CN108047485A - 一种气凝胶材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08G12/02—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with only compounds containing hydrogen attached to nitrogen of aldehydes
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- C08G12/32—Melamines
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- C08J2461/00—Characterised by the use of condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2461/20—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones with only compounds containing hydrogen attached to nitrogen
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种气凝胶及其制备方法,所述的气凝胶是由三聚氰胺‑甲醛树脂与聚合物经水溶液共混、酸碱调节、交联、冷冻干燥或超临界干燥制备而成,其中三聚氰胺‑甲醛树脂以气凝胶重量计为5‑95%,聚合物以气凝胶重量计为95‑5%,气凝胶密度为0.05‑0.60 g/cm3。由于本发明提供的气凝胶材料为三聚氰胺、甲醛溶液和聚合物,这些原料成本低,且仅采用水作溶剂,采用冷冻干燥或超临界干燥的方法,使得制备过程绿色环保。本发明工艺操作简单,成本低,易于推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于气凝胶材料技术领域,具体涉及一种气凝胶材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
气凝胶是世界上密度最小、孔径为纳米量级的固体,种类繁多,主要有硅系、碳系、硫系、金属氧化物系、金属系等等。最早由美国科学工作者S.Kistler在1931年制得,气凝胶作为被全世界科学界广泛关注的新材料,吸引着世界各国科学家倾力研究。科学家们发现气凝胶可使众多行业、学科产生质的飞跃,在力学、声学、热学、光学、化学、物理学等方面均有独特的优良性质,在保温绝热材料、隔音材料、红外线吸收材料、催化剂材料、环境保护材料等领域都有广泛用途。
三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(melamine-formaldehyderesin),三聚氰胺与甲醛反应所得到的聚合物,又称蜜胺树脂,英文缩写MF。三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂粒度分布均匀、纯度高、极好分散,其比表面高,具有耐高温的惰性,多孔性;硬度高、尺寸稳定性好。蜜胺树脂在室温下不固化,一般在130~150℃热固化,加少量酸催化可提高固化速度。固化后的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂无色透明,在沸水中稳定,甚至可以在150℃使用,且具有自熄性、抗电弧性和良好的力学性能。
美国加利福尼亚大学Pekala教授1992年首次报道了三聚氰胺甲醛树脂气凝胶的制备,在强酸性环境下促进中间体在聚合过程中缩合导致凝胶化,然后超临界萃取,形成一种新型的有机气凝胶。其具有低密度、高表面积、光学透明等性能,因此它在作催化剂载体,选择渗透膜,热绝缘体,化学处理色谱填料中的气体,传感器,透镜,阻燃建筑材料,高分辨率声波检测器等领域有巨大潜在价值。然而,三聚氰胺甲醛树脂气凝胶同三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂泡沫一样,在使用过程中容易开裂,粉碎,这一缺陷限制了其进一步广泛应用,因此,发明一种能够解决上述缺陷、增韧改性的新型三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶,对于其进一步广泛应用具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶脆性大、韧性差等问题,提供一种增韧改性的三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶材料。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种制备上述气凝胶材料的方法,该材料是由三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂与水溶性聚合物经溶液混合、交联及干燥而成,其中三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂以气凝胶重量计为5-95%,水溶性聚合物以气凝胶重量计为95-5%,气凝胶密度介于0.05-0.60g/cm3,干燥的方式为冷冻干燥或超临界干燥。
其中该材料所采用的聚合物原料为聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯、天然橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、羟甲基甲壳素、羟甲基壳聚糖、羟甲基淀粉、羟甲基纤维素、卡拉胶、瓜尔胶、果胶、海藻酸钠、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、明胶中的至少一种。
一种气凝胶材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备三聚氰胺与甲醛摩尔比为1:1.5~4的三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂;
(2)将聚合物溶解于去离子水中;
(3)取步骤(1)所的产物,以气凝胶重量计为5-95%,并取步骤(2)所得产物的一种或多种,以气凝胶重量计为95-5%,进行混合,后调节溶液PH值为酸性使得混合液交联固化;
(4)将步骤(3)所得的产物冷冻干燥或超临界干燥。
进一步地,所得气凝胶密度为0.05-0.60g/cm3。
进一步地,该材料所采用的聚合物原料为聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯、天然橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、羟甲基甲壳素、羟甲基壳聚糖、羟甲基淀粉、羟甲基纤维素、卡拉胶、瓜尔胶、果胶、海藻酸钠、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、明胶中的至少一种。
进一步地,本发明还可在制备气凝胶材料时根据需要加入阻燃剂等添加剂。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有如下优点:
1、由于本发明提供的气凝胶材料以三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂和聚合物为原料,制备过程仅采用水作溶剂,采用冷冻干燥或超临界干燥的方法,使得制备过程绿色环保。
2、本发明工艺操作简单,成本低,易于推广。
具体实施方式
下面给出的实施例以对本发明作进一步说明。有必要在此指出的是以下实施例不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,如果该领域的技术熟练人员根据上述本发明内容对本发明作出一些非本质的改进和调整,仍属于本发明保护范围。
所制得的气凝胶材料性能见附表。值得说明的是:
在以下实施例中,三聚氰胺与甲醛均完全反应,三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂的质量为三聚氰胺质量加甲醛质量,气凝胶质量为三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂质量与水溶性聚合物质量之和。
以下各实施例性能中,密度由材料的质量除以密度计算得到,压缩模量由Instron5565万能材料试验机测试,导热系数按照GB/T10801.1-2002测得,氧指数按照ISO4589-1984测得,峰值热释放速率由FTT锥形量热仪测得(热辐射功率50kW/m2)。
实施例1
加入30.5g三聚氰胺粉末,69.5g37%的甲醛溶液(摩尔比为M:F=1:3.5),用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为57%的溶液,冷却后,加入3g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,并加入50%的TsOH溶液调节pH=2,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品倒入聚乙烯小瓶中并冷冻干燥。
实施例2
加入5.85g三聚氰胺粉末,11.25g37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),32.9g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为20%的溶液,冷却后,加入浓度为0.1g/mL的聚乙烯醇溶液50mL,并加入30%的HCl溶液调节pH=1,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,立即倒入聚乙烯小瓶中静置凝胶,凝胶后用乙醇进行溶剂交换,然后超临界干燥。
实施例3
加入5.83g三聚氰胺粉末,11.27g37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),82.9g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为10%的溶液,冷却后,加入5g海藻酸钠,并加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=6,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例4
加入2.92g三聚氰胺粉末,5.63g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),91.45g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为5%的溶液,冷却后,加入5g果胶,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例5
加入5.85g三聚氰胺粉末,11.25g37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),32.9g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为20%的溶液。将3g羟甲基甲壳素、3g羟甲基壳聚糖和3.5g羟甲基淀粉溶于100mL去离子水中,加入2.5g含量为20%的三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂溶液,加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=6,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例6
加入25.8g三聚氰胺粉末,24.9g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:1.5),49.3g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为35%的溶液,加入5g聚丙烯酸乳液,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例7
加入14g三聚氰胺粉末,36g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:4),用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为55%的溶液,加入浓度为5%的羟甲基纤维素钠溶液50g,加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=6,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例8
加入19.2g三聚氰胺粉末,30.8g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:2.5),用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为60%的溶液。将2.2g羟甲基纤维素和2.2g羟乙基纤维素溶于100mL去离子水中,加入1g含量为60%的三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂溶液,加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=7,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例9
加入10.2g三聚氰胺粉末,13.1g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:2),用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为30%的溶液,加入浓度为10%的明胶溶液50mL,加入浓度为30%的HCl调节pH=1,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品立即倒入聚乙烯小瓶中静置凝胶,凝胶后用丙酮进行溶剂交换,然后超临界干燥。
实施例10
加入25.5g三聚氰胺粉末,58.1g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3.5),加入16.4g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为47%的溶液,加入1.5g卡拉胶和1.5g瓜尔胶,并用50%的TsOH调节pH=5,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例11
加入5.83g三聚氰胺粉末,11.27g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),82.9g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为10%的溶液,冷却后,加入2.5g聚氧化乙烯和2.5g聚丙烯酰胺,并加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=3,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例12
加入5.85g三聚氰胺粉末,11.25g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),32.9g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为20%的溶液,加入浓度为20%的天然橡胶溶液50g,并加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=2,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例13
加入5.83g三聚氰胺粉末,11.27g37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),82.9g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为10%的溶液,冷却后,加入浓度为0.1g/mL的聚乙烯醇溶液100mL,并加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=2,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例14
加入2.92g三聚氰胺粉末,5.63g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),91.45g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为5%的溶液,冷却后,加入10g海藻酸钠,并加入30%的TsOH溶液调节pH=5,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
实施例15
加入2.92g三聚氰胺粉末,5.63g 37%的甲醛溶液(M:F=1:3),91.45g去离子水,用0.1g/mL的NaOH调节pH=8,搅拌升温至80℃,反应2h,制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂含量为5%的溶液,冷却后,加入10g果胶,高速搅拌至均匀胶体,将样品冷冻干燥。
附表:
Claims (6)
1.一种气凝胶材料,其特征在于:由三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂与水溶性聚合物经溶液混合、交联及干燥而成,其中三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂以气凝胶重量计为5-95%,水溶性聚合物以气凝胶重量计为95-5%,干燥的方式为冷冻干燥或超临界干燥。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种气凝胶材料,其特征在于:所述的气凝胶密度为0.05-0.60g/cm3。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的一种气凝胶材料,其特征在于:所述的水溶性聚合物为聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯、天然橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、羟甲基甲壳素、羟甲基壳聚糖、羟甲基淀粉、羟甲基纤维素、卡拉胶、瓜尔胶、果胶、海藻酸钠、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、明胶中的至少一种。
4.一种气凝胶材料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)制备三聚氰胺与甲醛摩尔比为1:1.5~4的三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂;
(2)将聚合物溶解于去离子水中;
(3)取步骤(1)所的产物,以气凝胶重量计为5-95%,并取步骤(2)所得产物的一种或多种,以气凝胶重量计为95-5%,进行混合,后调节溶液PH值为酸性使得混合液交联固化;
(4)将步骤(3)所得的产物冷冻干燥或超临界干燥。
5.如权利要求4所述的一种气凝胶材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所得气凝胶密度为0.05-0.60 g/cm3。
6.如权利要求4或5所述的一种气凝胶材料的制备方法,其特征在于:该材料所采用的聚合物原料为聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯、天然橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、羟甲基甲壳素、羟甲基壳聚糖、羟甲基淀粉、羟甲基纤维素、卡拉胶、瓜尔胶、果胶、海藻酸钠、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、明胶中的至少一种。
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