱模性以及同时具有良好的粘合性和绝热性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
本发明同样涉及一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其通过使以下组分反应:
I)有机或改性的有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯PI)或其混合物,与
II)本发明的多元醇组分P)。
与有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯PI)反应所使用的多元醇组分P)优选包含至少一种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂。与二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯PI)反应所使用的多元醇组分P)同样优选包含一种或多种催化剂E),并且多元醇组分P)非常特别优选包含至少一种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂以及至少一种催化剂E)。
二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯P1)
可能的有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯P1)包括本身已知的脂族、脂环族、芳脂族且优选芳族多官能异氰酸酯。有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯可任选地进行改性。
具体实例包括:在亚烷基中具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如十二烷1,12-二异氰酸酯,2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯,2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯,四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯,并且优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任何混合物、1-异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸根合甲基环已烷(IPDI)、六氢甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和六氢甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二环己基甲烷4,4′-二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷2,2′-二异氰酸酯和二环已基甲烷2,4′-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,并且优选芳族二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯,例如甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二苯基甲烷4,4′-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4′-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,2′-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二苯基甲烷4,4′-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,2′-二异氰酸酯的混合物,多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯,二苯基甲烷2,4′-、2,4′-和2,2′-二异氰酸酯(粗MDI)与多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物,以及粗MDI和甲苯二异氰酸酯的混合物。有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯可单独使用,或以其混合物形式使用。
优选的多异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),且尤其是二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(聚合的MDI或PMDI)。
