CN108246328B - 一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料及其制备方法和应用,三维氮化碳多孔材料由g‑C3N4粉末均匀分散在链状C3N4凝胶中制成:(1)将g‑C3N4粉末分散于强碱溶液中,然后将分散液在搅拌条件下,水浴加热4~8小时,再依次经冷却、离心和透析后得链状C3N4凝胶;(2)将g‑C3N4粉末超声分散到水溶液中,然后再均匀分散到所述链状C3N4凝胶中;(3)将步骤(2)所得混合体系加温保温后,冷却至室温即得。本发明利用丰富的‑OH、‑NHx等官能团,吸附染料等有机污染物并利用C3N4的光催化活性在光照条件下降解有机污染物,实现污水净化。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于材料合成以及环境化学领域,具体涉及一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
由于工业的快速发展而大量排放的含有各类有机污染物的废水,对环境具有严重的潜在危害。近年来也发展出多种污水的净化技术,如高级化学氧化法、膜过滤法、微生物法等,不过这些方法存在高成本,容易引发二次污染等问题。近年来发展的光催化技术,利用光照产生的光生电子和空穴与表面吸附的水、氧气等发生反应,生成·OH、O2-·、HO2·、H2O2具有高氧化还原能力的物质,从而去除污水中的有机污染物,实现污水净化的目的。然而,由于大部分合成的光催化材料均以粉末形式存在,其在实际应用中不便于回收再利用。传统方法将光催化材料固定在载体上,不过这样不便于催化剂与污染物的充分接触,并且负载的光催化材料容易从载体上剥落。因此,设计出合理的光催化剂宏观体,可以有效实现光催化材料的回收利用,对光催化污水治理技术推广到实际应用中具有重要的意义。
发明内容
针对现有技术的以上问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料的设计与制备方法,利用丰富的-OH、-NHx等官能团,吸附染料等有机污染物并利用C3N4的光催化活性在光照条件下降解有机污染物,实现污水净化。
一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料,由g-C3N4粉末均匀分散在链状C3N4凝胶中制成。
C3N4凝胶为一种链状C3N4材料,富含-OH、-NHx等官能团,可吸附有机污染物,并且可以通过氢键、缩合形成三维多孔的块体结构;石墨相C3N4为一种二维片层状结构,具有优良的光催化性能,可降解吸附的有机污染物。
优选地,所述链状C3N4凝胶与g-C3N4粉末的质量比为50~20:1。
优选地,所述链状C3N4凝胶制备如下:g-C3N4粉末分散于强碱溶液中,然后将分散液在搅拌条件下,水浴加热4~12小时,再依次经冷却、离心和透析后得链状C3N4凝胶。
本发明的凝胶是由水解得到的纤维状C3N4与类石墨相C3N4纳米颗粒复合而成。该同质异形体的三维C3N4多孔材料利用纤维状C3N4富含的-OH,-NH3等官能团,可高效吸附有机污染物,负载的石墨相C3N4具有优异的光催化性能,可高效降解吸附的有机污染物。由此,实现污染物的吸附降解一体化过程,用于污水净化。
本发明还提供一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将g-C3N4粉末分散于强碱溶液中,然后将分散液在搅拌条件下,水浴加热4~12小时,再依次经冷却、离心和透析后得链状C3N4凝胶;
(2)将g-C3N4粉末超声分散到水溶液中,然后再均匀分散到所述链状C3N4凝胶中;
(3)将步骤(2)所得混合体系加温保温后,冷却至室温即得。
优选地,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中所用g-C3N4粉末由g-C3N4的前驱体在500~750℃煅烧4~7小时后研磨制得。煅烧升温速率为2~10K/min。
所述g-C3N4材料的前驱体为含C、N的有机分子,优选地,g-C3N4的前驱体为尿素、单氰氨、双氰氨中的一种。
优选地,步骤(1)中水浴温度在40~80℃,磁力搅拌4~10小时。进一步优选地,步骤(1)中水浴加热温度为60~80℃,加热时间为4~6小时,更进一步优选地,步骤(1)中水浴加热温度为68~72℃,加热时间为5.5~6小时。
强碱溶液为可电离出OH-的溶液,优选地,所述强碱为NaOH,KOH,Mg(OH)2中的一种。其中OH-离子的浓度为2M~6M之间,进一步优选为2.5M~~4M;C3N4的浓度控制在10~35mg/ml;进一步优选控制在20~35mg/ml。使C3N4能在OH-的作用下水解形成富含-OH、-NHx等官能团的链状C3N4。
更进一步优选地,OH-离子的浓度为2.8M~3.2M之间,C3N4的浓度控制在30~35mg/ml。
优选地,步骤(2)中以g-C3N4粉末与链状C3N4凝胶的质量比为1:50~20进行配比。进一步优选地,以g-C3N4粉末与链状C3N4凝胶的质量比为1:50~40进行配比;更进一步优选地,以g-C3N4粉末与链状C3N4凝胶的质量比为1:50~45进行配比。
步骤(2)中g-C3N4粉末超声分散到水溶液中g-C3N4粉末质量与水体积比为0.5~1mg/mL。
优选地,步骤(3)中加热缩合温度温度为60~80℃,保温10~20分钟。进一步优选地,60~65℃烘箱中保温18~20min。
一种最优选的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将g-C3N4粉末按30~35mg/ml分散于4M强碱溶液中,然后将分散液在搅拌条件下,68~72℃水浴加热5.5~6小时,再依次经冷却、离心和透析后得链状C3N4凝胶;
(2)将g-C3N4粉末按0.5~0.6mg/mL超声分散到水溶液中,然后再均匀分散到所述链状C3N4凝胶中;g-C3N4粉末与链状C3N4凝胶的质量比为1:50;
(3)将步骤(2)所得混合体系60~65℃烘箱中保温18~20min,冷却至室温即得。
本发明还提供一种所述同质异构的三维氮化碳多孔材料在有机污染物的吸附与光催化降解中的应用。
本发明利用不同特性的C3N4组合形成的三维多孔材料,含有丰富的-OH、-NHx等官能团,可以吸附吸附染料等有机污染物。随后,利用石墨相C3N4优良的光催化性能将吸附的有机污染物降解。制备的块体有利于材料的回收再利用,而且内部多级孔道的贯穿结构,可以物质在内部自由扩散,充分与材料内的活性位点和光催化剂反应,实现高效的有机污染物的吸附与光催化降解,净化污水。
在此,本发明提供的技术方案是,将C3N4粉末在强碱条件下水解成富含-NHx,-OH的链状C3N4,其可交联形成三维多孔的网络结构。将C3N4纳米颗粒均匀分散在链状C3N4凝胶中,加热缩合之后在冷冻干燥即可得到同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料。
本发明在纤维状氮化碳纳米线交联形成的C3N4水凝胶中原位负载类石墨相的C3N4纳米颗粒,制备得到具有三维多孔结构的同质异形氮化碳宏观体。该体系利用纤维状C3N4富含的-OH,-NH3等官能团,可高效吸附有机污染物,而负载的石墨相C3N4具有优异的光催化性能,可高效降解吸附的有机污染物,从而实现污染物的吸附降解一体化过程。本发明制备得到的同质异形氮化碳宏观体具有低成本,高稳定性,可多次循环使用等特点,用于高效的污水净化处理过程
附图说明
图1为实施例1所得的煅烧得到的C3N4粉末投射电镜图。
图2为实施例1所得的C3N4凝胶投射电镜图。
图3为实施例1所得的同质异构C3N4体系的投射电镜图。
图4为实施例1所得的同质异构C3N4体系的扫描电镜图以及对应区域的元素分布。
图5为实施例1所得的C3N4粉末,纤维状的C3N4,同质异构C3N4的红外光谱图。
图6为实施例1所得的C3N4粉末(a)、纤维状的C3N4(b)、同质异构C3N4(c)的处理前后溶液中亚甲基蓝的浓度变化。
图7为实施例1所得的吸附亚甲基蓝的同质异构C3N4(b)和纤维状C3N4(a)光照前后的样品变化。
图8为实施例1所得的C3N4粉末,纤维状C3N4和同质异构C3N4处理亚甲基蓝溶液的10次循环测试。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和下述实施方式进一步说明本发明,应理解,下述实施方式仅用于说明本发明,而非限制本发明。
实施例1
称取10g双氰氨,室温下研磨30分钟,收集到研钵中,以10K/min的升温速率升温至650℃,保温3h,得到的类石墨C3N4粉末。之后称取1g C3N4粉末超声分散于30ml 4M的NaOH,在70℃水浴加热6小时,离心,得到的链状C3N4凝胶。最后,取20mg类石墨C3N4粉末,超声分散于20ml去离子水中,加入制备得到的链状C3N4凝胶,在60℃烘箱中保温20分钟之后冷却到室温,等到凝固之后取出,通过冷冻干燥技术即可得到所需的三维同质异构氮化碳多孔材料。
之后,将制备的同质异构三维多孔氮化碳材料置于200ml,浓度为25mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液中,吸附20分钟之后取出样品。之后用300w的氙灯光照1小时,将吸附的亚甲基蓝通过光催化技术降解。
图1为该实施例所得的煅烧得到的C3N4粉末投射电镜图,可以看出C3N4是层片状结构;图2为该实施例所得的C3N4凝胶投射电镜图,可以看出在强碱条件下水解得到的C3N4凝胶呈纤维状结构;图3为该实施例所得的同质异构C3N4体系的投射电镜图,可以看出颗粒状的C3N4均匀分布于纤维状C3N4的结构中,图4为该实施例所得的同质异构C3N4体系的扫描电镜图以及对应区域的元素分布,可以看出经过高温缩合之后,其呈现三维的多孔结构;图5为该实施例所得的C3N4粉末,纤维状的C3N4,同质异构C3N4的红外光谱图,可以看出水解之后纤维状的C3N4含有丰富的-OH、-NHx等官能团,而且在同质异构C3N4中的-OH、-NHx等官能团能够保留;图6为该实施例所得的C3N4粉末,纤维状的C3N4,同质异构C3N4的处理前后溶液中亚甲基蓝的浓度变化,可以看出纤维状的C3N4和同质异构的C3N4由于含有丰富的-OH、-NHx的官能团,可以高效吸附有机污染物;图7为该实施例所得的吸附亚甲基蓝的同质异构C3N4和纤维状C3N4光照前后的样品变化,可以看出由于同质异构C3N4具有优异的光催化性能,可以高效降解有机污染物;图8为该实施例所得的C3N4粉末,纤维状C3N4和同质异构C3N4处理亚甲基蓝溶液的10次循环测试,可以看出由于同质异构C3N4可以高效吸附和光催化降解有机污染物,而且自己具有良好的稳定性,可以多次循环处理有机污染物。
实施例2
称取15g尿素,室温下研磨30分钟,收集到研钵中,以10K/min的升温速率升温至550℃,保温4h,得到的类石墨C3N4粉末。之后称取1g C3N4粉末超声分散于50ml 3M的NaOH,在70℃水浴加热12小时,离心,得到的链状C3N4凝胶。最后,取40mg类石墨C3N4粉末,超声分散于30ml去离子水中,加入制备得到的链状C3N4凝胶,在60℃烘箱中保温20分钟之后冷却到室温,等到凝固之后取出,通过冷冻干燥技术即可得到所需的三维同质异构氮化碳多孔材料。
之后,将制备的同质异构三维多孔氮化碳材料置于300ml,浓度为25mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液中,吸附20分钟之后取出样品。之后用300w的氙灯光照1小时,将吸附的亚甲基蓝通过光催化技术降解。
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行了详细描述,但其只是作为范例,本发明并不限制于以上描述的具体实施例。对于本领域技术人员而言,任何对本发明进行的等同修改和替代也都在本发明的范畴之中。因此,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围下所作的均等变换和修改,都应涵盖在本发明的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料,其特征在于,由g-C3N4粉末均匀分散在链状C3N4凝胶中制成;
所述链状C3N4凝胶与g-C3N4粉末的质量比为50~20:1;
所述同质异形体的三维氮化碳多孔材料的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将g-C3N4粉末分散于强碱溶液中,然后将分散液在搅拌条件下,水浴加热4~12小时,再依次经冷却、离心和透析后得链状C3N4凝胶;
(2)将g-C3N4粉末超声分散到水溶液中,然后再均匀分散到所述链状C3N4凝胶中;
(3)将步骤(2)所得混合体系60~80℃加温保温缩合10~20分钟后,冷却至室温即得。
2.根据权利要求1所述三维氮化碳多孔材料,其特征在于,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中所用g-C3N4粉末由g-C3N4的前驱体在500~750℃煅烧4~7小时后研磨制得,g-C3N4的前驱体为尿素、单氰氨和双氰氨中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述三维氮化碳多孔材料,其特征在于,强碱为NaOH、KOH和Mg(OH)2中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述三维氮化碳多孔材料,其特征在于,强碱溶液的浓度为2M~6M,g-C3N4粉末按10~35mg/mL 分散在强碱溶液中。
5.根据权利要求1所述三维氮化碳多孔材料,其特征在于,步骤(1)中的水浴温度为40~80℃。
6.根据权利要求1所述三维氮化碳多孔材料,其特征在于,步骤(2)中以g-C3N4粉末与链状C3N4凝胶的质量比为1:50~20进行配比。
7.一种如权利要求1~6任一权利要求所述三维氮化碳多孔材料在有机污染物的吸附与光催化降解中的应用。
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