CA1086127A - Albumin encapsulated lipid food supplement - Google Patents
Albumin encapsulated lipid food supplementInfo
- Publication number
- CA1086127A CA1086127A CA269,287A CA269287A CA1086127A CA 1086127 A CA1086127 A CA 1086127A CA 269287 A CA269287 A CA 269287A CA 1086127 A CA1086127 A CA 1086127A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- gel
- lipid
- albumin
- aqueous medium
- dispersion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Landscapes
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A particulate composition which can be used as a fertilizer or feed or food additive for animals or humans is provided which comprises microencapsulated lipids in albumin. A process is also provided for making such com-position which includes forming a dispersion or emulsion of globules of nutrient lipid within an aqueous albumin containing medium and thereafter forming a gel. The result-ing gel can then be dried to form the particulate nutrient composition. This process is especially applicable in the use of animal blood as the source of albumin and provides for significant reduction of odors commonly associated with the drying of blood and thus represents a pollution control measure. The process can make a particulate nutrient feed additive or supplement which when fed to ruminant animals will preclude the bio-degradation of the majority of the nutrients in the rumen compartment of the stomach and thus provide for the manipulation of the site and form of assimulation of the nutrients by the ruminant is also provided.
A particulate composition which can be used as a fertilizer or feed or food additive for animals or humans is provided which comprises microencapsulated lipids in albumin. A process is also provided for making such com-position which includes forming a dispersion or emulsion of globules of nutrient lipid within an aqueous albumin containing medium and thereafter forming a gel. The result-ing gel can then be dried to form the particulate nutrient composition. This process is especially applicable in the use of animal blood as the source of albumin and provides for significant reduction of odors commonly associated with the drying of blood and thus represents a pollution control measure. The process can make a particulate nutrient feed additive or supplement which when fed to ruminant animals will preclude the bio-degradation of the majority of the nutrients in the rumen compartment of the stomach and thus provide for the manipulation of the site and form of assimulation of the nutrients by the ruminant is also provided.
Description
36~27 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
` This invention relates to an improved lipid encap-sulatea feed supplement and the process for producing same.
Furthermore, this invention relates to fertilizer compositions.
In one aspect, this invention relates to a novel feed supplement for ruminant animals comprising nutrient lipid microencapsulated in albumin containing proteinaceous material which, when ingested by a ruminant, protects the nutrien-ts from degradation in the rumen of the animal but allows the , 10 nutrien-ts to be assimilated within the abomasum and lower gut to thereby allow for a manipulation of the site and form of the nutrients and also render possible the effective feeding of increased amounts of lipid to the ~ ruminant without effecting a gastric upset.
- In a specific aspect, this invention relates to the utilization of animal blood as the source of albumin and nutrient lipid compositions to form food supplements for animals. In another aspect, the invention relates to elimi-nating the odors associated with the conventional drying of animal blood. In another aspect, the invention relates to eliminating the necessity for the conventional rendering of fat in order to make the fat suitable for use as a feed ingredient common to the feed industry.
Animal blood obtained in a typical slaughter house operatlon is either dried to form blood meal or is expelled as e'ffluent. More specifically, liquid blood obtained as a :
` ' :
.
; ' i . . .
,, , ~
.
~V~ Z7 by-product in slaughter house operations is a low value material and is often dumped by some smaller meat packers because they have no use or no sale for the material.
Larger meat packing facilities have dryers and dry the blood to form a meal which is sold mainly as a fertilizer or animal feedstuff. In general, the blood meal is processed into a dry form on or near the slaughter house premises.
Typically, blood is collected in holding vessels and period-ically, when a sufficient quantity is collected, it is subjected to one of several possible heating processes which in effect dries the volatile constituents therefrom and thus the blood solids are recovered. This is conventionally accomplished in a batch type blood cooker, a ring dryer or a spray drying operation. These various drying processes utilize relatively large quantities of energy and produces .
`~ obnoxious odors which are released into the atmosphere and surrounding environment. In addition, refrigeration of the blood may be required in the case of some spray drying operations. Substantial quantities of the nutrients in the ~ 2~ blood can be lost through bio-degradation which may occur "' during typical storage and transit conditions. Substantial , degradation of the nutrient value of blood solids is typical -; when the blood is exposed to the high temperatures associated ` with blood cooker operations. A more effecient process for :.
utilization of blood, fat and collagen obtained from .,~
slaughter house operations is needed, i.e., a method of processing blood, fat and collagen into a usable and thus ~
saleable commodity is needed which can be carried out without ! ~
,,:;
~ -3-.... .
....
,~, ~ . .
.,,~ . .
6~Z`7 .~
" ~ an undue expenditure of energy and without polluting the environment with obnoxious odors or effluents.
Furthermore, it is desirable to develop nutrient i~- feedstuffs for animals which contain effective nutritional amounts of nutrient lipids. Earlier researchers have found that is is extremely difficult to feed large quantities of lipid to ruminant animals, i.e., quantities of lipids greater than 4 to 6%. Specifically, the ruminant animal has a ~; multigastric system with a first stomach known as a rumen ' 10 wherein bacteria generally known as microflora are present.
These microflora have the ability to breakdown protein and lipids, among other things, and hydrogenate unsaturated lipids.
. .
~ Therefore, a significant portion of the unsaturated lipids : contained in typical ruminant feeds are hydrogenated in the ,:
rumen by the microflora and are subsequently assimilated by the animal as saturated fat. Additionally, the rumen has a , ~
low tolerance to feeds containing high concentrations (4 to 6~) of either saturated or unsaturated lipids. This low tolerance produces severe gastric upset when feeds containing high con-centration of unprotected lipids are ingested. For example, when large quantities of dietary lipids are fed to ruminants over and above 4 to 6~ the ruminants consumption of total feed intake is typically reduced bringing about a dietary situation wherein there is not enough caloric intake to provide for effective net energy production and in some cases no energy maintenance of the animal. In addition, digestive disturbances occur because of the lipid floating on the liquid in the rumen, and the ruminant will drastically reduce . . , .`.'` ~
.i~
.
: . . . . . . - - i: .
3612`7 its consumption until it has digested the lipid in the -rumen. Furthermore, when such lipids are unsaturated, the rumen microflora will hydrogenate most of the same and little of the unsaturated lipid will become incorporated into the ruminant's meat or milk.
Recen-tly, a process has been developed which encapsulates nutrient lipids in a protective protein-aldehyde complex coating. This pxocess is disclosed in U.S. ~atent 3,925,560 issued December 9,1975. The protein-aldehyde coating covering the lipid is not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but is susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut. This process includes finely dividing a lipid material into discrete particles or globules and forming an aqueous emulsion of finely divided lipid and a proteinaceous material.
~
The aqueous emulsion can then be reacted with an aldehyde such that the finely divided lipid particles are encapsulated in a protein-aldehyde complex. The emulsion is treated with aldehyde and dried to form a coated particulate solid. Thus, this encapsulation process requires an aldehyde reactant to i~ 20 react with the proteinaceous material to form the rumen ~-,- resistant coating over the lipid material.
,~; An effective method of accomplishing the microencapsu- -i .
~` lating of dietary lipid materials in a dietary proteinaceous material without resorting to the use of exogenous chemicals is desirable.
:::
, . .
''" :
.
~ ~5~
., :
, .
, - , , : . ,. ~ , . ,. , . :
io~
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
., ~
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there " is provided a process for producing a nutrient composition ` comprising: adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium ,~;
containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
dispersing globules of a nutrient lipid within said ` aqueous medium; heating the result.ing dispersion at a temperature effective to form a gel and, recovering said gel.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention :
: there is provided a method of processing animal blood - which retards the creation of noxious odors during the `. processing of the product and in the ultimate end product comprising: forming a dispersion of globules of a lipid within an aqueous medium having a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5, said aqueous medium containing at ^~; least 6 weight per cent albumin; heating the resulting . dispersion to a temperature effective to form a gel; and, ; .
recovering a gel of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated ';`! by albumin.
. .
,. :
".
:.
,; ~ .
':.~ ' '~ :
. - . .
. . - . .. - : : - . . . .
,: - . ~ . . . - ., ~ - : :
~ L0~61 Z7 : - ' According to the invention, a novel albumin contain-~- ing nutrient food sup~lement for animals or humans and plants is provided which comprises a lipid encapsulated in albumin and other proteinaceous material. Furthermore according to - the invention, a novel nutrient food supplement for animals or humans is provided which comprises a nutrient lipid assimilable by the animal or humans to which it is fed and microencapsulated in albumin and other proteinaceous material.
, In accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention, the above novel compositions are produced by initially adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least 6 weight percent albumin to a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5, forming a dispersion or emulsion of globules of the lipid in the aqueous medium, and thereafter heating the dispersion or emulsion at a temperature effective to form a lipid encapsulated gel. The resulting gel can then be dr1ed to form a particulate food supplement comprising the lipid globules microencapsulated in the albumin and other proteinaceous material.
; 20 In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the subject invention, the novel nutrient of the subject invention is produced by initially adjusting the pH of an aqueous , solution of animal blood to a pH within the range of about 9.6 to about 12.5, and thereafter forming a uniform dispersion or emulsion of lipid therewithin. Next, the dispersion of lipid in the blood is subjected to heat which i~.,i i as an example can be frictional heat within a milling operation ; ~ ;
. - .
i-,,.~ . .
r :
~t :' .' .- ' ' ' ~' ~' ' . ' ' ' ':, Z`7 :`
.
such that the temperature of the admixing material is raised to a temperature within the range of 40 to lOO~C
until a gel forms. Thereafter, the gel is dried to a ; moisture content of below about 13% by weight thereof to form a particulate encapsulated composition of the subject - invention.