还通常使用改性的多官能异氰酸酯,即通过有机多异氰酸酯的化学反应获得的产物。可提及的实例为包含酯基、脲基、缩二脲基、脲基甲酸酯基、碳二亚胺基、异氰脲酸酯基、脲二酮基、氨基甲酸酯基和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基的多异氰酸酯。
非常特别优选使用聚合的MDI来制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,例如购自BASF SE的M20。
为了制备本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,任选改性的有机二异氰酸酯和/或多异氰酸酯PI)与本发明的包含发泡剂的多元醇组分P)以这样的量反应,使得异氰酸酯指数为70至300,优选90至200,特别优选100至150。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫有利地通过一步法(one-shot process)制备,例如借助高压或低压技术,在开模或闭模中,例如金属模具。通常还将反应混合物连续地施加到合适的输送线上以形成板。
将起始组分在10至30℃、优选15至30℃且特别是15至25℃的温度下混合,并引入到开模中或任选地在高压下引入到闭模中。混合通常在高压混合头中进行。模具温度有利地为30至70℃,优选40至60℃。
本发明同样涉及一种可通过本发明的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
本发明同样涉及本发明的多元醇组分P)用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的用途。
本发明同样涉及通过本发明的方法制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫在绝热和制冷应用中的用途,尤其是冰箱、商用制冷设备、箱式冷冻机、热水储罐和锅炉。
除非上下文明确与此相反,否则所有上文列出的实施方案和优选实施方案优选地可彼此自由组合。
表述“包含(comprising)”和“包含(comprises)”优选地还涵盖表述“由…组成(consisting,consisting of,consists of)”。
通过以下实施例更详细地说明本发明,而不限制本发明。
实施例
I.测量方法:
羟值的测量:
羟值根据DIN53240(1971-12)测定。
粘度测定:
除非另有说明,多元醇粘度在25℃下根据DIN EN ISO 3219(1994)测定,使用具有板/锥测量几何结构(PK100)的Haaker Viscotester 550,使用PK 1 1°锥(直径:28mm;圆锥角:1°),剪切速率为401/s。
戊烷溶解度的测定:
多元醇组分在最低达尽可能低的温度的较大的温度范围内的良好的戊烷溶解度(最低达5℃的戊烷溶解度)在加工工业中有重要意义:可确保多元醇组分在不同的气候条件下的良好的储存稳定性。为评估戊烷溶解度(作为多元醇组分PK与发泡剂的稳定性),将多元醇组分P)与实施例中所示量的物理发泡剂G2)混合(Vollrath搅拌器,150转/min,搅拌时间2min),放置入螺旋口玻璃容器中,并密封。在气泡完全逸出后,首先在室温下测试样品的透明度。如果样品是透明的,则随后将其在水浴中以1℃的步长冷却,并在达到设定温度30min后,评估透明度。表1和2中给出的温度对应于混合物仍透明的温度。
脱模特性的测定:
良好的脱模特性在加工工业中是最重要的,因为由此减少了与所用泡沫有关的加工时间。因此提高生产率,并因此可以此方式降低成本。良好的脱模特性取决于固化的硬质PU泡沫的后发泡。对于在模具内所使用的组分,希望在尽可能最短的固化时间内具有尽可能最低的后发泡,因为由此能够更快地脱模。脱模特性通过测量泡沫体的后发泡来测定,所述泡沫体使用尺寸为700x400x90mm的盒模具在45±2℃的模具温度下进行制备,脱模特性取决于脱模时间和过填充度(OP,其对应于总堆积密度/最小填充密度的比率,并且描述为了用硬质PU泡沫精确填充模具而实际需要的另外添加的原料的百分比含量。本文所描述的实验实施例在17.5%的OP下进行)。后发泡通过在24h后测量泡沫长方体的高度来测定。
乳化时间:
从反应混合物开始混合到泡沫膨胀开始的时间。
固化时间(胶凝时间/纤维时间)
从反应混合物开始混合到直至可拉出与泡沫接触的线(例如用木棒)的时间。因此,这一点表示从液态到固态的转变。
组成部件的最小填充密度/自由发泡密度:
最小填充密度通过以下方法测定:在45±2℃的模具温度下,将用于泡沫的足够量的聚氨酯反应混合物引入到尺寸为2000x200x 50mm的模具中,以精确填充模具而不接触模具的末端。测量流动路径的长度,并根据MFD=(m*L/(V*s))计算最小填充密度,其中m=质量,L=模具的长度,s=流动路径和V=模具的体积。自由发泡密度通过在室温下使聚氨酯反应混合物发泡成塑料包来测定。在从发泡的塑料包的中心移出的立方体上测定密度。
流动性的测定:
流动性表示为流动因子=(最小填充密度/自由发泡密度)。
粘合性:
