CN1079722A - 紫外吸收熔凝石英及其对灯泡的用处 - Google Patents
紫外吸收熔凝石英及其对灯泡的用处 Download PDFInfo
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- H01J61/302—Vessels; Containers characterised by the material of the vessel
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Abstract
现已证实包含铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物
的熔凝石英一方面有效地吸收UV辐射,一方面传
输可见光辐射。这材料的用处包括用于既发射UV
又辐射可见光的卤素白炽灯和金属卤化物电弧放电
管的灯泡和灯罩。
Description
本发明涉及紫外吸收熔凝石英及其对电灯的用处。更具体地说,本发明涉及用于吸收紫外线辐射、搀有氧化铕、二氧化钛和氧化铈的熔凝石英及其用作灯泡和灯罩供具有既发射紫外线又辐射可见光的光源的灯之用。
也象大家知道的,熔凝硅石,即熔凝石英因其优良的可见光的透射及其经受高达1100℃左右的高工作温度的能力而被用作光透射、透明外壳材料供诸如气体放电电灯和囟素白炽灯等高强度灯用。几乎所有电弧放电灯和许多高强度白炽灯(例如钨丝囟素灯)都发射紫外线(UV)辐射,它对人的眼睛和皮肤是有害的同时它也使织品、塑料和涂料褪色并使应用于电灯固定装置和镜头的多种塑料变黄和/或变浊。熔凝石英是UV辐射的优良传导物,所以对装入熔凝石英制的灯泡内部的电弧或白炽光源发射的这种辐射不形成屏蔽。结果,已被改进的灯使发射UV和可见光辐射的光源,密封在熔凝石英做的透明灯泡内部,该熔凝石英含有UV吸收材料(或把它们称为搀杂物)从而使得灯泡本身会吸收由光源所发射的UV辐射。在美国专利2895839;3148300;3848152;4307315和4361779中揭示了过去的这种努力的说明性但不是限制性的例子。但是,仍然有必要使用作灯泡(包括在灯使用期间达到高于500℃温度的灯泡)的透明材料,在最低限度吸收从380至750nm的可见光辐射的同时,还要吸收波长为200-380nm的UV辐射。这种材料还应该是均质、无色、玻璃状材料,存在的任何掺杂剂应是一种类型和按同一数量,并将掺杂灯泡和金属囟化物与存在于电弧放电灯和囟素白炽灯内的其他化学物质之间的化学反应减至最低程度或完全避免。在温度超过500℃的条件下被使用材料的能力不应被掺杂剂所削弱,否则该材料就是对高温灯无用的材料。
现已证实,即使在温度超过500℃的条件下,含有销、钛和铈的氧化物的熔凝石英也有效地吸收UV辐射并透过可见光辐射。销、钛和铈氧化物的组合提供的UV吸收性能优于由(ⅰ)各材料自身的氧化物或(ⅱ)钛和铈氧化物的组合物所得到的UV吸收性。这材料对用于电弧放电灯和白炽灯的灯泡和灯罩是有用的。因此,在本发明一个实施例中,涉及一种包括UV发射光源的灯,该光源被封装在吸收UV和透过可见光的熔凝石英泡内即,被该泡所包围,该灯泡含有销、钛和铈的氧化物作为UV吸收挽杂剂。该UV辐射源可以是电弧放电(或者带电极或者无电极)或白炽灯丝。所谓熔凝石英指的是透明、光透射材料,具有至少96Wt%(重量百分数)最好至少99wt.%的SiO2含量。
图1表示未掺杂的熔凝石英和挽有(ⅰ)二氧化钛和氧化铈及(ⅱ)氧化铕、二氧化钛和氧化铈的熔凝石英的UV和可见光的透射光谱。
图2表示用于带罩金属囟化物电弧灯的UV发射光谱,该电弧灯具有掺有(ⅰ)二氧化钛和氧化铈的熔凝石英电弧和(灯)罩室及(ⅱ)二氧化钛和氧化铈掺杂的电弧室和氧化铕,二氧化钛和氧化铈搀杂的灯罩。
图3(a)和(b)概略地示出对实施本发明有用的电弧灯和带罩式电弧灯。
如上所述,在本发明的上下文中,所谓“熔凝石英”指的是一种光透射的透明材料,它具有至少96wt%最好至少99wt%的SiO2含量,因此,如所定义的,该术语包括通过熔化天然石英砂和合成二氧化硅制成的硼硅酸耐热玻璃和透明石英,例如通过用于制造光学玻璃压制毛坯和光导纤维的火焰热解法制成的耐热玻璃和透明石英。搀有铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物UV吸收剂的熔凝石英是通过混合粉末状适量的高纯度天然石英砂和试剂等级铕氧化物(Eu2O3)、钛二氧化物(TiO2)和铈二氧化物(CeO2)用丙酮稀释成浆状制备的。用来制造未搀杂和搀杂熔凝石英的石英砂的典型不纯度示于下列表格。
杂质 搀杂浓度
元素 (按重量的百万分率)
Al 14.6
Ca 0.4
Cu <0.05
Fe 0.2
K 0.5
Li 0.5
Mg <0.1
Mn <0.03
Na 0.6
Ti 1.1
Zr 0.5
上述纯度的未掺杂熔凝石英以可用于制造灯泡的管材形式可以俄亥俄洲克利夫蓝市的GE灯具公司买到,称为GE214熔凝石英。
在制造UV吸收熔凝石英的过程中,高纯度天然石英砂Eu2O3,TiO2和CeO2的砂浆被研磨直至它达到均匀为止,最后所得到的干燥粉末以2000℃的温度在氢气氛下被熔化两小时以形成搀杂的熔凝石英。另一批料是由石英砂TiO2和CeO2制成。这样做的熔凝石英包含下列以总的石英合成物重量的百万分之几(WPPm)表示的铕、钛和铈。虽然这些测量值反映存在的元素铕、钛和铈的数量,但在熔凝石英中,它们分别以铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的形式存在。
批料 铕 钛 铈
的总量 的总量 的总量
A 500 4000
B 500 500 4000