In accordance with another aspect of the subject invention, we have found that if the novel supplement of the subject invention containing nutrient lipids which are assimilable by a ruminant are fed to ruminant animals in quantities in excess of that which ruminant animals normally receive, 4 to 6~, the ruminant will assimilate the lipid and no digestive disturbances occur.
, . . .
.'`'` ~
!~
.~
.'''~`' ' .~
' `.`
''` ' ~`" .
:' ' , .
." "., `
;',''.' '` ~
."", :
~ -7-, : ~
~ .
.' . :
:ILV86~2~
DET IL_D DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The subject invention makes possible a more efficient utilization of albumin containing products, such as animal blood and milk whey by combining it with a nutrient lipid such as animal fat for use as a nutrient ~ood such as a feed supplement for ruminants or if manufactured under acceptable standards of hygiene could be used for human foods or food additives. Food supplements for other animals can also be produced by this novel process. These products can be manu- `
factured at the meat packin~ plants where the ingredients are available, for example. Thus, such supplements can be made utilizing some of the existing equipment and facilities found iJ at some of the larger meat packing plants and little additional processing equipment is required. The subject invention eliminates the necessity for rendering equipment typically required to stabilize fat into a form wherein it can be used ~"'! in typical feed commerce. The subject invention also eliminates ~- machinery, vessels and measures which may be required to main--.;i 1 tain appropriate iodine values and peroxide levels in animal fat.
, ~ .
, 20 The term "albumin" as used herein is understood to . .
j be a protein found in milk whey and occurring in blood, lymph, chyle, and many other animal and vegetable tissues and fluids , which has substantially a neutral pH in its naturally occurring state. Albumin is soluble in water, coagulates on heating, and is readily hydrolyzed to a number of amino acids. One ... . . .
1 readily available source of albumin is animal blood, e.g., '1 the whole animal blood. Such is collected in large ;, quantities during killing operations in meat packing .. ,~ - :
,.
~ -8- ~ ~
~".., , ...... . .
.~ .
~.;
,.. . .
., . ~
':
- .
)8~:~2~
plants, slaughterhouses, and the like. The blood so collected can vary in blood solid contents dependent upon the amount of dilution it receives from the wash water used to clean the kill floor. A solids content of from about 12% to about 21~ is normal for the aqueous blood mixture which is collected under these conditions. Such solids content is believed to ' comprise about 50-60~ albumin and 40-50% other blood proteins.
Thus, as used herein, blood contains from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins.
The term "gel" is to be understood to mean a cross-linked three dimensional network of fibers of albumin and other proteinaceous materials which bind the water and the lipid within the network. In producing the improved lipid encapsulated compositions of the present invention any suitable source of albumin can be employed. However, for the sake of simplicity the process for producing the composition will be described using animal blood as the albumin source.
!., In accordance with the process of the subject . , .
invention an aqueous medium of animal blood is contacted with an effective amount of a base to adjust the pH of the aqueous medium to a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5. Thereafter, a nutrient lipid is admixed with -the¦aqueous~medium of animal blood such as by homogenization or forming an emulsion under emulsion forming conditions.
Thus, the lipid is dispersed within the aqueous medium in globules having a size of less than about 0.1 millimeter and most preferably of a size on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns.
.
: ~.
: ':
'''' , .
)86:3~Z~
The nutrient lipid which can be used in the scope of this invention can comprise any nutrient lipid which is assimilable by the animal to which it is fed. In feeding ruminant animals, for example, the nutrient lipids which can be used include saturated and unsaturated vegetable or animal fats.
Examples of suitable materials include vegetable oils endogenous in or derived, for example, from soybeans, peanuts, sunflowers, safflowers, cottonseeds, maize and rape, etc., ~; or animal fats or oils derived from non-ruminants such as fish, fowls, or pigs, or from ruminant animals. The fats and oils do not neccessarily have to be separated from the . .~
flesh of fish, fowls, pigs ox ruminant animals or in the `~ case of oilseeds, extracted. After proper comminution, the ; entirety of such materials may be utilized in some cases~
.
Any suitable base can be employed to adjust to pH
of the aqueous medium containing the animal blood. For example, the base constituent can be an alkali metal hydroxide , .,i,:j or an alkaline earth metal hydroxide. Especially desirable results have been obtained wherein alkali metal hydroxides, such as . . .; .
~" 20 sodium hydroxide, have been employed. Care must be exercised ~i in adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to maintain the ~ pH within the desired range of 9.6 to about 12.5. Also, it ,':' .
should be noted that often the pH tends to decline upon the -, aqueous solution standing so that one may be required to ` employ additional base to maintain the aqueous solution with-in the described pH range.
` ':`' .
. .
", .... ~ .
i:
,. ~
....
, -10-. ~ .
., .; . .
-~ L08~ 7 ;' `
When processing solid fat such as rendered animal fat in accordance with the subject invention, the fat is initially melted by heating to a temperature above the melting point of the fat, for example. The aqueous blood containing medium is also heated to about the same temperature as the melted fat. Thereafter the two ingredients are blended together and then homogenized. In accordance with one specific embodiment of the subject invention, the lipid includes raw fat (unrendered fat) obtained from the dead carcasses of animals such as ruminant animals. Therefore, the unrendered fat or low value fat can be used directly in the process to thereby effect saving in the cost of renaering. Furthermore, the collagen which is contained within the low value fat will be incorporated into the feed supplement increasing the value of this material. Currently the collagen, known as crackling, is rendered out of the fat and ends up with the rendering residues along with the bones. These residues are conventionally ground to form bone .... ..
meal. In this instance, the fat is initially comminuted and processed in accordance with the manner that rendered solid fat is processed. When utilizing liquid lipid, such as ,'~ vegetable oil, the lipid and the aqueous blood containing .,. .:
medium can be blended at ambient temperatures to form a -~ uniform dispersion or emulsion of the lipid globules within the aqueous medium. In general, sufficient lipid is utilized ~` such that the resulting dispersion or emulsion has a lipid content in the range of from about 5 to about 20% by weight.
The drled food supplement will have a lipid content in the ;:
" :
. .
6~, Z~ ~:
.
range of up to about 75% by weight thereof. After the lipid and aqueous medium containing animal blood dispersion or emulsion is formed, the proteinaceous material is heated to form a gel. The heating of the dispersion or emulsion is believed to result in denaturation of the proteinaceous material. A preferred way of forming a gel of the lipid-in-blood dispersion is to heat the dispersion to a ~emperature in excess of 40C. For example, the dispersion or emulsion can be processed through a mill, such as a stone ~;
; 10 mill, and frictional heat will be imparted to the dispersion such that the resulting temperature ranges from about 40C
to about lOO~C. After the gel is formed, it can be utilized in the gel form or it can be dried in any conventional dehydrater or dryer to a moisture content of less than about 13 weight percent thereof and generally to a moisture content , ., in the range of from about 8 to about 13 weight percent thereof. The drying operation can occur in a conventional -,.
manner in a conventional drying apparatus.
In normal blood collection procedures in slaughter houses, the blood is collected in vessels, tanks or vats.
During this collection process, the blood may stand in the container and thus undergo or become subject to bio-degradation.
- , :
~ Accordingly, the blood which is used in the scope of -'`"~! the subject invention is preferably treated with an anti-`~ coagulant which will also have the effect of inhibiting bio-; degradation of the blood during storage prior to processing.
Preferably, sufficient base is added to raise the pH of the blood to a value within the range of about 9.0 to about .' . ` .
' "', - `
, :
~6~Z~7 . .
11.5. Generally, from about 0.5 to about 1~ by weight of the blood of the base ~s added in accordance with this embodiment and will not only prevent coagulation of the blood but also retards bacteria degradation of the blood during storage. In addition, the base is beneficial and helpful in forming an emulsion with lipids in the novel process of the subject invention.
` As previously stated, preferabl~ the formation of the gel occurs by passing the dispersion or emulsion of nutrient lipid in the aqueous blood containing medium to a processing operation which imparts heat thereto sufficient to increase the temperature in the range of from about 40C to about ~ 100C. A conventional mill which can be used, which for ;~ example, consists of two carborundum stones, one being a stator, the other a rotor powered by a motor. The dispersion ' is passed through a gap set between the two stones while the rotor stone is operating at high speed. The gap setting between the stone determines the degree of grinding, mixing or homogenizing as well as the extent to which frictional heat 20 is created during the milling operation. Thus, the gap - `-~] ~:
between the mill stones can be adjusted to provide the desired ` amount of frictional heat until a satisfactory gel is formed.
In general, the gap between the stones should be adjusted to ~' impart a temperature above about 40C, preferably 55C, :: I :
before a satisfactory gel will form. The temperature can be increased by reducing the gap between the stones until-boiling is observed (a temperature of about 100C). In general, the preferred operating temperature for the mill is a temperature ' . ' ' ,' ' .
, :
: :
~ 6~Z7 .
in the range of ~rom about 60C to about 75C. It is noted that the initial admixing, homogenizing, emulsifying or dispersing of the lipid within the aqueous blood containing medium as well as the heat treatment thereof can all occur within the stone mill. As another example, the a~ueous medium and lipid can be emulsified in a standard waring (trade mark) food blender. Thereafter, the emulsion can be heated to a temperature in the range of from about 60C to 75C on a standard hot plate until the gel forms. The gel can then be . . .
` lO dried in a laboratory fluid bed dryer to a moisture content of about 8 to 13% by weight.
.: .