从样品中取出测试样品。这对应于从浇口处看,喷枪成型件的前50cm,过填充度为14.5%。借助于模版,将铝箔在顶面上沿着宽度为56mm且长度为200mm切开,并从泡沫上剥离出约50mm的片(tab)。将其夹持在通用测试机的样品架中。在达到测试时间后开始测量。用于从泡沫剥离铝箔的测得力以牛顿输出。意欲与其他泡沫制剂进行比较的粘合力值必须在相同的发泡和测试条件下进行测量。为了测试覆盖箔与泡沫的粘合极限,以5℃的步长降低模具温度,使样品发泡并测量其粘合性。当早在样品脱模时,覆盖层就从泡沫上脱离时,达到了粘合极限。
热导率:
热导率使用Taurus TCA300 DTX装置在10℃的平均温度下测定。为制备测试样品,将聚氨酯反应混合物引入到尺寸为2000x200x50mm的模具中(过填充度15%),并在5min后脱模。在标准气候条件下储存24小时后,从中心切出数个尺寸为200x200x50mm的泡沫长方体(在喷枪起点的10mm、900mm和1700mm位置处)。随后,移除顶侧和底侧,以获得尺寸为200x200x30mm的测试样品。
压缩强度:
压缩强度根据DIN ISO 844EN DE(2014-11)测定。
II.多元醇的制备
聚醚多元醇A和A1):
在装备有搅拌器、夹套加热和冷却、用于固体物质和液体物质以及环氧烷的计量装置,以及用于氮气惰性化的装置和真空系统的压力反应器中装入丙三醇、蔗糖、固体咪唑,以及对于多元醇A,装入基于蔗糖、丙三醇和环氧丙烷的聚醚多元醇(丙三醇和蔗糖的混合物的丙氧基化产物;分子量488g/mol,官能度4.3)。随后,进行多次惰性化处理(在搅拌下),并将温度提高至120℃。混合物在120℃下与环氧丙烷反应。在120℃下进行后反应2小时。然后在氮气气流中汽提样品。
计算基于聚醚多元醇A)的官能度的实施例
使12.3kg丙三醇、90.70kg蔗糖、0.34kg固体咪唑和29.00kg基于蔗糖、丙三醇和环氧丙烷的聚醚多元醇(分子量488g/mol,官能度4.3)与256.3kg环氧丙烷反应,并获得372kg具有以下参数的产物:
OH值 429mg KOH/g
粘度(25℃) 34600mPas
起始剂官能度的计算:
丙三醇(官能度3):12300g/92.09g/mol=132.4mol
蔗糖(官能度8): 90700g/342.3g/mol=246.97mol
咪唑(官能度1): 340g/68.08g/mol=5.0mol
聚醚多元醇(官能度4.3):29000g/488g/mol=59.4mol
起始剂官能度:(132.4mol*3+246.97mol*8+5.0mol*1+59.4mol*4.3)/(132.4mol+246.97mol+5.0mol+59.40mol)=6.0
组成(质量百分比):
聚醚多元醇B):
将装备有搅拌器、夹套加热和冷却、用于固体物质和液体物质以及环氧烷的计量装置,以及用于氮气惰性化的装置和真空系统的压力反应器加热至80℃,并重复惰性化。在反应器中装入邻甲苯二胺,并启动搅拌器。随后,将反应器再次惰性化,将温度提高至130℃,并计量加入环氧丙烷。在2h的反应完成后,将温度降至100℃并加入二甲基乙醇胺。中间体与另外的环氧丙烷反应。后反应在130℃下进行2小时。然后在氮气气流中汽提样品。
聚醚多元醇C):
将装备有搅拌器、夹套加热和冷却、用于固体物质和液体物质以及环氧烷的计量装置,以及用于氮气惰性化的装置和真空系统的压力反应器加热至80℃,并重复惰性化。加入邻甲苯二胺,并将反应器重复惰性化。将温度提高至130℃,并在该温度下将混合物与环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物(EO:PO=1∶15)混合。在2h的反应完成后,加入50%KOH水溶液(质量百分比)。其后是1h真空阶段,然后在130℃下计量加入环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物(EO∶PO=1∶15)。在3h的反应完成后,在氮气气流中汽提样品。
聚醚多元醇C1):
将装备有搅拌器、夹套加热和冷却、用于固体物质和液体物质以及环氧烷的计量装置,以及用于氮气惰性化的装置和真空系统的压力反应器加热至80℃,并重复惰性化。随后,加入三羟甲基丙烷和KOH溶液(50%,水溶液)。然后将温度提高至130℃,并在10毫巴下进行起始剂干燥操作,持续2h。随后,在130℃下计量加入环氧丙烷。在3h的反应完成后,在氮气气流中汽提样品。
聚酯醚多元醇D)
将装备有搅拌器、夹套加热和冷却、用于固体物质和液体物质以及环氧烷的计量装置,以及用于氮气惰性化的装置和真空系统的压力反应器加热至80℃,并重复惰性化。首先在25℃下加入丙三醇、咪唑水溶液(50重量%)、蔗糖和生物柴油(根据标准EN 14214,2010的生物柴油)。然后将其用氮气惰性化三次。将釜加热至130℃并计量加入环氧丙烷。在3h的反应完成后,将反应器在100℃下在完全真空下抽真空60分钟,然后冷却至25℃。
III.原料
多元醇A)至D)如上所述制备。
多元醇A):基于蔗糖、丙三醇和环氧丙烷(PO)的聚醚多元醇,OH值为429mg KOH/g;官能度:6.0
多元醇A1):基于蔗糖、丙三醇和PO的聚醚多元醇,OH值为450mg KOH/g;官能度:5.1
多元醇B):基于邻TDA和PO的聚醚多元醇,OH值为399mgKOH/g;官能度:3.9*
多元醇C):基于邻TDA、环氧乙烷(EO)和PO的聚醚多元醇,OH值为160mg KOH/g;官能度:3.9*
多元醇C1):基于三羟甲基丙烷、PO的聚醚多元醇,OH值为160mg KOH/g;官能度:2.9**
多元醇D):基于蔗糖、丙三醇、PO和生物柴油的聚醚酯多元醇,OH值为420mg KOH/g;官能度:4.5
*由于存在少量水(通过向起始剂TDA中添加催化剂(KOH水溶液)而引入),多元醇B和C的官能度<4.0。
**由于存在少量水(通过向起始剂三羟甲基丙烷中添加催化剂(KOH水溶液)而引入),多元醇C1的官能度<3.0。
催化剂混合物E)由以下物质组成:
催化剂E1):二甲基环己胺
催化剂E2):五甲基二亚乙基三胺或双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚
催化剂E3):三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢-1,3,5-三嗪
催化剂E4):二甲基苄胺
稳定剂F):
含硅氧烷的泡沫稳定剂,购自Evonik的B8474和/或/>B8491或/>84204或Tegostab/>
环戊烷95(CP95):纯度为95%的环戊烷
催化剂混合物E)、其他组分F)和化学发泡剂G1)的混合物E-F-G-1由以下物质组成:
2.5重量%的催化剂混合物E),
3.0重量%的泡沫稳定剂,和
2.5重量%的H2O,
其中重量%基于多元醇组分A)至D)加上E-F-G-1的总重量计。
催化剂混合物E)、其他组分F)和化学发泡剂G1)的混合物E-F-G-2由以下物质组成:
1.5重量%的催化剂混合物E),
2.0重量%的碳酸亚丙酯,
3.0重量%的泡沫稳定剂,和
2.5重量%的H2O,
其中重量%基于多元醇组分A)至D)加上E-F-G-2的总重量计。
此外,向各多元醇组分中另外添加13.5重量%的环戊烷70或95,基于多元醇组分A)至D)加上E-F-G-1或E-F-G-2的总重量计。在环戊烷95型的情况下,为调节密度,将14.5份发泡剂(环戊烷95)作为变体添加到基于E-F-G-1的制剂中。
异氰酸酯:
NCO含量为31.5重量%的聚合的MDI(M20)
IV.硬质PU泡沫
由上述原料制备多元醇组分P),向其中加入组分物理发泡剂,之后进行发泡。通过排出速率为250g/s的高压PU30/80IQ(Elastogran GmbH),将与物理发泡剂混合的多元醇组分P)各自与所需量的指定异氰酸酯混合,从而得到所需的异氰酸酯指数。
将反应混合物注入温度调节至40℃且尺寸为2000mm x 200mm x 50mm或400mm x700mm x 90mm的模具中,并使在其中发泡。过填充度为17.5%,即,与完全发泡填充模具所需的反应混合物相比,所使用的反应混合物多17.5%。
乳化时间、固化时间和自由发泡密度通过机械高压混合(通过高压PU 30/80IQ)进行测定,并引入到PE袋中。在这种情况下,将900g*100g的材料插入PE袋中(直径*30cm)。乳化时间定义为反应混合物从开始插入到开始体积膨胀之间的时间。固化时间为开始插入到可从反应混合物中拉出线(例如借助泡沫条)的时间点之间的时间。如果不能通过机械加工(例如由于多元醇组分的不均一性),则通过烧杯试验通过手动发泡来确定乳化时间、固化时间和自由发泡密度。在这种情况下,将组分调节至20±0.5℃的温度。首先将多元醇组分加入相应的纸杯中,称量装入异氰酸酯组分,并搅拌反应混合物。秒表在搅拌开始时启动。此处,乳化时间定义为开始搅拌到反应混合物通过泡沫形成开始体积膨胀之间的时间。固化时间(纤维时间)对应于从开始混合到反应过程中可使用玻璃棒从泡沫组合物中拉出线的时间。为了确定杯试验中的自由发泡密度,在泡沫固化之后切除泡沫头。在试验杯的边缘上垂直于上升方向进行切割,使得泡沫切割面和试验杯的上边缘位于一个平面上。称量杯的内容物并计算自由发泡密度。
表1示出了所用的多元醇组分P)和由其制备的硬质PU泡沫的测量结果(模制泡沫的过填充度OP:17.5%)。实施例B1至B5为本发明的实施例,实施例C1至C3为比较实施例。
从表1中总结的结果显而易见的是,使用本发明的多元醇组分P)制备的硬质PU泡沫在脱模性方面表现出改进的有利性能的组合(在表中通过后发泡较低的值可见)、优异的粘合性和绝热性,其中多元醇组分P)还与用作发泡剂的非极性戊烷容易地相容,并能够提供可机械加工的含戊烷的多元醇组分,无需添加羟值>250mg KOH/g的基于芳族二胺的聚醚多元醇,其通常被添加到多元醇组分中来制备用于制冷装置隔热的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
Claims (15)
1.一种多元醇组分P),其包含:
a)0至70重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇A),其OH值为300至520mg KOH/g,并且选自以下物质与环氧烷的反应产物:单糖、低聚糖、多糖、多元醇、上述化合物的烷氧基化产物或其混合物;
b)0至<5重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇B),其OH值为320至500mg KOH/g,并且选自芳族二胺与环氧烷的反应产物;
c)>0至30重量%的一种或多种聚醚多元醇C),其OH值为100至240mg KOH/g,并且选自胺、多元醇或其混合物与环氧烷的反应产物;
d)5至80重量%的一种或多种聚醚酯多元醇D),其OH值为380至480mg KOH/g且脂肪酸含量为5至25重量%,
基于聚醚酯多元醇D)计;
e)任选地一种或多种催化剂E);
f)任选地一种或多种选自助剂和添加剂的其他组分F);
g)任选地一种或多种选自化学发泡剂G1)和物理发泡剂G2)的发泡剂;
其中A)至D)以重量%计的浓度数值基于多元醇组分P)的组分A)至G1)的总量计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇A)的官能度为4.6至6.5。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇B)的官能度为3.0至4.0。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇B)选自甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺、甲苯-2,6-二胺或其混合物与C2-C4环氧烷的的反应产物。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇C)的官能度为2.8至5.0。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇C)包含环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷单元。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇C)包含胺与环氧烷的反应产物,所述胺选自乙二胺、丙-1,3-二胺、丁-1,3-二胺、丁-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,2-二胺、六亚甲基-1,3-二胺、六亚甲基-1,4-二胺、六亚甲基-1,5-二胺、六亚甲基-1,6-二胺、苯二胺、甲苯-2,3-二胺、甲苯-3,4-二胺、甲苯-2,4-二胺、甲苯-2,5-二胺、甲苯-2,6-二胺和4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,2'-二氨基二苯基甲烷或其混合物。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇C)包含多元醇与环氧烷的反应产物,所述多元醇选自丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、单丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇或其混合物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的多元醇组分P),其中所述二丙二醇选自2,2’-氧化二-1-丙醇、1,1’-氧化二-2-丙醇、2-(2-羟基丙氧基)-1-丙醇或其混合物。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚酯多元醇D)的官能度为3.0至5.0。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的多元醇组分P),其中聚醚多元醇A)的官能度为5.7至6.5。
12.一种制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的方法,其通过使以下组分反应:
I)二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯PI)或其混合物,与
II)根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的多元醇组分P)。
13.一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫,其通过权利要求12所述的方法获得。
14.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的多元醇组分P)用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的用途。
15.通过权利要求12所述的方法制备的硬质聚氨酯泡沫在绝热和制冷应用中的用途。
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