CN1077774C - 生物活性饲料 - Google Patents

生物活性饲料 Download PDF

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CN1077774C
CN1077774C CN95105267A CN95105267A CN1077774C CN 1077774 C CN1077774 C CN 1077774C CN 95105267 A CN95105267 A CN 95105267A CN 95105267 A CN95105267 A CN 95105267A CN 1077774 C CN1077774 C CN 1077774C
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M·通比
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Abstract

本发明涉及除常用的有营养价值的成分外还包含生物活性成分例如治疗性或预防性活性化合物、疫苗、色素、维生素和/或酶的生物活性颗粒饲料，所述活性成分被以在脂肪成分或食用油的混合物中的第一包衣分散液和/或乳液和/或溶液的形式施至所述颗粒上，所述脂肪成分或食用油包含甘油三酯和/或其脂肪酸，其熔点高于35℃，含量至少为所述颗粒总重量的0.05%(重量)并至少占所述包衣重量的0.2%；而且在涂覆了包含所述生物活性成分的包衣分散液和/或乳液和/或溶液后又涂覆了油性产物的第二包衣层。

Description

生物活性饲料
本发明涉及生物活性颗粒饲料，除常用的有营养价值的成分外，它还包含生物活性成分例如治疗性或预防性活性成分，疫苗，色素，维生素，激素，活微生物细胞或酶或其它的生物活性成分。
本发明的目的是提供包含生物活性成分并可在正常贮存条件下贮存的颗粒饲料。
本发明的另一个目的是提供能供安全且准确使用生物活性成分的颗粒。
本发明的再一个目的是提供能避免在生产和处理过程中活性成分造成空气污染的颗粒形式。
本发明的还一个目的是为含有添加的不适口成分的颗粒提供适口性。
常常需要给动物使用生物活性成分，特别是治疗性和预防性活性化合物，口服疫苗，酶，维生素，但通常也会带来许多问题。给动物使用生物活性化合物的最简便的方法是用饲料作载体口服。这能够做到，因为大多数动物能吃颗粒饲料形式的饲料或饲料添加剂，而计量的所述生物活性成分或化合物可被加至其中以能够每天或服用时摄取一定的剂量。
然而，颗粒饲料最常采用包括将成分加热的方法来生产。制粒或挤出涉及使产品受热。就普通的营养品而言，只要仅较小的部分失活，这是个可忽略的问题，但对于要以一定的预定量服用的生物活性成分，则需要保证在颗粒中的浓度，因此仅能允许添加的生物活性成分的损失量微不足道。通常生物活性化合物例如药品、维生素和酶等与营养品相比对热分解更敏感。
一些生物活性成分对水解或氧化是敏感的，因此在生产过程中或贮存过程中均需要防止环境中的大气。
当今市场上销售的鱼用颗粒饲料包含药物，所述药物被加至普通鱼油包衣中而被包含在饲料团中或被干法涂覆在最终的颗粒鱼饲料上。将生物活性成分包含在饲料中的所有方法均非最佳。
因此，要利用颗粒饲料服用生物活性化合物而又不使成分变质或降低投配的准确性，有一些技术问题尚待解决。
现已惊异地发现，采用本发明方法可以解决现存问题并能满足所述需要。本发明方法的特征在于：所述活性成分被以在脂肪成分或食用油的混合物中的第一包衣分散液和/或乳液和/或溶液的形式施至所述颗粒上，即，所述生物活性成分的施予避开了成粒过程，所述脂肪成分或食用油包含甘油三酯和/或其脂肪酸，其熔点高于35℃，含量至少为所述颗粒总重量的0.05％(重量)并至少占所述包衣重量的0.2％；以及油性产物的第二包衣层被施至所述包含生物活性成分的包衣分散液和/或乳液和/或溶液上.
其它特征在所附权利要求书中显而易见。
术语“生物活性成分”、“生物活性化合物”、“药物”、“维生素”、“疫苗”、“酶”、“色素”及与其相关的其它术语在上面均被单独使用。然而应当理解的是，这样的化合物，若无另外说明，均可以两种或多种一起使用，例如数种维生素、或者不同活性类物质的混合物例如药物和维生素类一起使用。
所述第一包衣包含油、助悬剂和生物活性化合物。助悬剂保证生物活性化合物的分散液和/或乳液和/或溶液性质。助悬剂由熔点大于35℃即在35℃以下温度是固体的甘油三酯和/或其脂肪酸组成。
所述甘油三酯和其脂肪酸选自在35℃以下温度基本上是固态的一组化合物，包括氢化菜子油、氢化豆油、氢化葵花子油、氢化橄榄油、氢化棕榈油、氢化椰子油、三硬脂精、棕榈酸、氢化鱼油、硬脂酸和动物脂肪，优选饱和的。
作为生物活性化合物的助悬剂而加至总体食用油例如鱼油中的甘油三酯和/或其脂肪酸的量至少为该鱼油重量的0.2％，可以高达10％(重量)，优选范围是0.5-4％(重量)。
若待加生物活性化合物不与助悬剂混溶，可加入分散剂或乳化剂以更进一步改善混合性。这样的乳化剂是饱和的馏过的单酸甘油酯、多不饱和的脂肪酸的聚甘油酯、脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯和其它本领域技术人员公知的胶体微粒乳化剂。优选饱和的单酸甘油酯。
第一包衣用以使生物活性化合物均匀分布并使该生物活性化合物附着在所述颗粒上。该包衣分散液和/或溶液还以固体颗粒的形式或液体乳液的形式或溶解的形式将该生物活性化合物移送至所述颗粒中。在所述食用油中的活性成分的含量为1-25％，但可低至1ppm，和高达35％。
用本发明的分散液和/或乳液和/或溶液技术能够得到防止水解、防氧化、稳定化、较好吸收和均匀分布的效果。此外还能避免制造和处理过程中的起尘问题，因而避免了环境问题并减轻了对健康的危害。
所述第二包衣由未处理的油、带有助悬剂的油或组成象第一包衣的油但含有另一生物活性成分的油组成。