After the gel formation stage of the process, the - gel is preferably dried to a moisture content of less than about 13~ by weight and more preferably to a moisture content in the range of from about 8 to 13% by weight. ~rying can be carried out in any conventional agricultural dryer such - as an agricultural drum type dehydrater. In essence, the - firm gel is passed to the dryer and dxied to the extent necessary to obtain the desired moisture content. The resulting dry particulate material from the drying process is granular ~j -l in texture. If a very fine powder is desired, the gellation step occurs at the lowest temperature to keep the aqueous j animal blood-lipid mi~ure in a liquid mobile state suitable for , spray drying. Thereafter, the material can be spray dried.
It is not col~pletely understood how the stable particulate encapsulated lipid feed supplement is formed in accordance with the process of the subject invention. It is -.,, ~ .
- ~:
'' ~
:;
. ~.
. :
"
' - : ~ ' ~861;Z7 believed, howev~r, that what may be the key to the process ` comprises combining the gelled albumin of the blood protein material with the finely divided lipid globules and thereafter dehydrating the same and in essence the gellation or denatura-tion (believed to be caused by the high temperature step and/or base) causes a modification of the albumin of the blood proteins which in turn exposes their hydrophobic side chains. Once exposed, the hydrophobic side chains have a strong affinity for the fine oil particles in the suspension 10 emulsion and are attracted thereto to cause the albumin to ~`
coat the oil particles or globules. The encased or encapsulated oil particles or globules are held in suspension in the gel which is recovered from the stone mill or homogenizer. However, ~ .1 .
once the water is removed by drying, a granular material -` results which consists essentially of the fine oil globules surrounded by albumin and other protein. Another possible ; key to the process may reside in the relative absence of odor of the product during and after processing as related to the typical odors associated with the manufacture of $ 20 blood meal. It may be that the base treatment breaks the .
-~ sulfide bonds of the sulfur bearing amino acids with the sulfur or sulfides then reacting with some other constituent ; thus preventing a release of free sulfur or sulfide in a gaseous form. It is not understood at this juncture whether subsequent heating is required to assist or bring about this possible reaction or the stabilizing of the possible reaction.
We have also surprisingly evidenced a rumen bypags -, when feed supplement of the subject invention is fed to a :~' ` ' `
.,~ .
'i ` ' :` :
:,'~ ' ,: . . . : : : . - .
` ~IL`~861Z7 ruminant animal. More specifically, several researchers have shown in recent years that the microencapsulation of substances within an aldehyde-treated protein coating can be effective in protecting these substances such as lipids that would normally be degraded in the rumen by rumen micro-organisms. However, it has been found that on passing through the rumen, the protein-aldehyde coating disintegrates in the . .
abomasum of the animal's digestive tract, and also in the lower gut thereof and releases the desired active ingredient in its original and/or hydrogenated form~ Examples of such lipid protected aldehyde-protein are set forth in said U.S.
Patent 3,925,560 cited above. The rumen bypass is best exemplified by microencapsulating a polyunsaturated vegetable i; ..
oil having a high level of C 18:2 (linoleic fatty acid).
This fatty acid will normally degrade and predominantly hydrogenate forming lower chain saturated fatty acids when exposed to the normal rumen digestive processes. However, .'~! when fed to the animals in the microencapsulated "protected"
form such as described above, a large proportion of the C 18:2 20 ~linoleic fatty acid is bypassed through the rumen and then released in the abomasum or lower gut still in its original form. The unsaturated fatty acid can then proceed to fat deposition in the animal or in the case of a lactating cow, the composition of the milk fat can be changed increasing the -level of unsaturated fatty acids. It is not understood how the dried albumin and proteinaceous coating affects protection of the microencapsulated lipid in the rumen when the feed - supplement of the subject invention is fed to a ruminant animal.
-~ -16-.
`` ~v~z~
It is to be clearly understood that the process o~
the invention has been described using an aqueous medium com-prising animal blood in which the albumin content is generally from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent. However, desirable esults have been obtained using albumin derived from other sources, such as milk whey~ Thus albumin derived from any source, or mixture thereof can be readily employed to produce the com-position of the present invention.
The following examples are given to better facilitate the understanding of the subject invention and are not intended to limit the scope thereofO
.
EXAMPLE I ;
Initially, 400 pounds of an aqueous blood containing medium obtained from a slaughter house which contained about 16% by weight blood solids, (e.g., about 8% by weight albumin) was pretreated with approximately 1% by weight of sodium ;;
hydroxide to yield a pH of about 10.7. Next, 38.5 pounds of liquid corn oil, and the 400 pounds of the aqueous medium were preheated separately at 40C and then blended together ¦
in a vertical mixer to form a uniform dispersion of the corn oil in the blood containing medium. The resulting aqueous blood-corn oil mixture was then passed through a stone mill (Model 830 obtained from Moorehouse Industries, Fullerton, California) and the mill gap was adjusted to raise the tem-perature by inducing frictional heat. The temperature of the material passing through the mill was measured at about 60~C, .' ' ,' " .
."
.
'.' ~ :.
:
, ;: - ~ ., ' ~L0~6tl~
'~ when the material started to gel. The gap was then reduced further and a corresponding increase in temperature was ~ ., recorded. This adjustment was continued until the material ` was seen to be boiling as it exited the mill indicating that a temperature of at least about 100C had been reached. The mill gap was then widened, reducing the temperature of the - milled material to a range between 70C and 75C. The j aqueous blood-corn oil mixture gelled satisfactorily shortly ,.
after exiting the mill throughout the temperature range of ~ 10 from 60-100C. The gel was a firm granular gel. The gel ; material was then passed to an agricultural dehydrator (Heil ~trade mark) Model S.D. 75-22A) which operated at a temperature of between 190-200F, and was thereby dried to a moisture content of between 10 and 13% by weight. The resulting product was a . .: .
dark brown, almost odorless granular to powder particulate material. The product was subjected to analysis as set forth in Table 1 below:
... . .
Table 1 . ~
, 20 Component % by Weight Fat (dry matter) 38.0 ~', Crude Protein (dry matter) 52.2 Moisture 10.0-13.0 . . ~, ., .
,, .
',', "''''' ,,".~
~,~
"
;:.:
` . -18-~!
~ ~O~lZq Next, a portion o~ the dry material was subjected to an in vitro test to determine the extent to which it would be protected in the rumen of the ruminant animal. In the first ; in vitro test, samples of the product were incubated anaero- ~
bically at 38C with strained rumen fluid obtained from a `
sheep which had been fasted for at least 12 hours. The degree of hydrogenation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids was determined by comparing the percentage of these acids present in the mixtures before and after the incubation period.
Separate incubations were carried out to provide samples for analysis at several time periods up to 20 hours from the start of incubation. Control incubations utilizing non-` protected lipid were carried out to assess the hydrogenation capacity of the rum~ant fluid. As the results of these tests, the blood albumin lipid supplement of the subject invention showed a 105.3~ resistance to rumen hydrogenation. Another in Yitro test was carried out on another portion of the dry feed material whereby it was subject to incubation in a lipase enzyme medium. The lipase enzyme medium contained 40 milligrams of lipase and 1 milliliter of tris-buffer containing 250 microliters of a 0.1% bile salt and 50 micro-liters of a 40 weight percent calcium chloride solution.
Samples of these products were incubated anaerobically at 37C in the lipase enzym~ medium for 1.5 to 3 hour periods, while the medium was subjected to a shaker bath at about 200 oscillations per minute and compared against standards to ~, dete~minethe extent to which hydrogenation of the lipid -occurred in the enzyme medium. Analysis showed that the , : .. -. . ~ . , . . . . :
~ 612~
in vitro testing in the lipase enzyme medium resulted in the 89.6% resistance to rumen hydrogenation.
Next, a ration was prepared containing 10% of the above described blood albumin lipid supplement. The ration formula is set forth in Table 2 below:
` ' ' Table 2 Component Weight lbs.
- Blood Albumin-Corn-oil supplement 5 Rolled Barley ll :: 10 ; Chopped alfalfa hay 34 ; Total 50 The xation was fed to a lactating dairy cow daily, being fed in 2 feeds, one morning, one evening, each feeding being half of the above total quantity set forth in Table 2.
The cow was milked twice a day and the milk fat analyzed for fatty acid composition. An increase in the level of C 18:2 ~ linoleic acid was noted in the milk fat after one day. This `?" increased to 11.6~ recorded on the 4th day of the feeding at .~ .
a lO~ level. The results of the 4th day analysis are given
` This invention relates to an improved lipid encap-sulatea feed supplement and the process for producing same.
Furthermore, this invention relates to fertilizer compositions.
In one aspect, this invention relates to a novel feed supplement for ruminant animals comprising nutrient lipid microencapsulated in albumin containing proteinaceous material which, when ingested by a ruminant, protects the nutrien-ts from degradation in the rumen of the animal but allows the , 10 nutrien-ts to be assimilated within the abomasum and lower gut to thereby allow for a manipulation of the site and form of the nutrients and also render possible the effective feeding of increased amounts of lipid to the ~ ruminant without effecting a gastric upset.
- In a specific aspect, this invention relates to the utilization of animal blood as the source of albumin and nutrient lipid compositions to form food supplements for animals. In another aspect, the invention relates to elimi-nating the odors associated with the conventional drying of animal blood. In another aspect, the invention relates to eliminating the necessity for the conventional rendering of fat in order to make the fat suitable for use as a feed ingredient common to the feed industry.
Animal blood obtained in a typical slaughter house operatlon is either dried to form blood meal or is expelled as e'ffluent. More specifically, liquid blood obtained as a :
` ' :
.
; ' i . . .
,, , ~
.
~V~ Z7 by-product in slaughter house operations is a low value material and is often dumped by some smaller meat packers because they have no use or no sale for the material.
Larger meat packing facilities have dryers and dry the blood to form a meal which is sold mainly as a fertilizer or animal feedstuff. In general, the blood meal is processed into a dry form on or near the slaughter house premises.
