CN108210547A - 一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法及其制剂与抗艾应用 - Google Patents
一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法及其制剂与抗艾应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108210547A CN108210547A CN201810156295.XA CN201810156295A CN108210547A CN 108210547 A CN108210547 A CN 108210547A CN 201810156295 A CN201810156295 A CN 201810156295A CN 108210547 A CN108210547 A CN 108210547A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,由以下步骤组成:(1)浸泡;(2)打浆与酶解;(3)二氧化碳超临界萃取;(4)分离;(5)分馏及冷冻干燥;即得所述余甘子叶提取物。本发明先将余甘子叶浸泡活化处理后再破碎打浆,酶解处理,破坏余甘子叶的细胞壁,使颗粒细化,使得余甘子叶中的有效组分更加容易提取出来,从而提高了品质,还缩短了提取时间;然后采用二氧化碳超临界萃取的方法提取余甘子叶的活性成分,纯度高且可有效减少活性成分的破坏,保证了成品的质量;本发明制得的余甘子叶提取物可加入药用辅料制成相应的制剂,并用于治疗或辅助治疗艾滋病,强健病人体质,提高患者生存质量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中药制剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法及其制剂与抗艾应用。
背景技术
余甘子叶是大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)叶下珠属(Phyllan-thus)的落叶小乔木或灌木的叶子,又称为油柑叶、丝叶,其味辛、性平,具有祛湿利尿的功效,用于水肿、皮肤湿疹。余甘子叶是一味常用的民间药材,国内外均有记载。如印度尼西亚常将其作为止泻剂,用于治疗肠胃疾病;广西民间常将晒干的余甘子叶用作枕芯。
研究表明,余甘子叶含有有机酚酸类、还原糖、多糖、黄酮类、三萜等多种成分,有研究者对余甘子叶提取物的化学成分进行了研究,首次从余甘子叶提取物醋酸乙酯部位分离得到萹蓄苷,在石油醚部位中首次提取得到正三十四烷酸和正三十烷醇;且在上述两个部位中均能检测到β-谷甾醇、β-胡萝卜苷、山柰酚、槲皮素、山柰酚-7-甲醚、鞣花酸、没食子酸、没食子酸酯等成分。余甘子叶是余甘子的重要药用部位,也是民间常用的天然植物药,其味甘、微苦、性凉;归脾、小肠经,余甘子叶提取物具有抑菌抗炎、抗肿瘤、免疫增强等多种作用,是一种具有开发潜能的药材。
艾滋病是危害人类健康、影响社会发展的严重传染病,目前还没有治愈的药物和方法。人体感染艾滋病病毒后,经过8-10年的潜伏期,随着机体免疫功能的逐渐被破坏和免疫缺陷,造成各种机会性感染发生,或继发恶性肿瘤,最终导致死亡。30多年来艾滋病在全球范围内迅速蔓延,它夺走了千百万人的生命,被称为“超级癌症”“世纪瘟疫”,同时对社会和经济的发展造成了极大的阻碍,逐渐成为全球关注的重要公共卫生事件。我国艾滋病病毒感染者发现比例呈上升。艾滋病尽早治疗的好处:1.促进免疫功能重建,艾滋病患者经联合抗病毒治疗后,其CD4细胞计数的恢复分两个阶段:第一阶段为快速增长期,发生在治疗后的最初几个月内;第二阶段为缓慢增长期,紧随第一期之后,以CD4细胞的缓慢增加为特征。第二阶段CD4细胞的增加比第一阶段更为重要,因为它意味着真正的免疫重建。2.减少并发症风险,无论患者感染时间长短、CD4水平高低,一般来说,HIV病毒进入人体后,会对机体造成多器官的损伤。若更早地开展抗病毒治疗,通过重建免疫功能、降低免疫激活和炎性反应,可以减少这些并发症的风险。3.降低死亡率,近年来国内外大量的研究表明,早期抗病毒治疗能够降低HIV感染后患者的死亡率。来自欧洲和北美的研究结果表明,治疗时基线CD4越高,其艾滋病相关疾病及死亡的风险越低。4.不易导致耐药性,艾滋病病毒在抗病毒药物的压力下会增加病毒的变异,从而导致病毒耐药,但是,没有病毒复制就不会出现变异和耐药。所以,早进行抗病毒治疗就可以早控制病毒复制,不容易导致病毒耐药。5.降低传染风险,抗病毒治疗后,血中的病毒载量明显下降甚至检测不到,生殖道及其他组织的病毒载量随之下降,从而在高危情况下降低了传染的风险。