在进行生物活性化合物的运输和装货时，减小了在运输和贮存过程中由于颗粒间的磨损而将包衣刮除的危险。因此在服用时存在于颗粒上/中的生物活性化合物的量减少的危险较小，并减小了在处理颗粒及空的产品袋或产品容器时产生环境问题的危险。
待服用的药物具有不同的类型，因此可以是抗生素(青霉素类、四环素类等)，抗炎剂，生物制品等。
预防性治疗化合物例如疫苗也是待给动物服用以改善健康状况的一类重要的生物活性化合物。这类物质还包括可提供适当的胃肠微生物菌丛的微生物例如乳酸杆菌类。
消化活性酶以及维生素和激素是另一组待给动物服用的重要的生物活性化合物，它们能增进健康和加快生长，而且通常为适口性增进剂。
另一类待用的生物活性化合物是毒药，例如饲喂给动物的杀鼠剂或全身作用的杀虫成分。
在饲养鲑鱼(salmon)和其它的鱼类而尤其是鲑科的鱼(sal-monids)中，给予色素以模拟天然色素的摄取和改进肤色已成为一个重要的因素。但在制备例如挤出过程中的损失可能极大，可以达到40％。色素的价格也高，节省1％的色素就能降低成本。色素在贮存期间还对氧化作用敏感，因而，在这个阶段还会进一步损失。现今常用的色素是虾青素和鸡油菌黄质。另一个要考虑的因素是鱼对其差的吸收和滞留。
下面参照一些非限制性的实施例更详细地描述本发明。但应当明白，这些实施例是举例，不应认为是对所附权利要求书中提出的范围的限制。
用颗粒鱼饲料来描述本发明，在这方面，本发明已取得了进展，其中遇到的重大技术问题通过采用本发明得以解决。
用于下列实施例中的基础颗粒鱼饲料是饲料产品的半成品，商品名分别为Vextra C，9mm，和Vextra Gold，9mm，均购自Ewos AquaA/S(挪威)，未提供所用的颗粒的最终脂肪含量，但如所述是中间产品。
将颗粒趁热直接从生产线上取出，趁热筛除粉末。该颗粒鱼饲料含有蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪，脂肪含量达约8-10％(重量)，基本上归因于含内源脂肪的鱼粉的含量。然后在加热条件下分别于45℃和65℃涂覆疏水包衣。每次试验的总批量为25kg(通常21.25kg颗粒和3.75kg包衣)。使用Forberg混合机用30秒钟时间涂覆第一包衣，用60秒钟时间涂覆第二包衣。在某些试验中，用颗粒磨损试验机研磨颗粒以测定起尘、活性降低、生物活性成分向颗粒中的渗透和其它情况。
实施例1-4
给21.25kg颗粒(Vextrai/C，9mm)分别于45℃和65℃按下表1包以疏水包衣，该包衣包括鱼油(颗粒重量的7.9-7.6％)和硬化(氢化)植物油(菜子油)(颗粒重量的0-0.3％)，和70mg虾青素和120mg鸡油菌黄质。然后给所述颗粒按下表1包以第二包衣，该包衣包含鱼油(颗粒重量的6.7-7.0％，和颗粒重量的0.3-0％的硬化植物油(菜子油))。分别在6个月和3个月后检测得到的颗粒的虾青素含量，用不同批料进行试验，结果分别见表2和3。将颗粒在颗粒磨损试验机中处理以测定以50转/分钟的转速转500周后的磨损，接着测定颗粒中虾青素的剩余量。
表1实施例            包衣1          包衣2
           鱼油  硬化油   鱼油    硬化油
           (％)  (％)     (％)    (％)
1(45℃)    7.9    0       7.0     0
2(45℃)    7.6    0.3     7.0     0
3(65℃)    7.6    0.3     7.0     0
4(65℃)    7.9    0       6.7     0.3
表2实施例        贮存
 0         6         6A*月1    51.5(74)  55.8(80)  41.0(59)2    64.8(93)  63.8(91)  62.8(90)3    64.5(92)  67.9(97)  66.7(95)4    65.8(94)  63.8(91)  65.9(94)表3实施例        贮存
 0         3         3A*月1    59.8(85)  61.1(87)  59.5(85)2    67.2(96)  62.7(90)  64.2(92)3    66.0(94)  66.1(94)  66.2(95)4    74.1(106) 75.9(108) 74.5(106)*A代表磨损的颗粒
如上所示，本发明的包衣方法(实施例2-4)，与按照在先技术的方法相比，能保证更稳定和精确的虾青素含量，所述在先技术的方法即为当未使用助悬剂(饱和的甘油三酯或其脂肪酸)但具有直接悬浮在鱼油中的虾青素时。
实施例5
在剧烈搅拌下向336.9kg温热鱼油(毛鳞鱼)和7.0kg氢化菜子油的混合物中加入57.1kg噁喹酸。将该油/药混合物加至在Forberg混合器中的4000kg未包衣的颗粒鱼饲料(Vextra半成品，9mm)中。在第二步骤中，将475kg温热鱼油(毛鳞鱼)涂覆至在该Forberg混合器中的颗粒上。将全部包衣毕的颗粒分成19批，每批250kg。在所有批中噁喹酸的平均分析浓度为10.48±0.17g/kg(S.D.)。还发现50％以上的噁喹酸已渗透至78％的颗粒的内芯中。
实施例6
将10g噁喹酸加至144.7g鱼油(毛鳞鱼)、4.5g氢化菜子油和0.8g乙氧基化蓖麻油的温热混合油中，同时搅拌。将混合物均化，加至1680g未包衣的颗粒鱼饲料(Vextra Gold，半成品颗粒，6mm)中。将此颗粒在第二步骤中用160g纯鱼油(毛鳞鱼)包衣。
以上用生物活性颗粒鱼饲料对本发明进行了举例，但本发明还可以用于其它类型的颗粒饲料，包括用于以下动物的颗粒饲料：单胃和多胃动物，例如猪、马、小牛、小绵羊、家牛、绵羊、山羊，家禽，例如鸡、火鸡和鸭，鹿，驯鹿，猫和狗，因此所用的食用脂肪应是对要饲喂的任何类型的动物均适口。另一组动物包括实验动物，因而可掺入不同的试验化合物，还包括动物园的动物。