Typically, blood is collected in holding vessels and period-ically, when a sufficient quantity is collected, it is subjected to one of several possible heating processes which in effect dries the volatile constituents therefrom and thus the blood solids are recovered. This is conventionally accomplished in a batch type blood cooker, a ring dryer or a spray drying operation. These various drying processes utilize relatively large quantities of energy and produces .
`~ obnoxious odors which are released into the atmosphere and surrounding environment. In addition, refrigeration of the blood may be required in the case of some spray drying operations. Substantial quantities of the nutrients in the ~ 2~ blood can be lost through bio-degradation which may occur "' during typical storage and transit conditions. Substantial , degradation of the nutrient value of blood solids is typical -; when the blood is exposed to the high temperatures associated ` with blood cooker operations. A more effecient process for :.
utilization of blood, fat and collagen obtained from .,~
slaughter house operations is needed, i.e., a method of processing blood, fat and collagen into a usable and thus ~
saleable commodity is needed which can be carried out without ! ~
,,:;
~ -3-.... .
....
,~, ~ . .
.,,~ . .
6~Z`7 .~
" ~ an undue expenditure of energy and without polluting the environment with obnoxious odors or effluents.
Furthermore, it is desirable to develop nutrient i~- feedstuffs for animals which contain effective nutritional amounts of nutrient lipids. Earlier researchers have found that is is extremely difficult to feed large quantities of lipid to ruminant animals, i.e., quantities of lipids greater than 4 to 6%. Specifically, the ruminant animal has a ~; multigastric system with a first stomach known as a rumen ' 10 wherein bacteria generally known as microflora are present.
These microflora have the ability to breakdown protein and lipids, among other things, and hydrogenate unsaturated lipids.
. .
~ Therefore, a significant portion of the unsaturated lipids : contained in typical ruminant feeds are hydrogenated in the ,:
rumen by the microflora and are subsequently assimilated by the animal as saturated fat. Additionally, the rumen has a , ~
low tolerance to feeds containing high concentrations (4 to 6~) of either saturated or unsaturated lipids. This low tolerance produces severe gastric upset when feeds containing high con-centration of unprotected lipids are ingested. For example, when large quantities of dietary lipids are fed to ruminants over and above 4 to 6~ the ruminants consumption of total feed intake is typically reduced bringing about a dietary situation wherein there is not enough caloric intake to provide for effective net energy production and in some cases no energy maintenance of the animal. In addition, digestive disturbances occur because of the lipid floating on the liquid in the rumen, and the ruminant will drastically reduce . . , .`.'` ~
.i~
.
: . . . . . . - - i: .
3612`7 its consumption until it has digested the lipid in the -rumen. Furthermore, when such lipids are unsaturated, the rumen microflora will hydrogenate most of the same and little of the unsaturated lipid will become incorporated into the ruminant's meat or milk.
Recen-tly, a process has been developed which encapsulates nutrient lipids in a protective protein-aldehyde complex coating. This pxocess is disclosed in U.S. ~atent 3,925,560 issued December 9,1975. The protein-aldehyde coating covering the lipid is not susceptible to breakdown in the rumen but is susceptible to breakdown in the abomasum and lower gut. This process includes finely dividing a lipid material into discrete particles or globules and forming an aqueous emulsion of finely divided lipid and a proteinaceous material.
~
The aqueous emulsion can then be reacted with an aldehyde such that the finely divided lipid particles are encapsulated in a protein-aldehyde complex. The emulsion is treated with aldehyde and dried to form a coated particulate solid. Thus, this encapsulation process requires an aldehyde reactant to i~ 20 react with the proteinaceous material to form the rumen ~-,- resistant coating over the lipid material.
,~; An effective method of accomplishing the microencapsu- -i .
~` lating of dietary lipid materials in a dietary proteinaceous material without resorting to the use of exogenous chemicals is desirable.
:::
, . .
''" :
.
~ ~5~
., :
, .
, - , , : . ,. ~ , . ,. , . :
io~
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
., ~
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there " is provided a process for producing a nutrient composition ` comprising: adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium ,~;
containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
dispersing globules of a nutrient lipid within said ` aqueous medium; heating the result.ing dispersion at a temperature effective to form a gel and, recovering said gel.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention :
: there is provided a method of processing animal blood - which retards the creation of noxious odors during the `. processing of the product and in the ultimate end product comprising: forming a dispersion of globules of a lipid within an aqueous medium having a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5, said aqueous medium containing at ^~; least 6 weight per cent albumin; heating the resulting . dispersion to a temperature effective to form a gel; and, ; .
recovering a gel of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated ';`! by albumin.
. .
,. :
".
:.
,; ~ .
':.~ ' '~ :
. - . .
. . - . .. - : : - . . . .
,: - . ~ . . . - ., ~ - : :
~ L0~61 Z7 : - ' According to the invention, a novel albumin contain-~- ing nutrient food sup~lement for animals or humans and plants is provided which comprises a lipid encapsulated in albumin and other proteinaceous material. Furthermore according to - the invention, a novel nutrient food supplement for animals or humans is provided which comprises a nutrient lipid assimilable by the animal or humans to which it is fed and microencapsulated in albumin and other proteinaceous material.
, In accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention, the above novel compositions are produced by initially adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least 6 weight percent albumin to a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5, forming a dispersion or emulsion of globules of the lipid in the aqueous medium, and thereafter heating the dispersion or emulsion at a temperature effective to form a lipid encapsulated gel. The resulting gel can then be dr1ed to form a particulate food supplement comprising the lipid globules microencapsulated in the albumin and other proteinaceous material.
; 20 In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the subject invention, the novel nutrient of the subject invention is produced by initially adjusting the pH of an aqueous , solution of animal blood to a pH within the range of about 9.6 to about 12.5, and thereafter forming a uniform dispersion or emulsion of lipid therewithin. Next, the dispersion of lipid in the blood is subjected to heat which i~.,i i as an example can be frictional heat within a milling operation ; ~ ;
. - .
i-,,.~ . .
r :
~t :' .' .- ' ' ' ~' ~' ' . ' ' ' ':, Z`7 :`
.
such that the temperature of the admixing material is raised to a temperature within the range of 40 to lOO~C
until a gel forms. Thereafter, the gel is dried to a ; moisture content of below about 13% by weight thereof to form a particulate encapsulated composition of the subject - invention.
In accordance with another aspect of the subject invention, we have found that if the novel supplement of the subject invention containing nutrient lipids which are assimilable by a ruminant are fed to ruminant animals in quantities in excess of that which ruminant animals normally receive, 4 to 6~, the ruminant will assimilate the lipid and no digestive disturbances occur.
, . . .
.'`'` ~
!~
.~
.'''~`' ' .~
' `.`
''` ' ~`" .
:' ' , .
." "., `
;',''.' '` ~
."", :
~ -7-, : ~
~ .
.' . :
:ILV86~2~
DET IL_D DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The subject invention makes possible a more efficient utilization of albumin containing products, such as animal blood and milk whey by combining it with a nutrient lipid such as animal fat for use as a nutrient ~ood such as a feed supplement for ruminants or if manufactured under acceptable standards of hygiene could be used for human foods or food additives. Food supplements for other animals can also be produced by this novel process. These products can be manu- `
factured at the meat packin~ plants where the ingredients are available, for example. Thus, such supplements can be made utilizing some of the existing equipment and facilities found iJ at some of the larger meat packing plants and little additional processing equipment is required. The subject invention eliminates the necessity for rendering equipment typically required to stabilize fat into a form wherein it can be used ~"'! in typical feed commerce. The subject invention also eliminates ~- machinery, vessels and measures which may be required to main--.;i 1 tain appropriate iodine values and peroxide levels in animal fat.
, ~ .
, 20 The term "albumin" as used herein is understood to . .
j be a protein found in milk whey and occurring in blood, lymph, chyle, and many other animal and vegetable tissues and fluids , which has substantially a neutral pH in its naturally occurring state. Albumin is soluble in water, coagulates on heating, and is readily hydrolyzed to a number of amino acids. One ... . . .
1 readily available source of albumin is animal blood, e.g., '1 the whole animal blood. Such is collected in large ;, quantities during killing operations in meat packing .. ,~ - :
,.
~ -8- ~ ~
~".., , ...... . .
.~ .
~.;
,.. . .
., . ~
':
- .
)8~:~2~
plants, slaughterhouses, and the like. The blood so collected can vary in blood solid contents dependent upon the amount of dilution it receives from the wash water used to clean the kill floor. A solids content of from about 12% to about 21~ is normal for the aqueous blood mixture which is collected under these conditions. Such solids content is believed to ' comprise about 50-60~ albumin and 40-50% other blood proteins.
Thus, as used herein, blood contains from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent albumin and from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent other blood proteins.
The term "gel" is to be understood to mean a cross-linked three dimensional network of fibers of albumin and other proteinaceous materials which bind the water and the lipid within the network. In producing the improved lipid encapsulated compositions of the present invention any suitable source of albumin can be employed. However, for the sake of simplicity the process for producing the composition will be described using animal blood as the albumin source.
!., In accordance with the process of the subject . , .
invention an aqueous medium of animal blood is contacted with an effective amount of a base to adjust the pH of the aqueous medium to a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5. Thereafter, a nutrient lipid is admixed with -the¦aqueous~medium of animal blood such as by homogenization or forming an emulsion under emulsion forming conditions.
Thus, the lipid is dispersed within the aqueous medium in globules having a size of less than about 0.1 millimeter and most preferably of a size on the order of 0.5 to 10 microns.
.
: ~.
: ':
'''' , .
)86:3~Z~
The nutrient lipid which can be used in the scope of this invention can comprise any nutrient lipid which is assimilable by the animal to which it is fed. In feeding ruminant animals, for example, the nutrient lipids which can be used include saturated and unsaturated vegetable or animal fats.