艾滋病临床症状多种多样,一般初期的开始症状象伤风,流感,全身疲劳无力,食欲减退,发热,体重减轻,随着病情加重,症状日见增多,如皮肤,粘肤出现白色念球菌感染,单纯疱疹,带状疱疹,紫斑,血肿,血疱,滞血斑,皮肤容易损伤,伤后出血不止等;以后渐渐侵犯内脏器官,不断出现原因不明的持续性发热,可长达3-4个月;还可出现咳嗽,气短,持续性腹泻便血,肝脾肿大,并发恶性肿瘤,呼吸困难等。由于症状复杂多变,每个患者并非上述所有症状全都出现。一般常见一、二种以上的症状,按受损器官来说,侵犯肺部时常出现呼吸困难,胸痛,咳嗽等;如侵犯胃肠可引起持续性腹泻,腹痛,消瘦无力等;如侵犯血管而引起血管性血栓性心内膜炎,血小板减少性脑出血等。西医西药疲以应对。
目前市场上抗艾中药和民族药制剂较少,临床效果以及抗皮肤黏膜病变和长期干预效果都不理想。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于:从余甘子叶中提取出高纯度的活性成分,并用这些活性成分作为制备抗艾滋病的原材料,从而更好地利用我国的中草药资源,丰富中草药治疗疾病的领域。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,其特征在于:由以下步骤组成:
(1)浸泡:取余甘子叶,经粉碎后向粉碎物中加入浸泡液,浸泡5-10h;
(2)打浆与酶解:将浸泡后的余甘子叶加入水破碎打浆,再往所得浆液中加入纤维素酶进行酶解处理,得到酶解液;
(3)二氧化碳超临界萃取:将步骤(2)所得酶解液装入萃取器中,进行二氧化碳超临界萃取,萃取的温度为35-45℃,压力为20-30MPa,萃取流速为50-65L/h,时间为1-2h;
(4)分离:然后将萃取后的混合物在分离罐中以压力5-8MPa、温度25-30℃下分离,得到粗提取物;
(5)分馏:再将粗提取物进行分馏,收集150-660℃的馏分,然后冷冻干燥,即得所述余甘子叶提取物。
较佳地,在步骤(1),所述浸泡液为蒸馏水或体积浓度为50-80%的乙醇溶液。
较佳地,在步骤(2),所述浆液的固液比1:1-3;所述纤维素酶的用量为浆液总质量的0.1-0.3%,所述酶解处理的温度为32-35℃,酶解时间为1.5-2.5h。
较佳地,在步骤(3),所述萃取的温度为40℃,压力为25MPa,萃取流速为55L/h,时间为1.5h。此萃取条件可使萃取的得到活性物质品质最高。
较佳地,在步骤(5),所述冷冻干燥的压力为15-25Pa,温度为-20~-25℃,时间为1-2h。通过冷冻干燥可有效保持提取物的活性,产品长期保存而不变质。
本发明还提供了一种所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法所得余甘子叶提取物制备的制剂。
较佳地,所述制剂为在所述余甘子提取物中加入药用辅料制成的颗粒剂、片剂、口服液、胶囊剂、搽剂、贴膏或注射剂。
较佳地,所述制剂在治疗或辅助治疗艾滋病中的应用。
较佳地,所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法所得余甘子叶提取物在治疗或辅助治疗艾滋病中的应用。
综上所述,由于采用了上述技术方案,本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明先将余甘子叶浸泡活化处理后再破碎打浆,酶解处理,破坏余甘子叶的细胞壁,使颗粒细化,使得余甘子叶中的有效组分更加容易提取出来,从而提高了品质,还缩短了提取时间;然后再将酶解液经过二氧化碳超临界萃取、分离及分馏,最后干燥得到高含量的余甘子叶提取物,提高了产品的纯度,通过此操作,本发明获得的余甘子叶提取物中山柰酚、槲皮素、没食子酸、没食子酸酯等活性成分的含量高达80-85%,余甘子叶的利用率高。
(2)本发明余甘子叶提取物的制备方法设备简单,原料易得,操作安全,节能减耗,不存在有害物残留,减少活性成分的破坏,保证了成品的质量。
(3)艾滋病病毒在人体血液中快速复制增长,消耗营养血清,使人体细胞失养,脏腑功能下降,致病人衰弱,本发明的余甘子叶提取物具有抑菌抗炎、护肝清肺、增强机体免疫力等作用,本发明余甘子叶提取物添加药用辅料制成的制剂,可兼顾抑制和杀灭艾滋病病毒;对于艾滋病和免疫低下症引起的肺炎、关节炎痛、出血、腹泻等现象有对抗和缓解作用;而且能够补充营血,改善血液循环,调整人体阴阳平衡,强健病人体质,提高患者生存质量,延长患者生命,治疗效果稳固,尤其适合长期干预应用。本发明的余甘子叶提取物也可添加部分清热解毒、抗菌、抗病毒等药材制成复方制剂,应用于艾滋病的抵抗及辅助治疗。
(4)余甘子叶提取物可制备成颗粒剂、片剂、口服液、胶囊剂、搽剂、贴膏以及注射剂等多种剂型,外服内用均可,外用剂型如搽剂和贴膏,擦拭或敷贴于肩部和关节处,可缓解艾滋病患者的肩痛和关节疼痛;对于患有冠心病的艾滋病患者,采用内服剂型如滴丸、口服液和胶囊剂等可缓解病人的肺部炎症心绞痛,且可以减少和控制并发症;对于艾滋病和痔疮引起的出血还有较强的止血作用;使用、携带方便,适用人群广;此外,余柑子叶提取物具有祛湿利尿的功效,用于水肿、皮肤湿疹,还具有祛痘、祛斑、消炎、除皱等作用,能够与医药学上可接受的载体制成护肤品、卫生用品等进行使用,用于面部、手足部、头发等,具有良好的市场前景。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下举出优选实施例,对本发明进一步详细说明。然而,需要说明的是,说明书中列出的许多细节仅仅是为了使读者对本发明的一个或多个方面有一个透彻的理解,即便没有这些特定的细节也可以实现本发明的这些方面。
本发明所需要的原料、设备均可在市场购买。
一、提取
提取方法实施例1
一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,由以下步骤组成:
(1)浸泡:取余甘子叶,经粉碎后向粉碎物中加入蒸馏水,浸泡8h;
(2)打浆与酶解:将浸泡后的余甘子叶加入水破碎打浆,再往所得浆液中加入纤维素酶进行酶解处理,得到酶解液;所述浆液的固液比1:2;所述纤维素酶的用量为浆液总质量的0.2%,所述酶解处理的温度为32℃,酶解时间为2h;
(3)二氧化碳超临界萃取:将步骤(2)所得酶解液装入萃取器中,进行二氧化碳超临界萃取,萃取的温度为40℃,压力为25MPa,萃取流速为55L/h,时间为1.5h;
(4)分离:然后将萃取后的混合物在分离罐中以压力7MPa、温度28℃下分离,得到粗提取物;
(5)分馏:再将粗提取物进行分馏,收集150-660℃的馏分,然后冷冻干燥,冷冻干燥的压力为20Pa,温度为-22℃,时间为1.5h,即得所述余甘子叶提取物。
通过本实施例的提取方法获得的余甘子叶提取物中山柰酚、槲皮素、没食子酸、没食子酸酯等活性成分的含量达85.4%,余甘子叶的利用率高。
提取方法实施例2
一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,由以下步骤组成:
(1)浸泡:取余甘子叶,经粉碎后向粉碎物中加入蒸馏水,浸泡5h;
(2)打浆与酶解:将浸泡后的余甘子叶加入水破碎打浆,再往所得浆液中加入纤维素酶进行酶解处理,得到酶解液;所述浆液的固液比1:1;所述纤维素酶的用量为浆液总质量的0.1%,所述酶解处理的温度为32℃,酶解时间为2.5h;
(3)二氧化碳超临界萃取:将步骤(2)所得酶解液装入萃取器中,进行二氧化碳超临界萃取,萃取的温度为35℃,压力为30MPa,萃取流速为50L/h,时间为2h;
(4)分离:然后将萃取后的混合物在分离罐中以压力5MPa、温度25℃下分离,得到粗提取物;
(5)分馏:再将粗提取物进行分馏,收集150-660℃的馏分,然后冷冻干燥,冷冻干燥的压力为15Pa,温度为-20℃,时间为1h,即得所述余甘子叶提取物。
通过本实施例的提取方法获得的余甘子叶提取物中山柰酚、槲皮素、没食子酸、没食子酸酯等活性成分的含量达83.2%,余甘子叶的利用率高。
提取方法实施例3
一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,由以下步骤组成:
(1)浸泡:取余甘子叶,经粉碎后向粉碎物中加入蒸馏水,浸泡10h;
(2)打浆与酶解:将浸泡后的余甘子叶加入水破碎打浆,再往所得浆液中加入纤维素酶进行酶解处理,得到酶解液;所述浆液的固液比1:3;所述纤维素酶的用量为浆液总质量的0.3%,所述酶解处理的温度为35℃,酶解时间为1.5h;
(3)二氧化碳超临界萃取:将步骤(2)所得酶解液装入萃取器中,进行二氧化碳超临界萃取,萃取的温度为45℃,压力为20MPa,萃取流速为65L/h,时间为1h;
(4)分离:然后将萃取后的混合物在分离罐中以压力8MPa、温度30℃下分离,得到粗提取物;
(5)分馏:再将粗提取物进行分馏,收集150-660℃的馏分,然后冷冻干燥,冷冻干燥的压力为25Pa,温度为-25℃,时间为2h,即得所述余甘子叶提取物。
通过本实施例的提取方法获得的余甘子叶提取物中山柰酚、槲皮素、没食子酸、没食子酸酯等活性成分的含量达80.4%,余甘子叶的利用率高。
二、制剂制备
制备实施例1
取以上提取方法1所得余甘子叶提取物,加适量淀粉制粒,颗粒重0.05g,每颗相当于1g余甘子叶生药材。
制备实施例2
取以上提取方法1所得余甘子叶提取物,加适量淀粉制粒,压成片剂,基片重0.3g,每片相当于6g余甘子叶生药材。
制备实施例3
取以上提取方法2所得余甘子叶提取物10g,加适量的水溶解,加入60g白糖粉,溶解,灭菌,分装,制得口服液100mL。每100mL口服液相当于100g余甘子叶生药材。
制备实施例4
将制备实施例1所得颗粒,装入胶囊壳,每囊装0.6g,每粒胶囊相当于10g余甘子叶生药材。
制备实施例5
取以上提取方法3所得余甘子叶提取物10g,用适量30%乙醇溶解,加入1%氮酮作渗透剂,制成每mL含生药5g的皮肤搽剂溶液。
制备实施例6
取以上提取方法3所得余甘子叶提取物10g,加纯水溶解,微孔过滤,分装入冻干瓶,冷冻干燥,供注射用。每瓶相当于10g余甘子叶生药材。
三、药效试验研究
艾滋病抗病毒实验
1.CD4细胞的变化情况
利用本发明的余甘子叶提取物制得的制剂(实施例1、实施例3及实施例6,分别命名为试验1组、试验2组及试验3组)对100名艾滋病患者(这100名患者随机分成3组)进行治疗6个月,3个月为一个疗程。参见表1为本发明治疗前后CD4变化情况(个/uL)。
表1
2.环磷酰胺(CY)致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响
小鼠60只,雌性雄性各半,体重18-22g,随机分成6组,其中5组造CY致小鼠免疫抑制模型,于给药的第1、2、3天,分别腹腔注射80mg/kg的环磷酰胺,于第1天,造模5组分别给药大、中、小剂量的制剂制备实施例2的药片的混悬液(0.6g/mL,0.3g/mL、0.1g/mL),香菇多糖片混悬液(5mg/mL),同体积的生理盐水。另有1组为空白对照组,仅灌同体积的生理盐水。每天给药1次,连续给药7天。于第7天早上每鼠均腹腔注射5%鸡红细胞生理盐水液0.5mL,于第7天灌胃给药后2h,给鸡红细胞后4h,脱颈椎处死小鼠。腹腔注入汉氏液2.5mL,轻揉小鼠腹部,然后剪开小鼠腹部皮肤,在腹膜上剪一小孔,用吸管吸取腹腔液2mL置于试管中,混匀,吸取少许腹腔液滴于载玻片上,液点大小约1.5cm×2cm。将载玻片放在辅有湿纱布的搪瓷盘中,37℃孵育30min,生理盐水冲去附着的细胞,瑞氏染液染色,自来水冲洗晾干,显微镜下观察小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬情况,并计算吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,如表2本发明药物制剂对CY致免疫抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响所示。
吞噬百分率=100个巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的巨噬细胞数/100*100%
吞噬指数=100个巨噬细胞吞巨噬的鸡红细胞总数/100
表2
组别 | 动物数(只) | 剂量(g/kg) | 吞噬百分率/% | 吞噬指数 |
空白对照组 | 10 | - | 49.6 | 0.62 |
模型组 | 10 | - | 32.1 | 0.48 |
香菇多糖片组 | 10 | 0.1 | 56.8 | 0.76 |
大剂量组 | 10 | 2 | 75.2 | 0.93 |
中剂量组 | 10 | 1.5 | 77.9 | 0.94 |
小剂量组 | 10 | 0.5 | 69.4 | 0.82 |
从上表可看出,与空白对照组比,模型组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数均显著降低,说明造免疫抑制模型成功。与模型组比,大、中、小剂量组和香菇多糖片组均可显著提高免疫抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,其中以中剂量组作用为强。
3.增强小鼠免疫力实验
实验对象:小鼠40只,雌性,体重18-22g,分为4组,每组10只,分别为空白对照组、高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组。给药量分别是:大、中、小剂量的制剂制备实施例2的药片(0.6g/mL,0.3g/mL、0.1g/mL),溶剂为蒸馏水,每天用药一次,用药40天。参见表3为受试药物对小鼠半数溶血值(HC50)的影响。
表3
组别 | 动物数(只) | 剂量(g/kg) | HC50 |
空白对照组 | 10 | 0 | 190.6±12.7 |
大剂量组 | 10 | 2 | 263.2±35.2 |
中剂量组 | 10 | 1.5 | 271.5±31.5 |
小剂量组 | 10 | 0.5 | 206.8±13.5 |
由表3可知,采用本发明制剂制备实施例2制得的药片的大剂量、中剂量组及小剂量组的小鼠抗体生成细胞数均高于对照组,其中中剂量组效果最优。
四、临床疗效
为了说明本发明的治疗艾滋病的制剂的效果,以其制备的药物制剂进行下述临床研究。
使用方法:口服:片剂:一次1-2片,每日1-2次;胶囊剂:一次1-2粒,每日1-2次;颗粒剂:一次1-2包(10g/包),每日1-2次;口服液:一次30-60mL,每日1-2次。或遵医嘱。
注意事项:孕妇慎服或忌服。
有效期:2-3年。
诊断标准根据1996年我国制定的HIV感染和AIDS的诊断标准。临床表现为反复口腔黏膜的单个或数个的溃疡,疼痛,全身皮肤皮疹瘙痒,痤疮,严重者影响患者饮食睡眠及生活质量。
病例资料,40例HIV感染初期患者,年龄在20-65岁之间,平均年龄38岁;男29例,女11例。
治疗效果:服药半年后,皮疹有效36例,无效4例,总有效率90%,溃疡:有效38例,无效2例,总有效95%。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以作出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,其特征在于:由以下步骤组成:
(1)浸泡:取余甘子叶,经粉碎后向粉碎物中加入浸泡液,浸泡5-10h;
(2)打浆与酶解:将浸泡后的余甘子叶加入水破碎打浆,再往所得浆液中加入纤维素酶进行酶解处理,得到酶解液;
(3)二氧化碳超临界萃取:将步骤(2)所得酶解液装入萃取器中,进行二氧化碳超临界萃取,萃取的温度为35-45℃,压力为20-30MPa,萃取流速为50-65L/h,时间为1-2h;
(4)分离:然后将萃取后的混合物在分离罐中以压力5-8MPa、温度25-30℃下分离,得到粗提取物;
(5)分馏:再将粗提取物进行分馏,收集150-660℃的馏分,然后冷冻干燥,即得所述余甘子叶提取物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,其特征在于:在步骤(1),所述浸泡液为蒸馏水或体积浓度为50-80%的乙醇溶液。
3.根据权利要求1所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,其特征在于:在步骤(2),所述浆液的固液比1:1-3;所述纤维素酶的用量为浆液总质量的0.1-0.3%,所述酶解处理的温度为32-35℃,酶解时间为1.5-2.5h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,其特征在于:在步骤(3),所述萃取的温度为40℃,压力为25MPa,萃取流速为55L/h,时间为1.5h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法,其特征在于:在步骤(5),所述冷冻干燥的压力为15-25Pa,温度为-20~-25℃,时间为1-2h。
6.如权利要求1-5任一项所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法所得余甘子叶提取物制备的制剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制剂,其特征在于:所述制剂为在所述余甘子提取物中加入药用辅料制成的颗粒剂、片剂、口服液、胶囊剂、搽剂、贴膏或注射剂。
8.根据权利要求6所述的制剂,其特征在于:所述制剂在治疗或辅助治疗艾滋病中的应用。
9.如权利要求1-5任一项所述的余甘子叶提取物的制备方法所得余甘子叶提取物在治疗或辅助治疗艾滋病中的应用。
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