Claims (25)

1.一种生物活性颗粒饲料，它含有选自治疗性活性成分、预防性活性成分、疫苗、色素、维生素和酶的生物活性成分，其中所述颗粒包括施以第一包衣层和第二包衣层的芯饲料，所述第一包衣选自所述生物活性成分和食用油混合物的溶液、所述生物活性成分在食用油混合物中的分散液和所述生物活性成分在食用油混合物中的乳液，所述食用油混合物包含食用油和助悬剂，所述助悬剂的熔点高于35℃，并选自甘油三酯及其脂肪酸，所述助悬剂的含量至少为所述颗粒总重量的0.05％(重量)并至少占所述第一包衣重量的0.2％；所述第一包衣被施以1ppm至35％所述生物活性成分，相对于所述食用油和所述第一包衣计；以及其中所述第二油包衣含有油。
2.按照权利要求1的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述甘油三酯和/或其脂肪酸选自氢化菜子油、氢化豆油、氢化葵花子油、氢化橄榄油、氢化棕榈油、氢化椰子油、三硬脂精、棕榈酸、氢化鱼油、硬脂酸、动物脂肪及其脂肪酸。
3.按照权利要求1的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述助悬剂的含量至少为所述食用油的0.2％(重量)，至多为10％(重量)。
4.按照权利要求2的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述助悬剂的含量至少为所述食用油的0.2％(重量)，至多为10％(重量)。
5.按照权利要求3的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中助悬剂的含量为所述食用油的0.5-4％(重量)。
6.按照权利要求4的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中助悬剂的含量为所述食用油的0.5-4％(重量)。
7.按照权利要求1的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述第一包衣还含有选自分散剂、乳化剂及其混合物的添加剂。
8.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述生物活性成分是治疗性活性化合物或预防性活性化合物。
9.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述生物活性成分是疫苗。
10.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述生物活性成分是维生素。
11.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述生物活性成分是酶。
12.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述生物活性成分是色素。
13.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述第二包衣包含生物活性成分。
14.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其特征在于生物活性成分的施予避开了颗粒形成过程。
15.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是在养殖鱼时给鱼使用的颗粒鱼饲料。
16.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是家禽用颗粒饲料。
17.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是反刍类动物用颗粒饲料。
18.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是牛的颗粒饲料。
19.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是猫的颗粒饲料。
20.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是狗的颗粒饲料。
21.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是马的颗粒饲料。
22.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，它是实验动物的颗粒饲料。
23.按照权利要求22所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述实验动物选自小鼠、大鼠、猫、牛、马、猪、猴、猿、鸡、鲸和鱼。
24.按照权利要求1至7之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其特征在于它是动物园动物的颗粒饲料。
25.按照权利要求1至4之任一项所述的生物活性颗粒饲料，其中所述生物活性成分选自杀鼠剂和全身作用的杀虫剂。
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