Examples of suitable materials include vegetable oils endogenous in or derived, for example, from soybeans, peanuts, sunflowers, safflowers, cottonseeds, maize and rape, etc., ~; or animal fats or oils derived from non-ruminants such as fish, fowls, or pigs, or from ruminant animals. The fats and oils do not neccessarily have to be separated from the . .~
flesh of fish, fowls, pigs ox ruminant animals or in the `~ case of oilseeds, extracted. After proper comminution, the ; entirety of such materials may be utilized in some cases~
.
Any suitable base can be employed to adjust to pH
of the aqueous medium containing the animal blood. For example, the base constituent can be an alkali metal hydroxide , .,i,:j or an alkaline earth metal hydroxide. Especially desirable results have been obtained wherein alkali metal hydroxides, such as . . .; .
~" 20 sodium hydroxide, have been employed. Care must be exercised ~i in adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to maintain the ~ pH within the desired range of 9.6 to about 12.5. Also, it ,':' .
should be noted that often the pH tends to decline upon the -, aqueous solution standing so that one may be required to ` employ additional base to maintain the aqueous solution with-in the described pH range.
` ':`' .
. .
", .... ~ .
i:
,. ~
....
, -10-. ~ .
., .; . .
-~ L08~ 7 ;' `
When processing solid fat such as rendered animal fat in accordance with the subject invention, the fat is initially melted by heating to a temperature above the melting point of the fat, for example. The aqueous blood containing medium is also heated to about the same temperature as the melted fat. Thereafter the two ingredients are blended together and then homogenized. In accordance with one specific embodiment of the subject invention, the lipid includes raw fat (unrendered fat) obtained from the dead carcasses of animals such as ruminant animals. Therefore, the unrendered fat or low value fat can be used directly in the process to thereby effect saving in the cost of renaering. Furthermore, the collagen which is contained within the low value fat will be incorporated into the feed supplement increasing the value of this material. Currently the collagen, known as crackling, is rendered out of the fat and ends up with the rendering residues along with the bones. These residues are conventionally ground to form bone .... ..
meal. In this instance, the fat is initially comminuted and processed in accordance with the manner that rendered solid fat is processed. When utilizing liquid lipid, such as ,'~ vegetable oil, the lipid and the aqueous blood containing .,. .:
medium can be blended at ambient temperatures to form a -~ uniform dispersion or emulsion of the lipid globules within the aqueous medium. In general, sufficient lipid is utilized ~` such that the resulting dispersion or emulsion has a lipid content in the range of from about 5 to about 20% by weight.
The drled food supplement will have a lipid content in the ;:
" :
. .
6~, Z~ ~:
.
range of up to about 75% by weight thereof. After the lipid and aqueous medium containing animal blood dispersion or emulsion is formed, the proteinaceous material is heated to form a gel. The heating of the dispersion or emulsion is believed to result in denaturation of the proteinaceous material. A preferred way of forming a gel of the lipid-in-blood dispersion is to heat the dispersion to a ~emperature in excess of 40C. For example, the dispersion or emulsion can be processed through a mill, such as a stone ~;
; 10 mill, and frictional heat will be imparted to the dispersion such that the resulting temperature ranges from about 40C
to about lOO~C. After the gel is formed, it can be utilized in the gel form or it can be dried in any conventional dehydrater or dryer to a moisture content of less than about 13 weight percent thereof and generally to a moisture content , ., in the range of from about 8 to about 13 weight percent thereof. The drying operation can occur in a conventional -,.
manner in a conventional drying apparatus.
In normal blood collection procedures in slaughter houses, the blood is collected in vessels, tanks or vats.
During this collection process, the blood may stand in the container and thus undergo or become subject to bio-degradation.
- , :
~ Accordingly, the blood which is used in the scope of -'`"~! the subject invention is preferably treated with an anti-`~ coagulant which will also have the effect of inhibiting bio-; degradation of the blood during storage prior to processing.
Preferably, sufficient base is added to raise the pH of the blood to a value within the range of about 9.0 to about .' . ` .
' "', - `
, :
~6~Z~7 . .
11.5. Generally, from about 0.5 to about 1~ by weight of the blood of the base ~s added in accordance with this embodiment and will not only prevent coagulation of the blood but also retards bacteria degradation of the blood during storage. In addition, the base is beneficial and helpful in forming an emulsion with lipids in the novel process of the subject invention.
` As previously stated, preferabl~ the formation of the gel occurs by passing the dispersion or emulsion of nutrient lipid in the aqueous blood containing medium to a processing operation which imparts heat thereto sufficient to increase the temperature in the range of from about 40C to about ~ 100C. A conventional mill which can be used, which for ;~ example, consists of two carborundum stones, one being a stator, the other a rotor powered by a motor. The dispersion ' is passed through a gap set between the two stones while the rotor stone is operating at high speed. The gap setting between the stone determines the degree of grinding, mixing or homogenizing as well as the extent to which frictional heat 20 is created during the milling operation. Thus, the gap - `-~] ~:
between the mill stones can be adjusted to provide the desired ` amount of frictional heat until a satisfactory gel is formed.
In general, the gap between the stones should be adjusted to ~' impart a temperature above about 40C, preferably 55C, :: I :
before a satisfactory gel will form. The temperature can be increased by reducing the gap between the stones until-boiling is observed (a temperature of about 100C). In general, the preferred operating temperature for the mill is a temperature ' . ' ' ,' ' .
, :
: :
~ 6~Z7 .
in the range of ~rom about 60C to about 75C. It is noted that the initial admixing, homogenizing, emulsifying or dispersing of the lipid within the aqueous blood containing medium as well as the heat treatment thereof can all occur within the stone mill. As another example, the a~ueous medium and lipid can be emulsified in a standard waring (trade mark) food blender. Thereafter, the emulsion can be heated to a temperature in the range of from about 60C to 75C on a standard hot plate until the gel forms. The gel can then be . . .
` lO dried in a laboratory fluid bed dryer to a moisture content of about 8 to 13% by weight.
.: .
After the gel formation stage of the process, the - gel is preferably dried to a moisture content of less than about 13~ by weight and more preferably to a moisture content in the range of from about 8 to 13% by weight. ~rying can be carried out in any conventional agricultural dryer such - as an agricultural drum type dehydrater. In essence, the - firm gel is passed to the dryer and dxied to the extent necessary to obtain the desired moisture content. The resulting dry particulate material from the drying process is granular ~j -l in texture. If a very fine powder is desired, the gellation step occurs at the lowest temperature to keep the aqueous j animal blood-lipid mi~ure in a liquid mobile state suitable for , spray drying. Thereafter, the material can be spray dried.
It is not col~pletely understood how the stable particulate encapsulated lipid feed supplement is formed in accordance with the process of the subject invention. It is -.,, ~ .
- ~:
'' ~
:;
. ~.
. :
"
' - : ~ ' ~861;Z7 believed, howev~r, that what may be the key to the process ` comprises combining the gelled albumin of the blood protein material with the finely divided lipid globules and thereafter dehydrating the same and in essence the gellation or denatura-tion (believed to be caused by the high temperature step and/or base) causes a modification of the albumin of the blood proteins which in turn exposes their hydrophobic side chains. Once exposed, the hydrophobic side chains have a strong affinity for the fine oil particles in the suspension 10 emulsion and are attracted thereto to cause the albumin to ~`
coat the oil particles or globules. The encased or encapsulated oil particles or globules are held in suspension in the gel which is recovered from the stone mill or homogenizer. However, ~ .1 .
once the water is removed by drying, a granular material -` results which consists essentially of the fine oil globules surrounded by albumin and other protein. Another possible ; key to the process may reside in the relative absence of odor of the product during and after processing as related to the typical odors associated with the manufacture of $ 20 blood meal. It may be that the base treatment breaks the .
-~ sulfide bonds of the sulfur bearing amino acids with the sulfur or sulfides then reacting with some other constituent ; thus preventing a release of free sulfur or sulfide in a gaseous form. It is not understood at this juncture whether subsequent heating is required to assist or bring about this possible reaction or the stabilizing of the possible reaction.
We have also surprisingly evidenced a rumen bypags -, when feed supplement of the subject invention is fed to a :~' ` ' `
.,~ .
'i ` ' :` :
:,'~ ' ,: . . . : : : . - .
` ~IL`~861Z7 ruminant animal. More specifically, several researchers have shown in recent years that the microencapsulation of substances within an aldehyde-treated protein coating can be effective in protecting these substances such as lipids that would normally be degraded in the rumen by rumen micro-organisms. However, it has been found that on passing through the rumen, the protein-aldehyde coating disintegrates in the . .
abomasum of the animal's digestive tract, and also in the lower gut thereof and releases the desired active ingredient in its original and/or hydrogenated form~ Examples of such lipid protected aldehyde-protein are set forth in said U.S.
Patent 3,925,560 cited above. The rumen bypass is best exemplified by microencapsulating a polyunsaturated vegetable i; ..
oil having a high level of C 18:2 (linoleic fatty acid).
This fatty acid will normally degrade and predominantly hydrogenate forming lower chain saturated fatty acids when exposed to the normal rumen digestive processes. However, .'~! when fed to the animals in the microencapsulated "protected"
form such as described above, a large proportion of the C 18:2 20 ~linoleic fatty acid is bypassed through the rumen and then released in the abomasum or lower gut still in its original form. The unsaturated fatty acid can then proceed to fat deposition in the animal or in the case of a lactating cow, the composition of the milk fat can be changed increasing the -level of unsaturated fatty acids. It is not understood how the dried albumin and proteinaceous coating affects protection of the microencapsulated lipid in the rumen when the feed - supplement of the subject invention is fed to a ruminant animal.