批料A被用来制造灯泡和灯罩供图3(a)和图(3b)所示类型的金属囟化物电弧放电灯用,批料B用作灯罩。
存在于熔凝石英中的铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物掺杂剂的总量由两个因素限定。一个是保护气氛(即存在于熔凝石英中的铕、钛和铈一起封装在灯泡内部的填料)的化学反应性、另一个是在使用灯期间熔凝石英所达到的温度。在前一情况下,与灯泡的反应会导致色偏移流明损失,缩短灯寿命和失去透明。在后一情况下,增加掺杂剂的数量,则由于失去透明、变形或下垂和熔解,降低了熔凝石英的有用工作温度。为制造本发明的UV吸收熔凝石英所采用的铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物掺杂剂的最佳量在各个具体情况下必须由专业人员确定。作为说明性,但非限制性的例子,熔凝石英中的铕、钛和铈的总量应不超过(ⅰ)0.3wt%,若在使用灯期间石英达到1100℃左右的温度时及(ⅱ)0.5wt%在800℃左右时。重要的是在石英中的钛的化合价应是正四价而不是正二价。若钛的化合价小于正四(即,如在TiO中的+2,),石英变为黑色而不明亮和透光。TiO2数量的上限多少受熔凝石英制造过程的控制。若双掺杂熔凝石英是在氢还原气氛条件下制备,则超过500wppm的钛(即1000wppm)已导致石英变黑。所用的铈氧化物可以或者是Ce2O3,CeO2或者其混合物。最后,铕氧化物、二氧化钛和铈氧化物掺杂剂可全部或部分地用一种或更多种合适先质(precursor)来代替,这类先质包括金属有机化合物,例如醇盐、溶胶或凝胶、或囟化物。
图1表明对壁厚为0.7mm的熔凝石英管材,在距离50cm处使用Perkins & Elmer Model Lambda 9uv/VIS/NIR双线摄谱仪所测得对应下述三种材料的220-800nm的紫外线和可见光的透射光谱:(ⅰ)未掺杂熔凝石英,(ⅱ)掺有500WPPm钛和4000wppm铈的熔凝石英及(ⅲ)掺有500wppm铕、500wppm钛和4000wppm铈的熔凝石英。对于这三种材料的曲线在图1中分别被标为Q、A和B。如上面所解释的,铕、钛和铈是作为铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物存在于石英中。为进行该测量管材是17mm ID(内径)并已被切成半长。使用本发明的三掺杂石英(曲线B)的UV透射率的显著减小是立即表现出来的。
图2表示对下列35瓦、直流工作的金属囟化物电弧放电灯的250-420mm的UV光谱:(ⅰ)无罩式电弧室,用未掺杂GE214灯管制造,标为曲线Q,(ⅱ)有罩式电弧室,其中灯室和灯罩是用掺有钛二氧化物和铈氧化物(双搀杂)的熔凝石英灯管制造并包含作为氧化物存在于管材中的500wppm钛和2000wppm铈,标为曲线A及(ⅲ)带罩式电弧室,其电弧室用双掺杂管材制造及用搀有铕氧化物,钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的三掺杂管材制造熔凝石英罩并包含500wppm铕、500wppm钛和4000wppm铈,标为曲线B。这些灯属于在图3(a)和3(b)中简要和大略示出的类型。再看图3(a),该图所示电弧灯10,包括封闭一对彼此相隔一定距离的电极14的椭园形电弧室12、惰性气体、水银和金属囟化物(图中未示)。电极14一端被焊接到收缩密封在管形端部18的钼箔封圈16上。外引线20被焊接到相应钼箔封圈16的另一端以便向电极14供电。电弧室12被椭园形壁13和管形部分18所限定并且是用单根熔凝石英管材构成,正如本领域技术人员所公知的。这种类型的灯,如上述是用未掺杂熔凝石英管材和掺有钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的熔凝石英管材制成。电弧室是9mm×7mm的椭园,具有0.18cc的容积和1.4mm的壁厚,包含一对电极、氙、水银和钠与钪碘化物的混合物。电弧管工作于45VDC(伏直流)和0.8amps(安培)。
图3(b)示出本发明的一个实施例,其中:图3(a)所示用掺有钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的熔凝石英制造的电弧放电灯被密闭在用搀有(铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的三搀杂熔凝石英制造的灯罩内部。采用该掺杂灯罩达到比仅对电弧管搀杂所能得到的更多的UV缩减。在灯罩中使用较高掺杂量,因为它是在比电弧室壁较低的温度上,同时也因为不用担心与金属囟化物、钨或水银的化学反应。
因此,再看图3(b)密封在灯罩30内的带罩式金属囟化物电弧放电灯被示为灯10,包括由搀有铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的三掺杂熔凝石英制成的灯泡32,含有上述数量的金属。灯罩30构成灯的组成部分,在美国专利4935688中描述了用于制造这种类型的罩式电弧灯的方法,其说明书引入本文作参考。在电弧室壁13和罩壁32之间的空间34被抽空。因为在灯工作期间罩壁32(即550-650℃)没有达到像灯泡13(即800-1100℃)一样热,所以灯罩内可以采用比在灯泡内较大数量的掺杂剂。其结果是更多地吸收由灯所发射的UV辐射而随之几乎没有射入周围环境的UV。
图2表示三只灯当中每个灯所用的UV透射光谱,从而人们立即意识到用只包括钛二氧化物及铈氧化物的双搀杂熔凝石英制成的灯和包含搀有销氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物的三搀杂熔凝石英罩的同样的灯之间在UV透射方面的明显区别。应用NIOSH E&C(美国国家职业安全和卫生研究所红疹和结膜炎)时报所揭示的,这种带罩式灯具有比无三掺杂熔凝石英罩制成的灯可容许照射时间几乎大了百分之二十而比未掺杂熔凝石英制成的灯大了一个数量级以上。
对由未掺杂石英制成的无罩式灯的NIOSHE&C值是1.3分钟,而使用双掺杂电弧室和灯罩的灯的NIOSHE&C值是38小时。使用双掺杂电弧室和本发明的三搀杂熔凝石英作为灯罩的NIOSHE&C值是43小时。NIOSHE&C值是计算数字,描述对工作场所工作人员的推荐照射时间并涉及对工作人员的UV强度。它是由美国政府文件NIOSH73-1109”作为职业暴露于UV中推荐标准的准则,该文件由美国卫生、教育、福利部于1973年出版。本文所称的NIOSHE&C值是指通过对引起红疹和结膜炎(即皮肤和眼睛损伤)的透射UV通量经加权计算的UV照射时间。该值应大于8小时。该测量使光谱功率(按微瓦/平方厘米/毫微米)与NIOSH E&C加权因数相联系以便计算可行的NIOSHE&C照射时间。
上述内容仅为说明起见,而并非是对本发明范围的限制。本领域技术人员会想到一些其他实施例,例如其中电弧室和/或罩由按照本发明的三搀杂熔凝石英制成的无电极电弧放电灯,以及其灯泡由本发明的三搀杂熔凝石英制成的白炽囟素灯。此外,按照本发明,这种灯也可以包括置于电弧室、或灯丝室或罩的壁上的薄膜光学干涉滤波器,用于改变透射光的颜色或使红外辐射返回到灯丝或电弧并传输可见光辐射。
Claims (10)
1、具有至少96wt%的SiO2含量的透明、光透射材料,它包含铕氧化物、钛二氧化物和铈氧化物。
2、按照权利要求1的材料,该材料是熔凝石英。
3、如权利要求2的所述石英,其特征在于:所述SiO2含量至少为99wt.%。
4、按照权利要求1,2或3中的任何一种材料,其特征在于:所述钛具有正四的化合价。
5、包括光源的灯,它发射的UV和可见光辐射,是被按照权利要求3的成分吸收UV和透射可见光的熔凝石英灯泡所包围。
6、如权利要求5的灯,其特征在于:所述UV和可见光辐射源包括灯丝。
7、如权利要求6的灯,其特征在于包括囟素白炽灯。
8、如权利要求5的灯,其特征在于:所述UV和可见光辐射源包括电弧放电。
9、如权利要求8的灯,包括所述电弧放电的至少一个金属囟化物。
10、如权利要求5,6,7,8或9中的任一种灯,其特征在于:所述石英中的所述钛是以正四价状态存在。
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US89113692A | 1992-06-01 | 1992-06-01 | |
US891,136 | 1992-06-01 |
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CN93106714A Pending CN1079722A (zh) | 1992-06-01 | 1993-06-01 | 紫外吸收熔凝石英及其对灯泡的用处 |
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EP (1) | EP0574158A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2521025B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR940001249A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1079722A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2095649A1 (zh) |
HU (1) | HUT65054A (zh) |
MX (1) | MX9303247A (zh) |
TW (1) | TW226472B (zh) |
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US20220204115A1 (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2022-06-30 | Kuo-Ming Huang | Easily and quickly foldable electric scooter |
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JP2511393B2 (ja) * | 1992-09-15 | 1996-06-26 | パテント−トロイハント−ゲゼルシヤフト フユア エレクトリツシエ グリユーランペン ミツト ベシユレンクテル ハフツング | メタルハライドランプ |
BE1007870A3 (nl) * | 1993-12-14 | 1995-11-07 | Philips Electronics Nv | Elektrische lamp. |
US5808411A (en) * | 1994-05-25 | 1998-09-15 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft F. Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Fluorescence-suppressed quartz glass, and electric lamp with this quartz glass |
DE4418198A1 (de) * | 1994-05-25 | 1995-11-30 | Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Quarzglas und elektrische Lampe mit Bestandteilen aus Quarzglas |
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US6573656B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2003-06-03 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | High-pressure discharge lamp and method for producing the same |
DE10204150A1 (de) | 2002-02-01 | 2003-08-14 | Schott Glas | Erdalkalialuminosilicatglas und Verwendung |
US7102141B2 (en) | 2004-09-28 | 2006-09-05 | Intel Corporation | Flash lamp annealing apparatus to generate electromagnetic radiation having selective wavelengths |
WO2006038148A1 (en) * | 2004-10-04 | 2006-04-13 | Philips Intellectual Property & Standards Gmbh | Quartz glass lamp with a defined ratio of aluminium and europium |
CN103613275B (zh) * | 2013-12-03 | 2016-10-26 | 连云港福东正佑照明电器有限公司 | 一种低羟基黄色石英管及其制备方法 |
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- 1993-04-01 TW TW082102426A patent/TW226472B/zh active
- 1993-05-06 CA CA002095649A patent/CA2095649A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-05-19 HU HU9301455A patent/HUT65054A/hu unknown
- 1993-05-24 JP JP5121013A patent/JP2521025B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-25 EP EP93304022A patent/EP0574158A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-05-31 MX MX9303247A patent/MX9303247A/es unknown
- 1993-05-31 KR KR1019930009698A patent/KR940001249A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-06-01 CN CN93106714A patent/CN1079722A/zh active Pending
Cited By (3)
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CN1058353C (zh) * | 1996-03-05 | 2000-11-08 | 上海金光灯具厂 | 太阳光灯管 |
US20220204115A1 (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2022-06-30 | Kuo-Ming Huang | Easily and quickly foldable electric scooter |
US11572123B2 (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2023-02-07 | Kuo-Ming Huang | Easily and quickly foldable electric scooter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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HUT65054A (en) | 1994-03-28 |
MX9303247A (es) | 1994-02-28 |
EP0574158A1 (en) | 1993-12-15 |
JP2521025B2 (ja) | 1996-07-31 |
JPH0648765A (ja) | 1994-02-22 |
CA2095649A1 (en) | 1993-12-02 |
HU9301455D0 (en) | 1993-09-28 |
KR940001249A (ko) | 1994-01-11 |
TW226472B (zh) | 1994-07-11 |
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