CN108273502A - 一种由甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种由甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 title description 7
- RXKJFZQQPQGTFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxyacetone Chemical compound OCC(=O)CO RXKJFZQQPQGTFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910001701 hydrotalcite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229960001545 hydrotalcite Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- OLBVUFHMDRJKTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[O] Chemical compound [N].[O] OLBVUFHMDRJKTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910004042 HAuCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910002554 Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910019891 RuCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium nitrate Inorganic materials [Ga+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229940120503 dihydroxyacetone Drugs 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000010718 Oxidation Activity Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- QZQVBEXLDFYHSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Ga]O[Ga]=O QZQVBEXLDFYHSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002173 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- AKGGYBADQZYZPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC1=CC=CC=C1 AKGGYBADQZYZPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- RBNPOMFGQQGHHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N -2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)=O RBNPOMFGQQGHHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBNPOMFGQQGHHO-UWTATZPHSA-N D-glyceric acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RBNPOMFGQQGHHO-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SAIXKCDRRZNGSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].OCC(O)CO Chemical compound [O].OCC(O)CO SAIXKCDRRZNGSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDYSHSNGZNCTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Au+3].[Au+3] DDYSHSNGZNCTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XLSMFKSTNGKWQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CO XLSMFKSTNGKWQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NDKWCCLKSWNDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(dioxo)chromium Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O NDKWCCLKSWNDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B01J23/66—Silver or gold
- B01J23/68—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/683—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/685—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten with chromium
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种甘油制备1,3‑二羟基丙酮用催化剂及其制备方法。该催化剂将助剂组分M引入水滑石层板中形成M、Zn、Y三元水滑石M‑ZnY‑LDHs，焙烧后得到MOx/ZnYOz，再以该复合氧化物为载体，将Au盐负载在该载体上，经过干燥、还原得到Au‑MOx/ZnYOz。该催化剂活性组分Au在高分散的过渡金属氧化物MOx作用下，颗粒尺寸小、高度分散且稳定，具有较高的甘油催化氧化活性且保持较好的循环使用性。该催化剂应用在甘油选择性氧化制备二羟基丙酮反应，在无碱条件下，具有高的二羟基丙酮收率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化技术领域，具体涉及一种由甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂及其制备方法。该催化剂具有活性组分Au颗粒尺寸小、分散程度高稳定性好的特点。
背景技术
化石资源的严重匮乏及其使用造成生态破坏和环境污染日益严重，以廉价的可再生生物质能源替代化石资源是绿色可持续发展的重要途径。近年来，随着生物柴油的迅猛发展，大量粗甘油副产物富余，甘油市场价格不断走低。甘油是一种多功能的生物质平台“模块分子”，可以转化为多种具有商业价值的产品如1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、甘油酸、甘油醛、1,3-二羟基丙酮等。
1,3-二羟基丙酮在制药、化妆品、食品及化工生产上具有重要的用途，因为其价格昂贵且市场需求量多，所以利润空间不断上涨。目前工业规模生产技术主要是微生物发酵法(Bioresource Technology 2011,102:7177–7182)，其发酵生产所用菌种生存条件苛刻、产率低、周期长及分离提纯成本高；利用分子氧多相催化氧化甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮具有产率高、时间短、绿色环保和原子经济等特点，非常具有实现工业化得前景。
通常，以带P-电子的Bi(或Sb)对Pt催化剂改性可实现甘油仲羟基催化氧化生成1,3-二羟基丙酮，且研究比较广泛。Hu等报道了采用固定床反应器以Pt-Bi/C催化剂在80℃和酸性条件下获得甘油转化率80％和1,3-二羟基丙酮选择性48％(Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2010,49:10876–10882)。Nie等合成的合金PtSb/MWCNTs，实现1,3-二羟基丙酮的产率为46％(Appl.Catal.B-Environ.,2012,127:212–220)。然而，掩盖Pt高活位点不能完全抑制伯羟基氧化和C-C键断裂，也不利于Pt原子高利用率，且催化剂上Bi易流失导致稳定性差。Demirel等报道Au/C催化剂在NaOH/甘油摩尔比＞2的反应条件下，对1,3-二羟基丙酮的选择性为26％(Appl.Catal.B-Environ.,2007,70:637–643)。Au催化剂在甘油选择性催化氧化制备1,3-二羟基丙酮催化性能尤其是无碱条件下具有极大的挖掘潜力，Liu等报道了Au/CuO催化剂在无碱条件下，得到了较好的转化率100％和较高的1,3-二羟基丙酮选择性54.6％(ACS Catal.,2014,4:2226-2230)。专利CN 105439831公开了以ZnO为载体在甘油氧化中也具有较好的仲醇选择性。根据甘油氧化反应特点，高分散性、稳定性好的Au催化剂是决定催化活性的主要因素，这要求催化剂制备过程中Au不发生迁移和团聚。然而，通常ZnO的比表面较低，作为载体时不利于Au的分散。尤其是高负载量下，表面张力作用导致Au烧结和颗粒变大，容易流失且贵金属利用率低。
层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)具有层板金属阳离子种类与比例可调控且呈原子水平高度分散特点。将助活性组分M引入三元水滑石(M-ZnY-LDHs)层板上，经过焙烧后获得包含金属氧化物(MOx)和ZnY(Y代表Cr或Al)的复合氧化物。一方面LDHs焙烧产物的比表面较高，另一方面形成的MOx仍保持高度分散结构。由于高度分散的MOx与Au相互作用，更为有效抑制Au发生迁移和团聚。本发明采用一步法在载体表面引入高分散的MOx，促进沉淀沉积法中活性组分Au在载体表面分散，在高负载量下，获得不易团聚、颗粒尺寸为1～3nm和活性位点充分暴露的Au催化剂，最终实现甘油转化率与1,3-二羟基丙酮产率的大幅度提高。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂制备方法。该催化剂活性组分Au在高分散的过渡金属氧化物(MOx)助剂作用下，颗粒尺寸更小、高度分散且稳定，具有较高的甘油催化氧化活性且保持较好的循环使用性。
本发明所提供的甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂，为含高分散金属氧化物负载型Au基催化剂，表示为Au-MOx/ZnYOz，其中MOx为助剂金属氧化物，M代表过渡金属，M2+代表二价过渡金属离子Ni2+和Cu2+，M3+代表三价过渡金属离子Fe3+、Ga3+或Ru3+；Y代表三价金属离子Al或Cr；ZnYOz，为Zn、Y复合氧化物，其为尖晶石结构；该催化剂中Au占催化剂质量分数为3～10％，MOx与Au的摩尔比为0.4～1.5，Zn/Y摩尔比为2～5:1。
该催化剂是通过将助剂组分M引入水滑石层板中形成M、Zn、Y三元水滑石M-ZnY-LDHs，焙烧后形成MOx与ZnY复合氧化物，ZnY复合氧化物的化学式为ZnYOz，其为尖晶石结构，Y代表水滑石层板上的三价金属离子Al或Cr。
所述催化剂的制备方法，具体步骤如下：
A.将可溶性M盐、锌盐和Y盐溶于去离子水中配制混合盐溶液A，其中M代表过渡金属，Y代表水滑石层板上的三价金属离子；溶液A中M离子、Zn2+和Y3+的总浓度为0.1～1mol/L，Zn2+与Y3+摩尔比为2～5；
再按照Na2CO3与溶液A中金属离子总浓度的摩尔比为0.1～1:1的比例，NaOH与溶液A中阳离子总浓度的摩尔比为1～3:1的比例，配制与溶液A等体积的Na2CO3和NaOH的混合盐溶液B；
将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后的悬浊液在60～90℃恒温反应6～24h，过滤，用去离子水洗涤离心沉淀物至中性，60～80℃下干燥10～15h即得到三元水滑石M-ZnY-LDHs，在500～800℃下焙烧5～8h得到焙烧产物MOx/ZnYOz；
混合盐溶液A中阴离子为NO3-、SO4 2-和Cl-中的一种或两种；
B.将可溶性Au盐配制成浓度为10～50mol/mL的溶液，用碱溶液调节溶液的pH为8～11；再加入步骤A的MOx/ZnYOz载体，其中可溶性Au盐与载体的加入量按照产物中Au的含量确定；于80～90℃恒温沉淀沉积反应4～12h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，然后60～80℃下干燥10～15h，得到催化剂前体；连续通入氧氮混合气，以2～5℃/min升温速率升温至200～400℃，焙烧3～4h，得到催化剂，表示为Au-MOx/ZnYOz；
所述可溶性Au盐为HAuCl4或NaAuCl4；所述的碱溶液是氢氧化钠、尿素、氨水和Na2CO3溶液中任意一种，碱溶液浓度为1～3mol/L；所述的氧氮混合气氛中，氧气所占的体积分数为10～100％，较佳的为50～80％。
对得到的催化剂进行以下表征：
图1为实施例1制备的Au-Ca2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5催化剂的XRD谱图。从图1显示出锌铬尖晶石结构的特征衍射峰，未观测到Ga2O3和Au的特征衍射峰，是由于Au和Ga2O3物种在载体上高分散的缘故。
图2为实施例1制备的Au-Ca2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5催化剂的高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)照片。从图2显示出载体呈现出50-100nm六方片状结构，仍保持典型的LDHs形貌。
图3为实施例1制备的Au-Ca2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5催化剂HRTEM照片及其Au颗粒粒径统计图。从图3显示出活性组分Au均匀分散在载体表面，Au颗粒平均粒径为2.5nm。
图4为实施例1制备的Au-Ca2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5催化剂的催化性能循环使用性能图。从图4所显示的Au-Ca2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5具有较好的稳定性。
本发明的有益效果：本发明利用含过渡金属M的三元水滑石M-ZnY-LDHs焙烧后获得MOx高分散的载体，采用沉淀沉积法制备Au催化剂，在MOx的助剂作用下有效抑制Au发生迁移和团聚，使得高负载量下活性组分Au纳米颗粒尺寸能够保持在1～3nm且高分散。此外，Au-MOx间具有比载体更强的结构稳定性，可以保持Au纳米颗粒的稳定存在载体表面。所制备的催化剂在甘油氧化制备1,3-二羟基丙酮反应中表现出较好的甘油转化率与1,3-二羟基丙酮选择性，稳定性较好且反应工艺条件温和，便于回收。
附图说明：
图1为实施例1制备的催化剂的XRD谱图。
图2为实施例1制备的催化剂的HRTEM照片。
图3为实施例1制备的催化剂的HRTEM照片(左图)及Au粒径统计图(右图)。
图4为实施例1制备的催化剂的催化性能对应的循环使用性能图。
具体实施方式：
实施例1
A.将0.1894gGa(NO3)3·5H2O、4.4624gZn(NO3)2·6H2O和2.0001gCr(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液A。称取1.0600gNa2CO3和1.2000gNaOH溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液B。
将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后悬浊液在水浴中80℃保持20h，自然冷却至室温；所得的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤离心至中性，于60℃下干燥12h，得到Ga0.15-Zn3Cr1-LDH。以5℃/min升温速率在700℃下焙烧6h得到焙烧产物Ga2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5。
B.称取1.0000g步骤A的Ga2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5置于80mL去离子水，搅拌，加入4.06mL浓度为50mmol/L的HAuCl4溶液，再用3mol/L的尿素调节溶液的pH为8，于90℃下恒温沉淀沉积反应10h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，于80℃下干燥10h，得到催化剂前体。将催化剂前体置于马弗炉中，连续通入氧氮体积比为1:1的混合气，以3℃/min升温速率升温至400℃，焙烧4h，得到Au-Ga2O3/Zn3Cr1O4.5。测得其中Au的质量百分含量为3.8％，Ga2O3/Au摩尔比为0.6。
实施例2
A.将0.1894gGa(NO3)3·5H2O、5.9499gZn(NO3)2·6H2O和2.0001gCr(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液A，称取2.1200gNa2CO3和1.2000gNaOH溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液B。将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后悬浊液在水浴中80℃保持20h，自然冷却至室温；所得的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤离心至中性，于60℃下干燥12h，得到Ga0.15-Zn4Cr1-LDHs。以5℃/min升温速率在700℃下焙烧6h得到焙烧产物Ga2O3/Zn4Cr1O4.0。
B.称取1.0000g步骤A的Ga2O3/Zn4Cr1O4.0置于80mL去离子水，搅拌，加入3.50mL浓度为50mmol/L的HAuCl4溶液，再用1mol/L的NaOH溶液调节溶液的pH为9，于80℃下恒温沉淀沉积反应6h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，与80℃下干燥10h，得到催化剂前体。将催化剂前体置于马弗炉中，连续通入氧氮体积比为1:1的混合气，以2℃/min升温速率升温至400℃，焙烧4h，得到Au-Ga2O3/Zn4Cr1O4.0。测得其中Au的质量百分含量为3.3％，Ga2O3/Au摩尔比为0.9。
实施例3
A.将0.0426gRuCl3、5.9499gZn(NO3)2·6H2O和2.0001gCr(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液A，称取2.1200gNa2CO3和1.2000gNaOH溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液B。将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后悬浊液在水浴中80℃保持20h，自然冷却至室温；所得的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤离心至中性，于60℃下干燥12h，得到Ru0.03-Zn4Cr1-LDHs。以5℃/min升温速率在700℃下焙烧6h得到焙烧产物RuO2/Zn4Cr1O3.9。
B.称取1.0000g步骤A的RuO2/Zn4Cr1O3.9置于80mL去离子水，搅拌，加入3.20mL浓度为50mmol/L的HAuCl4溶液，再用1.5mol/LNa2CO3溶液调节溶液的pH为10于80℃恒温沉淀沉积反应4h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，于80℃下干燥10h，得到催化剂前体。将催化剂前体置于马弗炉中，连续通入氧氮体积比为1:1的混合气，以3℃/min升温速率升温至400℃，焙烧4h，得到Au-RuO2/Zn4Cr1O3.9。测得其中Au的质量百分含量为3.0％，RuO2/Au摩尔比为0.4。
实施例4
A.将0.5682gGa(NO3)3·5H2O、4.4624gZn(NO3)2·6H2O和1.8755gAl(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液A，称取1.0600gNa2CO3和1.2000gNaOH溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液B。将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后悬浊液在水浴中80℃保持20h，自然冷却至室温；所得的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤离心至中性，于60℃下干燥12h，得到Ga0.33-Zn3Al1-LDHs。以5℃/min升温速率在600℃下焙烧6h得到焙烧产物Ga2O3/Zn3Al1O4.2。
B.称取1.0000g步骤A的Ga2O3/Zn3Al1O4.2置于80mL去离子水，搅拌，加入4.06mL浓度为50mmol/L的HAuCl4溶液，再用1.5mol/L的Na2CO3溶液调节溶液的pH为10，于90℃恒温沉淀沉积反应4h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，于80℃下干燥10h，得到催化剂前体。将催化剂前体置于马弗炉中，连续通入氧氮体积比为1:9的混合气，以3℃/min升温速率升温至400℃，焙烧4h，得到Au-Ga2O3/Zn3Al1O4.2。测得其中Au的质量百分含量为3.9％，Ga2O3/Au摩尔比为1.1。
实施例5
A.将0.1324gCu(NO3)2·6H2O、4.4624gZn(NO3)2·6H2O和2.0001gCr(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液A，称取1.0600gNa2CO3和1.2000gNaOH溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液B。将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后悬浊液在水浴中80℃保持20h，自然冷却至室温；所得的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤离心至中性，于60℃下干燥12h，得到Cu0.1-Zn3Cr1-LDHs。以5℃/min升温速率在500℃下焙烧8h得到焙烧产物CuO/Zn3Cr1O4.7。
B.称取1.0000g步骤A的CuO/Zn3Cr1O4.7置于80mL去离子水，搅拌，加入4.06mL浓度为50mmol/L的HAuCl4溶液，再用3mol/L的尿素调节溶液的pH为8，于90℃恒温沉淀沉积反应10h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，于80℃下干燥10h，得到催化剂前体。将催化剂前体置于马弗炉中，连续通入氧氮体积比为4:1的混合气，以2℃/min升温速率升温至400℃，焙烧4h，得到Au-CuO/Zn3Cr1O4.7。测得其中Au的质量百分含量为3.8％，CuO/Au摩尔比为0.6。
实施例6
A.将0.1504gRuCl3、4.4624gZn(NO3)2·6H2O和1.8755gAl(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液A，称取1.0600gNa2CO3和1.2000gNaOH溶解于150mL去离子水中配制溶液B。将溶液A、B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后悬浊液在水浴中80℃保持20h，自然冷却至室温；所得的沉淀物用去离子水洗涤离心至中性，于60℃下干燥12h，得到Ru0.12-Zn3Al1-LDHs。以5℃/min升温速率在800℃下焙烧6h得到焙烧产物RuO2/Zn3Al1O3.6。
B.称取1.0000g步骤A的RuO2/Zn3Al1O3.6置于80mL去离子水，搅拌，加入4.60mL浓度为50mmol/L的HAuCl4溶液，再用1.5mol/L的Na2CO3溶液调节溶液的pH为10；于80℃恒温沉淀沉积反应4h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，于80℃下干燥10h，得到催化剂前体。将催化剂前体置于马弗炉中，连续通入氧氮体积比为1:9的混合气，以2℃/min升温速率升温至300℃，焙烧4h，得到Au-RuO2/Zn3Al1O3.6。测得其中Au的质量百分含量为4.3％，RuO2/Au摩尔比为1.1。
应用例
将实施例1-6制备的催化剂用于甘油氧化制备1,3-二羟基丙酮反应，测定其催化性能。
测试方法是：按照甘油和Au的摩尔比200:1，将0.01860g甘油、20mL去离子水和催化剂加入50mL石英玻璃瓶中，密闭完全后，利用高纯O2进行除气1min，反应过程中保持0.1MPa的高纯O2，搅拌速度为1000rpm，加热至80℃，反应时间为5h。反应结束后，用冰水浴冷却至室温，离心、过滤，反应液进行岛津高效液相色谱检测，测定甘油的转化率和1,3-二羟基丙酮的选择性，结果见表1。
表1催化剂甘油氧化性能评价
由表1可知，本发明制备的催化剂在0.1MPa，甘油/Au＝200(摩尔比)的条件下对甘油进行转化，甘油转化率均较高，并且仍获得较高1,3-二羟基丙酮选择性。所用O2压力低于文献中10倍，实现在温和条件下生产，在低成本的装置上可生产。
Claims (3)
1.一种由甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂的制备方法，具体步骤如下：
A.将可溶性M盐、锌盐和Y盐溶于去离子水中配制混合盐溶液A，其中M代表过渡金属，Y代表水滑石层板上的三价金属离子Al或Cr；混合盐溶液中M离子、Zn2+和Y3+的总浓度为0.1～1mol/L，且Zn2+与Y3+摩尔比为2～5；
再按照Na2CO3与溶液A中金属离子总浓度的摩尔比为0.1～1:1的比例，NaOH与溶液A中阳离子总浓度的摩尔比为1～3:1的比例，配制与溶液A等体积的Na2CO3和NaOH的混合盐溶液B；
将溶液A和B同时倒入旋转液膜反应器中快速混合，转速为4000rpm，定子与转子之间的间隙为15μm，成核180秒；将成核后的悬浊液在60～90℃恒温反应6～24h，过滤，用去离子水洗涤离心沉淀物至中性，60～80℃下干燥10～15h即得到三元水滑石M-ZnY-LDHs，在500～800℃下焙烧5～8h得到焙烧产物MOx/ZnYOz；
混合盐溶液A中阴离子为NO3-、SO4 2-和Cl-中的一种或两种；
B.将可溶性Au盐配制成浓度为10～50mol/mL的溶液，用碱溶液调节溶液的pH为8～11；再加入步骤A的MOx/ZnYOz载体，其中可溶性Au盐与载体的加入量按照产物中Au的含量确定；于80～90℃恒温沉淀沉积反应4～12h，自然冷却，过滤，用去离子水洗涤沉淀物至中性，然后60～80℃下干燥10～15h，得到催化剂前体；连续通入氧氮混合气，以2～5℃/min升温速率升温至200～400℃，焙烧3～4h，得到催化剂，表示为Au-MOx/ZnYOz；
所述可溶性Au盐为HAuCl4或NaAuCl4；所述的碱溶液是氢氧化钠、尿素、氨水和Na2CO3溶液中任意一种，碱溶液浓度为1～3mol/L；所述的氧氮混合气氛中，氧气所占的体积分数为10～100％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的由甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂的制备方法，其特征是步骤A所述的M盐是Ni(NO3)2·6H2O、Cu(NO3)2·6H2O、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、Ga(NO3)3·5H2O或RuCl3中的一种；所述的锌盐为Zn(NO3)2·6H2O；所述的Y盐为Al(NO3)3·9H2O或Cr(NO3)3·9H2O；步骤B所述的氧氮混合气氛中，氧气所占的体积分数为50～80％。
3.一种根据权利要求1所述的方法制备的甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮用催化剂，表示为Au-MOx/ZnYOz，其中MOx为助剂金属氧化物，M代表过渡金属，M2+代表二价过渡金属离子Ni2+和Cu2+，M3+代表三价过渡金属离子Fe3+、Ga3+或Ru3+；Y代表水滑石层板上的三价金属离子Al或Cr；ZnYOz为Zn、Y复合氧化物，其为尖晶石结构；该催化剂中Au占催化剂质量分数为3～10％，MOx与Au的摩尔比为0.4～1.5，Zn/Y摩尔比为2～5:1。
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