-~ -16-.
`` ~v~z~
It is to be clearly understood that the process o~
the invention has been described using an aqueous medium com-prising animal blood in which the albumin content is generally from about 6 to about 10.5 weight percent. However, desirable esults have been obtained using albumin derived from other sources, such as milk whey~ Thus albumin derived from any source, or mixture thereof can be readily employed to produce the com-position of the present invention.
The following examples are given to better facilitate the understanding of the subject invention and are not intended to limit the scope thereofO
.
EXAMPLE I ;
Initially, 400 pounds of an aqueous blood containing medium obtained from a slaughter house which contained about 16% by weight blood solids, (e.g., about 8% by weight albumin) was pretreated with approximately 1% by weight of sodium ;;
hydroxide to yield a pH of about 10.7. Next, 38.5 pounds of liquid corn oil, and the 400 pounds of the aqueous medium were preheated separately at 40C and then blended together ¦
in a vertical mixer to form a uniform dispersion of the corn oil in the blood containing medium. The resulting aqueous blood-corn oil mixture was then passed through a stone mill (Model 830 obtained from Moorehouse Industries, Fullerton, California) and the mill gap was adjusted to raise the tem-perature by inducing frictional heat. The temperature of the material passing through the mill was measured at about 60~C, .' ' ,' " .
."
.
'.' ~ :.
:
, ;: - ~ ., ' ~L0~6tl~
'~ when the material started to gel. The gap was then reduced further and a corresponding increase in temperature was ~ ., recorded. This adjustment was continued until the material ` was seen to be boiling as it exited the mill indicating that a temperature of at least about 100C had been reached. The mill gap was then widened, reducing the temperature of the - milled material to a range between 70C and 75C. The j aqueous blood-corn oil mixture gelled satisfactorily shortly ,.
after exiting the mill throughout the temperature range of ~ 10 from 60-100C. The gel was a firm granular gel. The gel ; material was then passed to an agricultural dehydrator (Heil ~trade mark) Model S.D. 75-22A) which operated at a temperature of between 190-200F, and was thereby dried to a moisture content of between 10 and 13% by weight. The resulting product was a . .: .
dark brown, almost odorless granular to powder particulate material. The product was subjected to analysis as set forth in Table 1 below:
... . .
Table 1 . ~
, 20 Component % by Weight Fat (dry matter) 38.0 ~', Crude Protein (dry matter) 52.2 Moisture 10.0-13.0 . . ~, ., .
,, .
',', "''''' ,,".~
~,~
"
;:.:
` . -18-~!
~ ~O~lZq Next, a portion o~ the dry material was subjected to an in vitro test to determine the extent to which it would be protected in the rumen of the ruminant animal. In the first ; in vitro test, samples of the product were incubated anaero- ~
bically at 38C with strained rumen fluid obtained from a `
sheep which had been fasted for at least 12 hours. The degree of hydrogenation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids was determined by comparing the percentage of these acids present in the mixtures before and after the incubation period.
Separate incubations were carried out to provide samples for analysis at several time periods up to 20 hours from the start of incubation. Control incubations utilizing non-` protected lipid were carried out to assess the hydrogenation capacity of the rum~ant fluid. As the results of these tests, the blood albumin lipid supplement of the subject invention showed a 105.3~ resistance to rumen hydrogenation. Another in Yitro test was carried out on another portion of the dry feed material whereby it was subject to incubation in a lipase enzyme medium. The lipase enzyme medium contained 40 milligrams of lipase and 1 milliliter of tris-buffer containing 250 microliters of a 0.1% bile salt and 50 micro-liters of a 40 weight percent calcium chloride solution.
Samples of these products were incubated anaerobically at 37C in the lipase enzym~ medium for 1.5 to 3 hour periods, while the medium was subjected to a shaker bath at about 200 oscillations per minute and compared against standards to ~, dete~minethe extent to which hydrogenation of the lipid -occurred in the enzyme medium. Analysis showed that the , : .. -. . ~ . , . . . . :
~ 612~
in vitro testing in the lipase enzyme medium resulted in the 89.6% resistance to rumen hydrogenation.
Next, a ration was prepared containing 10% of the above described blood albumin lipid supplement. The ration formula is set forth in Table 2 below:
` ' ' Table 2 Component Weight lbs.
- Blood Albumin-Corn-oil supplement 5 Rolled Barley ll :: 10 ; Chopped alfalfa hay 34 ; Total 50 The xation was fed to a lactating dairy cow daily, being fed in 2 feeds, one morning, one evening, each feeding being half of the above total quantity set forth in Table 2.
The cow was milked twice a day and the milk fat analyzed for fatty acid composition. An increase in the level of C 18:2 ~ linoleic acid was noted in the milk fat after one day. This `?" increased to 11.6~ recorded on the 4th day of the feeding at .~ .
a lO~ level. The results of the 4th day analysis are given
2 0 below in Table 3 and are compared with a base line analysis recorded immediately before the in vitro test commenced.
' ,i .
:
.
'~ .
., Table 3 Fatty AcidBaseline 4th Day ~ . .
C 1~:0 14.5% 11.1%
C 16:1- 34.6% 28.0%
C 18:0 7.7% 11.8%
C 18:1 21.0% 25.1%
' C 18:2 5.3% 11.6%
C 18.3 1.3% 1.1%
Total Milk Fat..... 3.6% ............. 4.1%
As can be seen, the increase of C 18:2 from a base 5.3% to 11.6~ represents an increase of 118.87% on the baseline quantity of C 18:2 in the milk fat.
The in ivivo test was continued and the corn oil-blood albumin supplement increased to 20~ by weight of the ration.
The ration formula is set forth in Table 4 below:
. '.
~ Table 4 ., , :
Component Weight (lbs.) Blood Albumin Corn oil supplement 8 20 Rolled BarleY 8 : .
Chopped alfalfa hay 24 y Total 40 . .. .
^ .'', "
: l , .: .
''` ' .:. . .
.
... ... , : ., . : :
~ ~36~
: ` :
The ration was reduced to a total of 40 lbs. to insure that the animal ate all the ration. This ration was ;~ fed for 3 days being fed twice daily - morning and evening of half of the above quantity. After 3 days, the level of C 18:2 linoleic acid in the milk fat had increased to 17.6%. The result of the third day analysis is given in Table 5 below and compared with the baseline analysis.
Table 5 Fatty Acid Baseline 4th Day 10 C 14:0 14.5% 8.2%
C 16:0 34.6% 24.4%
C 18:0 7.7% 15.1%
C 18:1 21.0% 27.1%
C 18:2 5.3% 17.6%
, .
C 18:3 1.3% .8%
' Total Fat....... 3.6% .............. 4.9%
As can be seen the increase in C 18:2 from a base of 5.3% to 17.6% represents an increase of 232% on the baseline quantity of C 18:2 found in the milk. A noticeable increase in total milk fat was also recorded. At the 10%
.
supplement level, this was 13.89% increase and at 20% level 36.11%
:~ .
~ ' ~
'~ ' , ~ .
.~
.
6~12~ ~
EXAMPLE II
Initially 800 pounds of aqueous blood containing mix~ure obtained Erom a slaughter house which contained 16~
by weight blood solids (e.g., about 8% by weight albumin) was adjusted to a pH of 10.7 by adding about 1.0% by weight sodium hydroxide thereto. Next, the aqueous mixture was preheated to 40C by passin~ it through the stone mill which was described in Example I and adjusting the mill gap to create the frictional heat. The aqueous blood mixture was then placed in a vertical mixer. Next, 100 poun~ of tallo~, which was melted and held at 45C was added to the pH
adjusted aqueous blood containing mixture with agitation.
The mixture was blended for five minutes to thoroughly blend the ingredients and form a uniform dispersion of the melted tallow within the aqueous mixture. The mixture was then passed through the stone mill to develop frictional heat.
At between about 60 to 65C, the aqueous blood-tallow -mixture began to gel. The mill gap setting was adjusted ' to yield a temperature of about 70C. The firm granular gel obtained was passed into the drier operating as described in Example I to yield a dried, almost odorless, free flowing granular to powder particu~ate having a dark brown color.
EXAMPLE III
Initially, 800 pounds of an aqueous blood containing - mixture obtained from a slaughter house and containing 16~
~' ,, -~`' .
.~
'' :, ., .
,, ' .
;'.
.
6~Z~
by weight blood solids (e.g., about 8~ by weight albumin) was adjusted to a pH of 10.7 by adding 1.0% by weight sodium hydroxide thereto. The pH adjusted mixture was then preheated to 40C by passing it through the stone mill described in Example I and adjusting the mill gap to create frictional heat. The preheated aqueous mixture was then placed in a vertical mixer. Next, 100 pounds of raw fat obtained from the dead carcasses of ruminants was comminuted to particles which passed through a 3/8 inch screen. The comminuted fat was then placed in a container and heated until it was melted and then held at about 45C.
The melted fat was then added to the aqueous mixture in a vertical mixer and agitated. The mixture was blended for about 5 minutes to thoroughly blend the ingredients to yield a uniform blend of melted fat globules within the aqueous blood containing mixture. The resulting mixture was then passed through the stone mill and the mill gap was adjusted to create frictional heat. At about 60 to 65C the mixture began to gel and the mill gap setting was adjusted to give an operating temperature of about 70C. The gel was then dried in the manner described in Example I to yield an almost odorless, free flowing granular to powder particulate feed supplement which was dark brown in color.
-~ EXAMPLE IV
An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of delactosed dry whey powder as the source ' : -24-.: .
6~Z7 of albumin to produce the albumin-lipid supplement of the subject invention. Initially l gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 34 grams of water to form an aqueou-s solution having a pH of about 11Ø Thereafter, 25 grams of soybean oil and the aqueous solution were blended together to form a uniform dispersion of the soybean oil in the aqueous medium. Forty grams of delactosed whey powder was then blended into the aqueous soybean oil mixture. The resulting mixture had an initial pH of 11Ø The aqueous mixture containing whey and soybean oil was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through the mill until the smooth resultant mixture was formed. The pH of the smooth resultant mixture was determined to be 10.7. The mixture was then heated in a water bath at 70C and started to gel. Heating was continued until a firm granular gel ; resulted at a temperature of 85C. The gel was placed in a laboratory oven which was operated at a temperature of about 45C. The gel was thereby dried to granular to powder particulate powder having a moisture content of between 10 and 13% by weight.
A portion of the dry material was subjected to an in vitro test to determine the extent to which it would be protected in the rumen of a ruminant animal. In the test a portion of the dry material was subjected to incubation in a lipase enzyme medium. The lipase enzyme medium contained 40 milligrams of lipase and 1 milliliter of tris-buffer containing 250 microliters of a 0-1% bile salt and 50 micro-.
-25- ~
"
101!361~7 li~ers of a 40 weigh~ percent calcium chloride solution.
The product was incubated anaerobically at 37C in the lipase enzyme medium for about 2 hours, while the medium was subjected to a shaker bath at about 200 oscillations per minute and compared against standards to determine the extend to which hydrogenation of the lip occurred in the enzyme medium. Analysis showed that the ln vitro testing in the lipase enzyme medium resulted in from 50-55~ resis-tance to rumen hydrogenation~
EXAM LE V
An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of the pH of the aqueous solution on the formation of the albumin-lipid supplement of the subject invention.
Initially 0.5 gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 34.5 grams of water to form an aqueous solution having a pH of about 9.4. Thereafter, 25 grams of soybean oil and the aqueous solution were blended together to form a uniform dispersion of the soybean oil in the aqueous medium.
~orty grams of delactosed whey powder was then blended into the aqueous soybean oil mixture. The resulting mixture had an initail pH of 9.4. The aqueous mixture containing whey ~..
and soybean oil was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture ; was passed through the mill until a smooth resultant mixture was formed. The p~ of the smooth resultant mixture was ,, .
,.
' 1~61~ ~
determined to be 8Ø The mixture was then heated in a water bath to a temperature of 85C. No gel was formed upon a heating of the smooth resultant mixture. -EXAMPLE VI
An experiment was conducted similar to Example V
except that the amount of sodium hydroxide was increased so as to provide an aqueous mixture having a high pH value.
In this experiment 0.75 gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 34.25 grams of water to form an aqueous solution having a pH of about 10.1~ Thereafter, 25 grams of soybean oil and the aqueous solution were blended together to form a uniform dispersion of the soybean oil in the aqueous medium. Forty grams of delactosed whey powder was then blended into the aqueous soybean oil mixture. The resulting mixture had an initial pH of 10.1. The aqueous mixture containing whey and soybean oil was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through the mill until a smooth resultant mixture was formed. The pH of the smooth ~ 20 resultant mixture was determined to be 9.6. The mixture was ;~- then heated in a water bath. At 70C the mixture started to gel. Heating was continued until a firm gel resulted at a tempeeature o~ ~5C. ~' ':.
'' .
. '~
:
`' .
.~ .
~61~7 While this invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will now be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading this specificationl and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
' ,i .
:
.
'~ .
., Table 3 Fatty AcidBaseline 4th Day ~ . .
C 1~:0 14.5% 11.1%
C 16:1- 34.6% 28.0%
C 18:0 7.7% 11.8%
C 18:1 21.0% 25.1%
' C 18:2 5.3% 11.6%
C 18.3 1.3% 1.1%
Total Milk Fat..... 3.6% ............. 4.1%
As can be seen, the increase of C 18:2 from a base 5.3% to 11.6~ represents an increase of 118.87% on the baseline quantity of C 18:2 in the milk fat.
The in ivivo test was continued and the corn oil-blood albumin supplement increased to 20~ by weight of the ration.
The ration formula is set forth in Table 4 below:
. '.
~ Table 4 ., , :
Component Weight (lbs.) Blood Albumin Corn oil supplement 8 20 Rolled BarleY 8 : .
Chopped alfalfa hay 24 y Total 40 . .. .
^ .'', "
: l , .: .
''` ' .:. . .
.
... ... , : ., . : :
~ ~36~
: ` :
The ration was reduced to a total of 40 lbs. to insure that the animal ate all the ration. This ration was ;~ fed for 3 days being fed twice daily - morning and evening of half of the above quantity. After 3 days, the level of C 18:2 linoleic acid in the milk fat had increased to 17.6%. The result of the third day analysis is given in Table 5 below and compared with the baseline analysis.
Table 5 Fatty Acid Baseline 4th Day 10 C 14:0 14.5% 8.2%
C 16:0 34.6% 24.4%
C 18:0 7.7% 15.1%
C 18:1 21.0% 27.1%
C 18:2 5.3% 17.6%
, .
C 18:3 1.3% .8%
' Total Fat....... 3.6% .............. 4.9%
As can be seen the increase in C 18:2 from a base of 5.3% to 17.6% represents an increase of 232% on the baseline quantity of C 18:2 found in the milk. A noticeable increase in total milk fat was also recorded. At the 10%
.
supplement level, this was 13.89% increase and at 20% level 36.11%
:~ .
~ ' ~
'~ ' , ~ .
.~
.
6~12~ ~
EXAMPLE II
Initially 800 pounds of aqueous blood containing mix~ure obtained Erom a slaughter house which contained 16~
by weight blood solids (e.g., about 8% by weight albumin) was adjusted to a pH of 10.7 by adding about 1.0% by weight sodium hydroxide thereto. Next, the aqueous mixture was preheated to 40C by passin~ it through the stone mill which was described in Example I and adjusting the mill gap to create the frictional heat. The aqueous blood mixture was then placed in a vertical mixer. Next, 100 poun~ of tallo~, which was melted and held at 45C was added to the pH
adjusted aqueous blood containing mixture with agitation.
The mixture was blended for five minutes to thoroughly blend the ingredients and form a uniform dispersion of the melted tallow within the aqueous mixture. The mixture was then passed through the stone mill to develop frictional heat.
At between about 60 to 65C, the aqueous blood-tallow -mixture began to gel. The mill gap setting was adjusted ' to yield a temperature of about 70C. The firm granular gel obtained was passed into the drier operating as described in Example I to yield a dried, almost odorless, free flowing granular to powder particu~ate having a dark brown color.
EXAMPLE III
Initially, 800 pounds of an aqueous blood containing - mixture obtained from a slaughter house and containing 16~
~' ,, -~`' .
.~
'' :, ., .
,, ' .
;'.
.
6~Z~
by weight blood solids (e.g., about 8~ by weight albumin) was adjusted to a pH of 10.7 by adding 1.0% by weight sodium hydroxide thereto. The pH adjusted mixture was then preheated to 40C by passing it through the stone mill described in Example I and adjusting the mill gap to create frictional heat. The preheated aqueous mixture was then placed in a vertical mixer. Next, 100 pounds of raw fat obtained from the dead carcasses of ruminants was comminuted to particles which passed through a 3/8 inch screen. The comminuted fat was then placed in a container and heated until it was melted and then held at about 45C.
The melted fat was then added to the aqueous mixture in a vertical mixer and agitated. The mixture was blended for about 5 minutes to thoroughly blend the ingredients to yield a uniform blend of melted fat globules within the aqueous blood containing mixture. The resulting mixture was then passed through the stone mill and the mill gap was adjusted to create frictional heat. At about 60 to 65C the mixture began to gel and the mill gap setting was adjusted to give an operating temperature of about 70C. The gel was then dried in the manner described in Example I to yield an almost odorless, free flowing granular to powder particulate feed supplement which was dark brown in color.
-~ EXAMPLE IV
An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of delactosed dry whey powder as the source ' : -24-.: .
6~Z7 of albumin to produce the albumin-lipid supplement of the subject invention. Initially l gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 34 grams of water to form an aqueou-s solution having a pH of about 11Ø Thereafter, 25 grams of soybean oil and the aqueous solution were blended together to form a uniform dispersion of the soybean oil in the aqueous medium. Forty grams of delactosed whey powder was then blended into the aqueous soybean oil mixture. The resulting mixture had an initial pH of 11Ø The aqueous mixture containing whey and soybean oil was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through the mill until the smooth resultant mixture was formed. The pH of the smooth resultant mixture was determined to be 10.7. The mixture was then heated in a water bath at 70C and started to gel. Heating was continued until a firm granular gel ; resulted at a temperature of 85C. The gel was placed in a laboratory oven which was operated at a temperature of about 45C. The gel was thereby dried to granular to powder particulate powder having a moisture content of between 10 and 13% by weight.
A portion of the dry material was subjected to an in vitro test to determine the extent to which it would be protected in the rumen of a ruminant animal. In the test a portion of the dry material was subjected to incubation in a lipase enzyme medium. The lipase enzyme medium contained 40 milligrams of lipase and 1 milliliter of tris-buffer containing 250 microliters of a 0-1% bile salt and 50 micro-.
-25- ~
"
101!361~7 li~ers of a 40 weigh~ percent calcium chloride solution.
The product was incubated anaerobically at 37C in the lipase enzyme medium for about 2 hours, while the medium was subjected to a shaker bath at about 200 oscillations per minute and compared against standards to determine the extend to which hydrogenation of the lip occurred in the enzyme medium. Analysis showed that the ln vitro testing in the lipase enzyme medium resulted in from 50-55~ resis-tance to rumen hydrogenation~
EXAM LE V
An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of the pH of the aqueous solution on the formation of the albumin-lipid supplement of the subject invention.
Initially 0.5 gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 34.5 grams of water to form an aqueous solution having a pH of about 9.4. Thereafter, 25 grams of soybean oil and the aqueous solution were blended together to form a uniform dispersion of the soybean oil in the aqueous medium.
~orty grams of delactosed whey powder was then blended into the aqueous soybean oil mixture. The resulting mixture had an initail pH of 9.4. The aqueous mixture containing whey ~..
and soybean oil was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture ; was passed through the mill until a smooth resultant mixture was formed. The p~ of the smooth resultant mixture was ,, .
,.
' 1~61~ ~
determined to be 8Ø The mixture was then heated in a water bath to a temperature of 85C. No gel was formed upon a heating of the smooth resultant mixture. -EXAMPLE VI
An experiment was conducted similar to Example V
except that the amount of sodium hydroxide was increased so as to provide an aqueous mixture having a high pH value.
In this experiment 0.75 gram of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 34.25 grams of water to form an aqueous solution having a pH of about 10.1~ Thereafter, 25 grams of soybean oil and the aqueous solution were blended together to form a uniform dispersion of the soybean oil in the aqueous medium. Forty grams of delactosed whey powder was then blended into the aqueous soybean oil mixture. The resulting mixture had an initial pH of 10.1. The aqueous mixture containing whey and soybean oil was then passed through a laboratory stone mill and the mill was adjusted to a fine gap. The mixture was passed through the mill until a smooth resultant mixture was formed. The pH of the smooth ~ 20 resultant mixture was determined to be 9.6. The mixture was ;~- then heated in a water bath. At 70C the mixture started to gel. Heating was continued until a firm gel resulted at a tempeeature o~ ~5C. ~' ':.
'' .
. '~
:
`' .
.~ .
~61~7 While this invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will now be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading this specificationl and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (40)
1. A process for producing a nutrient composition comprising:
a) adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
b) dispersing globules of a nutrient lipid within said aqueous medium;
c) heating the resulting dispersion at a temperature effective to form a gel; and, d) recovering said gel.
a) adjusting the pH of an aqueous medium containing at least about 6 weight percent albumin to a level in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5;
b) dispersing globules of a nutrient lipid within said aqueous medium;
c) heating the resulting dispersion at a temperature effective to form a gel; and, d) recovering said gel.
2. A lipid encapsulated gel nutrient composition produced by the process of claim 1.
3. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of drying said gel to form a particulate nutrient composition of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated in albumin.
4. A particulate nutrient composition of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated in albumin produced by the process of claim 3.
5. The process of claim 3 wherein said pH is adjusted by adding from about 0.5 to about 1% by weight of a base to said aqueous medium.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and mixtures thereof.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein said nutrient composition contains up to about 75% of the nutrient lipid by weight of the nutrient composition.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein said nutrient lipid is a vegetable oil.
9. A vegetable oil encapsulated gel nutrient composition produced by the process of claim 8.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein said nutrient lipid is animal fat.
11. An animal fat encapsulated gel nutrient composition produced by the process of claim 10.
12. The process of claim 10 wherein said dispersion is formed by initially melting said animal fat and thereafter heating said aqueous medium to the temperature of said melted animal fat and thereafter blending together said animal fat and said aqueous medium to form said dispersion.
13. An animal fat encapsulated gel nutrient composition produced by the process of claim 12.
14. The process of claim 12 wherein said animal fat is unrendered fat.
15. An unrendered animal fat encapsulated gel nutrient composition produced by the process of claim 14.
16. The process of claim 12 wherein said animal fat is dispersed within said aqueous medium at a temperature above the melting point of the lipid substance.
17. The process of claim 1 wherein said resulting dispersion is heated at a temperature in excess of about 40°C until a gel is formed.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein said heating occurs at a temperature in the range between about 40°C to about 100°C.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein said heating is effected by agitating said dispersion sufficiently to induce frictional heat therewithin until a gel is formed.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein said heating occurs by subjecting said dispersion to a heat exchanger.
21. The process of claim 20 wherein the resulting gel is dried to a moisture content in the range of from less than about 13% by weight thereof.
22. A lipid encapsulated gel nutrient composition having a moisture content in the range of less than about 13% by weight thereof produced by the process of claim 21.
23. A method of processing animal blood which retards the creation of noxious odors during the processing of the product and in the ultimate end product comprising:
a) forming a dispersion of globules of a lipid within an aqueous medium having a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5, said aqueous medium containing at least 6 weight per cent albumin;
b) heating the resulting dispersion to a temperature effective to form a gel; and, c) recovering a gel of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated by albumin.
a) forming a dispersion of globules of a lipid within an aqueous medium having a pH in the range of from about 9.6 to about 12.5, said aqueous medium containing at least 6 weight per cent albumin;
b) heating the resulting dispersion to a temperature effective to form a gel; and, c) recovering a gel of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated by albumin.
24. A gel of dispersed lipid globules encapsulated by albumin produced by the process of claim 23.
25. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of drying said gel to form a particulate nutrient composition.
26. A particulate nutrient composition comprising dispersed lipid globules encapsulated by albumin produced by the method of claim 25.
27. The process of claim 23 wherein said lipid is a vegetable oil.
28. The process of claim 23 wherein said lipid is animal fat.
29. The process of claim 28 wherein said dispersion is formed by initially melting said animal fat and thereafter heating said aqueous medium to the temperature of said melted animal fat and thereafter blending said animal fat and said aqueous medium to form said dispersion.
30. A gel of dispersed animal fat globules encap-sulated by albumin produced by the process of claim 29.
31. The method of claim 29 wherein said animal fat is dispersed within said aqueous medium at a temperature above the melting point of the fat.
32. The process of claim 23 wherein said aqueous medium consists essentially of blood containing from about 6 to about 10.5% by weight albumin.
33. The process of claim 23 wherein the pH of said aqueous medium is adjusted by incorporating from about 0.5 to about 1% by weight of a base into said aqueous medium.
34. The process of claim 33 wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and mixtures thereof.
35. The process of claim 23 wherein said resulting dispersion is heated at a temperature in excess of about 40°C until said gel is formed.
36. The process of claim 35 wherein said heating occurs at a temperature in the range between above about 40°C to about 100°C.
37. The process of claim 36 wherein said heating is effected by agitating said dispersion sufficiently to induce frictional heat therewithin until a gel is formed.
38. The process of claim 37 wherein said heating occurs by subjecting said dispersion to a heat exchanger.
39. The process of claim 38 wherein the resulting gel is dried to a moisture content in the range of from less than about 13% by weight thereof.
40. A particulate nutrient composition comprising dispersed lipid globules encapsulated by albumin and having a moisture content in the range of less than about 13% by weight thereof produced by the process of claim 39.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US64980876A | 1976-01-16 | 1976-01-16 | |
| US649,808 | 1976-01-16 | ||
| US66500476A | 1976-03-08 | 1976-03-08 | |
| US665,004 | 1976-03-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1086127A true CA1086127A (en) | 1980-09-23 |
Family
ID=27095709
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA269,287A Expired CA1086127A (en) | 1976-01-16 | 1977-01-07 | Albumin encapsulated lipid food supplement |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS52112573A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2128377A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1086127A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100684114B1 (en) * | 2005-09-02 | 2007-02-16 | 주식회사 대우일렉트로닉스 | Structure for removal defrost water of refrigerator |
-
1977
- 1977-01-07 CA CA269,287A patent/CA1086127A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-01-13 AU AU21283/77A patent/AU2128377A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-01-14 JP JP346677A patent/JPS52112573A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2128377A (en) | 1978-07-20 |
| JPS52112573A (en) | 1977-09-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4216234A (en) | Lipid encapsulated feed supplement and process for producing same | |
| US5143737A (en) | Method to produce unsaturated milk fat and meat from ruminant animals | |
| CA2224195C (en) | Rumen inert oil | |
| US4217370A (en) | Lipid-containing feed supplements and foodstuffs | |
| US4073960A (en) | Meat and milk products from ruminants | |
| US5683739A (en) | Extruded animal feed nuggets for ruminants | |
| US4826694A (en) | Ruminant feedstuffs, their production and apparatus for use therein | |
| US4853233A (en) | Ruminant feedstuffs, their production and apparatus for use therein | |
| CA1129239A (en) | Process and method of use for a stable emulsified edible liquid starch product | |
| CA1265378A (en) | Encapsulation of lipids in protein matrix | |
| US5496572A (en) | Ruminant feedstuffs and their production | |
| US4664905A (en) | Method of feeding cattle to improve protein utilization | |
| CA1053498A (en) | High fat feed pellets and method of manufacture | |
| US4138505A (en) | Nutrient compositions derived from animal blood solids and process for producing same | |
| US4225620A (en) | Method for feeding ruminant animals | |
| US4704287A (en) | Protein-protected ruminant feeds | |
| CN107427035B (en) | Use of spent bleaching earth in edible oil processing for formulating poultry and livestock feed products | |
| CA2142897C (en) | Proteinaceous feed substances having low levels of zinc and high rumen-bypass potentials, and a method for the production thereof | |
| EP0163395B1 (en) | Process for the production of feedstuffs | |
| CA2261340C (en) | Method for achieving the same milk component yield in ruminants fed a low crude protein diet | |
| CA1086127A (en) | Albumin encapsulated lipid food supplement | |
| US3875310A (en) | Ruminant feed supplement comprising an ammoniated protein-aldehyde complex | |
| GB1570852A (en) | Process of producing a nutrient composition and a method of feeding ruminant animals | |
| CA2167495A1 (en) | Ruminant feedstuffs and their production | |
| WO1991005482A1 (en) | Method to produce unsaturated milk fat and meat from ruminant animals |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |