CN107750177B - 气道中的防静电材料用于热气溶胶凝结方法的用途 - Google Patents
气道中的防静电材料用于热气溶胶凝结方法的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开教导了气道中的防静电材料用于热气溶胶产生装置的用途。本公开教导了防静电材料用于在气溶胶产生期间易于带电的任何药物的药物递送的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于通过吸入途径递送气溶胶的装置中利用的材料。具体地,本发明涉及防静电材料在用于制备用于吸入疗法中的含有活性药物的气溶胶的装置中的用途。
背景技术
目前,存在许多批准的用于吸入递送药物的装置,包括干粉吸入器、喷雾器和加压计量剂量吸入器。然而,通过装置产生的气溶胶通常含有赋形剂。
药物薄膜在最高达600℃的温度下在小于500毫秒内在气流中的快速气化可产生具有高产率和高纯度的药物气溶胶,并伴随最小程度的药物降解。凝结药物气溶胶可用于使用吸入医学装置有效地肺部递送药物。已证明其中沉积于金属基底上的药物薄膜通过电阻加热而气化的装置和方法。包括处于包装内的能够经历放热的金属氧化-还原反应的燃料的基于化学的热包装也可以用于产生能够使薄膜气化以产生高纯度气溶胶的快速热脉冲,例如公开于在2004年5月20日申请的标题为“Self-Contained heating Unit andDrug-Supply Unit Employing Same”的美国申请号10/850,895,和2004年5月20日申请的标题为“Percussively Ignited or Electrically Ignited Self-Contained HeatingUnit and Drug Supply Unit Employing Same”的美国申请号10/851,883中,其两者的均以其整体通过引用并入本文。这些装置和方法适于可以以物理上和化学上稳定的固体的形式沉积的化合物。
来自MDI和DPI的气溶胶通常是高度带电的,这可导致不一致的气溶胶输出并且潜在地影响治疗效果。例如,Piérart等人发现由于电荷,在MDI间隔物中的气溶胶颗粒损失~14%。可能影响吸入器药物输出的一个因素是带电药物气溶胶颗粒和气溶胶周围的装置组件之间的静电相互作用。
本文公开的实施方案涉及克服上述问题中的一个或多个。
发明内容
本公开教导了气道中的防静电材料用于热气溶胶产生装置的用途。本公开教导了防静电材料用于在气溶胶产生期间易于带电的任何药物(例如阿普唑仑)的药物递送的用途。本公开的许多可能的实施方案包括防静电气道材料以及用于气道的涂层。本公开教导了金属化气道(通过用导电金属例如不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢涂覆气道的内壁或通过将金属带(如铜)施加至气道的内壁和外壁而制成),在默认气道上使用防静电喷雾(例如Staticide品牌),以及使用防静电塑料(例如Permastat或Permastat plus品牌)作为气道材料。
本公开教导了使用热气溶胶凝结法形成的药物气溶胶。在该技术的一个实施方案中涉及放置在气道内的药物涂覆的基底。对于某些药物,例如阿普唑仑,形成的气溶胶可具有在气道上可变地沉积的趋势,导致降低和不一致的发射剂量。某些药物在某些条件下气化后会形成带电荷的气溶胶。带电荷的气溶胶可通过静电吸引沉积在气道上。本公开教导了使用防静电处理来减少气溶胶带电和气道沉积。
本公开教导了用于提供药物的吸入递送的方法和装置,其中与在气道中不使用防静电材料的通过热气溶胶凝结形成的药物气溶胶的发射剂量相比,在气道中使用防静电材料的通过热气溶胶凝结形成的药物气溶胶的发射剂量得到更一致的给药。使用防静电材料显著减少了气道上沉积的药物气溶胶的量。使用防静电材料减少气溶胶上的电荷。所述方法和装置实现了特征在于在气化后形成带电气溶胶的药物的药物递送。
具体实施方式
如本文所定义,当在整个说明书中引用以下术语时,它们应具有以下含义。
给定颗粒的“空气动力学直径”指具有与给定颗粒相同的沉降速率的密度为1g/ml(水的密度)的球形液滴的直径。
“气溶胶”指悬浮于气体中的固体或液体颗粒的集合。
“气溶胶质量浓度”指每单位体积气溶胶的颗粒状物质的质量。
防静电材料包括,但不限于,防静电气道材料以及用于气道的涂层。这些防静电材料包括金属化气道(通过用导电金属例如不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢涂覆气道的内壁和/或通过将金属带(如铜)施加至气道的内壁和外壁而制成),在默认气道上使用防静电喷雾(例如Staticide品牌),和/或使用防静电塑料(例如Permastat或Permastat plus品牌)作为气道材料。具有防静电性质的材料包括在本公开中。
“凝结气溶胶”指已通过组合物的气化和随后的蒸汽冷却而使得蒸汽凝结以形成颗粒而形成的气溶胶。
“分解指数”指衍生自测定的数字。所述数字通过从1减去作为份数表示的产生的气溶胶的纯度而确定。
“药物”指在病况的预防、诊断、缓解、治疗或治愈中使用的任何物质。所述物质优选地为适于热蒸汽递送的形式,例如酯、游离酸或游离碱形式。术语“药物”、“化合物”和“药剂”在本文可互换地使用。如在整个说明书中所描述,术语药物包括烟碱和间水杨酸烟碱。
“药物组合物”指仅包含纯药物、两种或更多种药物的组合、或者一种或多种药物与其他组分的组合。其他组分可以包括例如药学上可接受的赋形剂、载体和表面活性剂。
“药物降解产物”或“热降解产物”可互换地使用,并且指任何副产物,其由加热药物而获得并且不是产生疗效的原因。
“供药制品”或“供药单元”可互换地使用,并且指其表面的至少一部分覆盖有一种或多种药物组合物的基底。本发明的供药制品还可以不含其他元件,例如但不限于加热元件。
“药物降解产物分数”指气溶胶颗粒中存在的药物降解产物的量除以气溶胶中存在的药物加上药物降解产物的量,即,(气溶胶中存在的所有药物降解产物的总量)/((气溶胶中存在的药物的量)+(气溶胶中存在的所有药物降解产物的总量))。本文使用的术语“药物降解产物百分比”指药物降解产物分数乘以100%,其中气溶胶的“纯度”指100%减去药物降解产物百分比。
“热稳定药物”指当从0.05μm至20μm的一些厚度的膜气化时TSR≥9的药物。
气溶胶的“质量中值空气动力学直径”或“MMAD”指以下空气动力学直径:气溶胶的一半颗粒质量由空气动力学直径大于MMAD的颗粒贡献且颗粒的一半具有小于MMAD的空气动力学直径。
“数浓度(number concentration)”指每单位体积气溶胶的颗粒数。
本文使用的关于气溶胶纯度的“纯度”指药物组合物在气溶胶中的分数/药物组合物在气溶胶加上药物降解产物中的分数。因此,纯度相对于起始物质的纯度。例如,当用于基底涂层的起始药物或药物组合物包含可检测杂质时,报告的气溶胶的纯度不包括也在气溶胶中找到的存在于起始原料中的那些杂质,例如在某些情况中如果起始原料包含1%的杂质且发现气溶胶包含相同的1%杂质,则气溶胶的纯度仍然可以报告为>99%纯,反映出以下事实:可检测的1%纯度并非在气化-凝结气溶胶生成过程期间生成。
“沉降速率”指在空气中经历重力沉降的气溶胶颗粒的终速。
“支持物”指组合物附着于其上(通常作为涂层或薄膜)的物质。术语“支持物”和“基底”在本文可互换地使用。
“基本上不含”指描述的物质、化合物、气溶胶等至少95%不含基本上不含的其他组分。
“典型患者潮气量(Typical patient tidal volume)”对于成年患者为1L且对于儿科患者为15mL/kg。
“治疗有效量”指实现疗效所需要的量。疗效可以为从预防、症状缓解、症状治疗至疾病终止或治愈的任何疗效。
如果纯度%<99.9%,则“热稳定性比例”或“TSR”指纯度%/(100%-纯度%),且如果纯度≥99.9%,则“热稳定性比例”或“TSR”指1000。例如,在90%纯度下气化的呼吸药物的TSR为9。
“4μm热稳定性比例”或“4TSR”指通过以下测定的药物的TSR:在足以气化膜中的药物的至少50%的条件下将厚度为约4微米的含药物的膜加热,收集生成的气溶胶,确定气溶胶的纯度,并使用该纯度计算TSR。在这样的气化中,通常将约4微米厚度的药物膜加热至约350℃但不低于约200℃,持续约1秒,以将膜中的药物的至少50%气化。
“1.5μm热稳定性比例”或“1.5TSR”指通过以下测定的药物的TSR:在足以气化膜中的药物的至少50%的条件下将厚度为约1.5微米的含药物的膜加热,收集生成的气溶胶,确定气溶胶的纯度,并使用该纯度计算TSR。在这样的气化中,通常将约1.5微米厚度的药物膜加热至约350℃但不低于约200℃,持续约1秒,以将膜中的药物的至少50%气化。
“0.5μm热稳定性比例”或“0.5TSR”指通过以下测定的药物的TSR:在足以气化膜中的药物的至少50%的条件下将厚度为约0.5微米的含药物的膜加热,收集生成的气溶胶,确定气溶胶的纯度,并使用该纯度计算TSR。在这样的气化中,通常将约0.5微米厚度的药物膜加热至约350℃但不低于约200℃,持续约1秒,以将膜中的药物的至少50%气化。
“蒸汽”指气体,且“蒸汽相”指气相。术语“热蒸汽”指优选地通过加热形成的气相、气溶胶、或气溶胶-气相的混合物。
当在气流中形成凝结气溶胶时,气溶胶的特定部分可以沉积在下游物理特征(例如限定气流的气道的侧壁、装置的接口(mouthpiece)或其他结构)上,并且由此减少该装置发射且可用于施用的活性化合物的量。对于许多治疗方案,递送包含精确、一致和可重复量的生理活性化合物的剂量的能力可以影响治疗方案的治疗效力,并且在一些情况下,这种能力还可以实现新的疗法。因此,需要产生凝结气溶胶的吸入装置和方法,其可以递送精确、可重复和/或控制量的生理活性物质。本公开教导了气道中的防静电材料用于热气溶胶产生装置的用途。本公开教导了防静电材料用于在气溶胶产生期间易于带电的任何药物(例如阿普唑仑)的药物递送的用途。本公开的许多可能的实施方案包括防静电气道材料以及用于气道的涂层。本公开教导了金属化气道(通过用导电金属例如不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢涂覆气道的内壁或通过将金属带(如铜)施加至气道的内壁和外壁而制成),在默认气道上使用防静电喷雾(例如Staticide品牌),以及使用防静电塑料(例如Permastat或Permastatplus品牌)作为气道材料。
气溶胶组合物
本文描述的组合物通常包含药物化合物。所述组合物也可以包含其他化合物。例如,所述组合物可以包含药物化合物和药学上可接受的赋形剂的混合物、或者药物化合物与具有可用的或期望的性质的其他化合物的混合物。所述组合物也可以包含纯药物化合物。在优选的实施方案中,所述组合物基本上由纯药物组成且不包含抛射剂或溶剂。
此外,药学上可接受的载体、表面活性剂、增强剂和无机化合物可以包含在所述组合物中。这样的物质的实例是本领域中已知的。
在一些变体中,所述气溶胶基本上不含有机溶剂和抛射剂。此外,水通常不以间水杨酸烟碱的溶剂的形式添加,尽管在形成期间可以将来自大气的水引入所述气溶胶中,特别是当使空气经过膜时和在冷却过程期间。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶完全不含有机溶剂和抛射剂。在另一种变体中,所述气溶胶完全不含有机溶剂、抛射剂和任何赋形剂。这些气溶胶仅包含纯药物、少于10%的药物降解产物和载气,所述载气通常为空气。
通常,所述药物具有小于0.15的分解指数。优选地,所述药物具有小于0.10的分解指数。更优选地,所述药物具有小于0.05的分解指数。最优选地,所述药物具有小于0.025的分解指数。
在一些变体中,所述凝结气溶胶包含至少5重量%的凝结药物气溶胶颗粒。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶包含至少10重量%、20重量%、30重量%、40重量%、50重量%、60重量%、或75重量%的凝结药物气溶胶颗粒。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶包含至少95重量%、99重量%、或99.5重量%的凝结气溶胶颗粒。
在一些变体中,所述凝结气溶胶颗粒包含少于10重量%的热降解产物。在其他变体中,所述凝结药物气溶胶颗粒包含少于5重量%、1重量%、0.5重量%、0.1重量%或0.03重量%的热降解产物。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,所述药物气溶胶具有90%-99.8%、或93%-99.7%、或95%-99.5%、或96.5%-99.2%的纯度。在本发明的某些实施方案中,所述药物气溶胶具有90%-99.8%、或93%-99.7%、或95%-99.5%、或96.5%-99.2%的烟碱游离碱在气溶胶中的百分比。
通常,所述气溶胶具有大于106颗粒/mL的数浓度。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶具有大于107颗粒/mL的数浓度。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶具有大于108颗粒/mL、大于109颗粒/mL、大于1010颗粒/mL、或大于1011颗粒/mL的数浓度。
所述气溶胶的气体通常为空气。然而,可以使用其他气体特别是惰性气体例如氩、氮、氦等。所述气体还可以包括尚未凝结以形成颗粒的组合物的蒸汽。通常,所述气体不包括抛射剂或气化的有机溶剂。在一些变体中,所述凝结气溶胶包含至少5重量%的凝结药物气溶胶颗粒。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶包含至少10重量%、20重量%、30重量%、40重量%、50重量%、60重量%、或75重量%的凝结药物气溶胶颗粒。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶包含至少95重量%、99重量%或99.5重量%的凝结气溶胶颗粒。
在一些变体中,所述凝结药物气溶胶具有约0.01-3μm的MMAD。在一些变体中,所述凝结药物气溶胶具有约0.1-3μm的MMAD。在一些变体中,所述凝结药物气溶胶颗粒的MMAD的几何标准差为小于3.0。在其他变体中,所述凝结药物气溶胶颗粒的MMAD的几何标准差为小于2.5,或小于2.0。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,所述药物气溶胶包含一种或多种具有至少为5或10的4TSR,至少为7或14的1.5TSR,或至少为9或18的0.5TSR的药物。在本发明的其他实施方案中,所述药物气溶胶包含一种或多种具有5-100或10-50的4TSR,7-200或14-100的1.5TSR,或9-900或18-300的0.5TSR的药物。
气溶胶的形成
可以使用任何适合的方法形成本文描述的凝结气溶胶。一种这样的方法涉及组合物的加热以形成蒸汽,随后将蒸汽冷却,使得其形成气溶胶(即凝结气溶胶)。方法先前已描述于美国专利号7,090,830中。将此参考文献以其整体通过引用并入本文。
通常,将组合物涂覆在基底上,随后将基底加热以使组合物气化。所述基底可以为任何几何形状且为多种不同大小。经常期望的是基底提供大的表面/体积比(例如大于每米100)和大的表面/质量比(例如大于每克1cm2)。所述基底可以具有多于一个表面。
一种形状的基底也可以被转化为具有不同性质的另一种形状。例如,0.25mm厚度的平板具有约每米8000的表面/体积比。将所述板辊轧成1cm直径的中空圆筒产生保持原始的板的高表面/质量比但具有较低的表面/体积比(约每米400)的支持物。
多种不同物质可以用于构建基底。通常,所述基底为导热的且包括金属(例如铝、铁、铜、不锈钢等)、合金、陶瓷和填充的聚合物。在一种变体中,所述基底为不锈钢。也可以使用物质的组合和物质的涂覆的变体。
当期望使用铝作为基底时,铝箔为适合的物质。实例为基于氧化铝和硅的物质BCR171(来自Aldrich,St.Louis,MO的具有大于2m2/g的给定表面积的氧化铝)和如半导体工业中使用的硅晶片。
通常,期望的是基底具有相对少的表面不规则度或基本上不具有表面不规则度。尽管可以使用多种支持物,但具有不可渗透的表面或不可渗透的表面涂层的支持物通常为期望的。这样的支持物的示例性实例包括金属箔、光滑的金属表面、无孔陶瓷等。或者,除优选的具有不可渗透的表面的基底以外,基底表面扩展(expanse)的特征在于约20mm2的邻接表面积。或者,除优选的具有不可渗透的表面的基底以外,基底表面扩展的特征在于大于约1mm2,优选地10mm2,更优选地50mm2,更优选地100mm2的邻接表面积,和大于0.5g/cc的物质密度。相反地,非优选的基底通常具有小于0.5g/cc的基底密度,例如纱、毛毯或泡沫,或具有小于1mm2/颗粒的表面积,例如氧化铝小颗粒和其他无机颗粒,这是由于在这些类型的表面上难以经由气化产生治疗量的具有小于10%的药物降解的药物气溶胶。
在一种变体中,本发明教导了不锈钢箔基底。可以将中空的不锈钢管用作药物-膜基底。在其他变体中,将铝箔用作用于测试药物的基底。
所述组合物通常以膜的形式涂覆在固体支持物上。可以使用任何适合的方法将膜涂覆于固体支持物上。适于涂覆的方法通常取决于化合物的物理性质以及期望的膜厚度。在固体支持物上涂覆的一个示例性的方法是通过制备化合物在适合的溶剂中的溶液(单独的或与其他期望的化合物组合),将溶液施加至固体支持物的外表面,随后移除溶剂(例如经由气化等)从而在支持物表面上留下膜。
常用的溶剂包括甲醇、二氯甲烷、甲基乙基酮、乙醚、丙酮、乙醇、异丙醇、3:1氯仿:甲醇混合物、1:1二氯甲烷:甲基乙基酮混合物、二甲基甲酰胺和去离子水。在一些情况中(例如当使用氨苯喋啶时),期望使用例如甲酸的溶剂。如必要也可以使用超声以溶解化合物。
还可以通过将支持物浸于组合物溶液中,或通过喷涂、刷涂或以其他方式将溶液施加至支持物上而将组合物涂覆于固体支持物上。或者,可以制备药物的熔体并将其施加至支持物。对于在室温下为液体的药物,可以将增稠剂与药物混合以允许固体药物膜的施加。
根据化合物和期望的热降解的最大量,膜可以为不同厚度。在一种方法中,所述组合物的加热涉及将具有约0.1μm-30μm的厚度的组合物的薄膜加热以形成蒸汽。在另一种变体中,所述组合物具有约0.5μm-21μm的膜厚度。最通常地,气化的膜厚度为0.5μm-25μm。
其上涂覆有组合物的膜的支持物可以通过多种方式加热以将所述组合物气化。示例性的加热方法包括使电流通过电阻元件、电磁辐射(例如微波或激光)的吸收和放热的化学反应(例如放热的溶剂化,自燃物质的水合和可燃物质的氧化)。通过导电加热而加热基底也是适合的。一个示例性的加热源描述于2003年5月21日申请的美国专利申请USSN 60/472,697,SELF-CONTAINED HEATING UNIT AND DRUG-SUPPLY UNIT EMPLOYING SAME中。将其中公开的示例性加热源的描述通过引用并入本文。
热源通常以实现至少200℃,优选地至少250℃,或更优选地至少300℃或350℃的基底温度,并在2秒的时间段内,优选地在1秒的时间段内,或更优选地在0.5秒的时间段内导致药物组合物自基底基本上完全气化的速率将热供应至基底。适合的热源包括优选地在50-500ms内,更优选地在50-200ms的范围内,以足以实现快速加热至例如至少200℃、250℃、300℃或350℃的基底温度的速率提供电流的电阻加热装置。包含在启动(例如通过火花或加热元件例如在若干实施例中描述的类型的闪光灯泡类型的加热器)时经历放热反应的化学反应性物质的热源或装置,以及上述美国专利申请SELF-CONTAINED HEATING UNITAND DRUG-SUPPLY UNIT EMPLOYING SAME中描述的加热源也是适合的。具体而言,假定热源和基底之间具有良好的热耦合,其中热源的化学“负载”在50-500毫秒或更短的期间被消耗的通过放热反应产生热量的热源通常是适合的。
当加热所述组合物的薄膜时,为了避免分解,期望的是气化的化合物应迅速地自加热的表面或周围的加热气体转移至较冷的环境。这不仅可以通过基底的快速加热而完成,而且可以通过使用跨基底表面的气流而完成。尽管源自表面的气化的化合物可以通过Brownian运动或扩散转移,但此转移的短暂的持续时间可能受到通过表面的气体的速率梯度和表面的物理性状确立的表面处升温区域的大小影响。用于使这样的分解最小化并产生期望的粒径的通常气体流速在1-10L/分钟的范围内。
用于施用的气溶胶颗粒通常可以使用任何所述方法,以大于每秒108个可吸入颗粒的速率形成。在一些变体中,用于施用的气溶胶颗粒以大于每秒109或1010个可吸入颗粒的速率形成。类似地,对于气溶胶形成(即每单位时间由递送装置产生的气溶胶化的颗粒物质的质量),气溶胶可以大于0.25mg/秒、大于0.5mg/秒、或大于1或2mg/秒的速率形成。此外,对于气溶胶形成,关注于药物气溶胶形成速率(即每单位时间由递送装置以气溶胶的形式释放的药物化合物的速率),药物可以大于每秒0.05mg药物、大于每秒0.1mg药物、大于每秒0.5mg药物、或大于每秒1或2mg药物的速率气溶胶化。
在一些变体中,所述药物凝结气溶胶由提供至少5重量%的药物凝结气溶胶颗粒的组合物形成。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶由提供至少10重量%、20重量%、30重量%、40重量%、50重量%、60重量%、或75重量%的药物凝结气溶胶颗粒的组合物形成。在其他变体中,所述气溶胶由提供至少95重量%、99重量%、或99.5重量%的药物凝结气溶胶颗粒的组合物形成。
在一些变体中,当形成时,所述药物凝结气溶胶颗粒包含至少10重量%的热降解产物。在其他变体中,当形成时,所述药物凝结气溶胶颗粒包含少于5重量%、1重量%、0.5重量%、0.1重量%、或0.03重量%的热降解产物。
在一些变体中,在以使得所生成的气溶胶具有约0.1-3μm的MMAD的速率的气流中制备药物凝结气溶胶。在一些变体中,所述药物凝结气溶胶颗粒的MMAD的几何标准差为小于3.0。在其他变体中,所述药物凝结气溶胶颗粒的MMAD的几何标准差为小于2.5,或小于2.0。
递送装置
本文描述的用于施用凝结药物气溶胶的递送装置通常包含用于加热组合物以形成蒸汽的元件和允许蒸汽冷却由此形成凝结气溶胶的元件。这些气溶胶通常经由吸入至患者的肺而递送,用于局部或系统治疗。或者,本发明的凝结气溶胶可以在气流中制备,用于将药物-气溶胶颗粒施用至目标位点。例如,携带药物-气溶胶颗粒的气流可以被施用以治疗急性或慢性皮肤病症,可以在手术期间被施用至切口部位,或可以被施用至开放性伤口。可以将递送装置与包含药物的组合物在单位剂型中组合以用作药盒。
本文描述的装置可以额外地包含多个组件以促进气溶胶递送。例如,所述装置可以包含任何本领域中已知的用于控制药物气溶胶化相对于吸入的定时(例如呼吸-启动)的组件。相似地,所述装置可以包含为患者提供关于吸入速率和/或体积的反馈的组件,或用于防止过量使用(即“锁定”特征)的组件。所述装置还可以包含特征例如剂量计数/记录或逐渐降低方法。此外,所述装置还可以包含用于防止被未经授权的个体使用的组件,和用于记录施用历史的组件。这些组件可以单独使用或与其他组件组合使用。
允许冷却的元件可以为任何构造。例如,其可以为将加热工具与吸入工具连接的惰性通道。相似地,允许被使用者吸入的元件可以为任何构造。例如,其可以为在冷却元件和使用者的呼吸系统之间形成连接的出口。
本公开教导了Staccato装置,其中在气道中使用防静电材料。
防静电材料包括,但不限于:防静电气道材料以及用于气道的涂层。本公开教导了金属化气道(通过用导电金属例如不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢涂覆气道的内壁或通过将金属带(如铜)施加至气道的内壁和外壁而制成),在默认气道上使用防静电喷雾(例如Staticide品牌),以及使用防静电塑料(例如Permastat或Permastat plus品牌)作为气道材料。
通常,将供药制品加热至足以将所有膜或膜的一部分气化的温度,使得所述组合物形成蒸汽,其在吸入期间变得被携带于气流中。如上所述,可以使用例如嵌于或插入于基底中并且连接至置于外壳中的电池的电阻丝完成供药制品的加热。如本领域中已知的,可以例如使用外壳上的按钮或经由呼吸启动而启动加热。
可以用于形成并递送本文所述的气溶胶的另一个装置如下所述。所述装置包含用于加热组合物以形成蒸汽的元件、和允许蒸汽冷却由此形成凝结气溶胶的元件、和允许使用者吸入气溶胶的元件。所述装置还包含彼此匹配的上部外壳部件和下部外壳部件。
各外壳部件的下游末端缓缓地逐渐变细,以插入使用者的口中。上部和下部外壳部件的上游末端开槽(其中之一开槽或两者均开槽),以当使用者吸入时提供空气进入。当彼此匹配时,上部和下部外壳部件限定室。供药单元置于室中。
固体支持物可以为任何期望的构造。基底表面的至少一部分涂覆有组合物膜。在铝热剂类型的加热源的情况中,基底的内部区域包含适于产生热的物质。所述物质可以为固体化学燃料、放热地混合的化学试剂、电阻丝等。电源供应(如果加热需要)和吸入装置需要的任何阀门可以被包含入最终的块中。电源供应可以为与供药单元匹配的块。
在使用的装置的一种变体中,所述装置包含药物组合物递送物体,其包含基底、在基底表面上的所选药物组合物的膜、和用于以有效地将基底加热至高于200℃的温度或在其他实施方案中加热至高于250℃、300℃或350℃的温度并在2秒或更少的时间段内导致药物组合物的基本上完全的气化的速率将热供应至基底的热源。
可以与本文所述的装置组合使用的其他供药制品。各种涂覆方法是本领域已知的和/或已经在上面描述。
药物递送装置包含围绕供药单元的外壳,并且外壳限定气道。在使用中,可以通过以箭头至出口的方向通过入口将空气牵入来通过外壳经由气道牵拉空气。在使用中,将药物层气化,并且气化的药物被夹带在空气中,然后在冷凝空间中凝结以形成气溶胶,使得凝结气溶胶可以通过出口进行递送。药物递送装置可以被配置和设定尺寸以提供用于从各种药物形成选择大小的气溶胶颗粒所需的气流速率。
气道外壳材料可以由防静电材料制成。本公开的许多可能的实施方案包括防静电气道材料以及用于气道的涂层。本公开教导了金属化气道(通过用导电金属例如不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢涂覆气道的内壁或通过将金属带(如铜)施加至气道的内壁和外壁而制成),在默认气道上使用防静电喷雾(例如Staticide品牌),以及使用防静电塑料(例如Permastat或Permastat plus品牌)作为气道材料。
示例性的加热元件以电阻丝的形式示出,当电流流经时其产生热,但如上所述,多种不同的加热方法和相应的装置是可接受的。例如,可接受的热源可以快速地获得足以完全地将组合物自支持物表面气化的温度的速率将热供至供药制品。例如,在2秒的时间段内实现200℃-500℃的温度的热源是通常的,但应理解的是所选的温度将取决于组合物的气化性质,但通常被加热至至少约200℃,优选地至少约250℃,更优选地至少约300℃或350℃的温度。加热基底产生药物组合物蒸汽,其在存在流动气体的条件下产生在期望的大小范围内的气溶胶颗粒。气流的存在通常在加热基底之前,加热基底的同时,或在加热基底之后。在一个实施方案中,将基底加热少于约1秒,更优选地少于约500毫秒,更优选地少于约200毫秒的时间段。药物-气溶胶颗粒被个体吸入以递送至肺。
所述装置还可以包括置于固体支持物上游的气流控制阀,其用于限制通过凝结区域的气流速率。所述气流阀可以例如包括与室相连的入口,以及经适配以递送或限制逐渐增加的离开所述入口的气流的可形变折翼,跨阀门的压降逐渐增加。相似地,所述气流阀可以包括启动开关。在此变体中,阀移动会响应跨阀门的气压差,其例如可以起作用以关闭开关。所述气流阀也可以包括经设计用于限制进入室的气流速率的孔。
所述装置还可以包含与在单元下游的室相连的旁通阀,当使用者将空气抽入室时用于抵消由气流控制阀产生的气流下降。以此方式,所述旁通阀可以与气流控制阀配合以控制通过室的凝结区域的气流以及被通过装置抽入的空气的总量。因此,在此变体中,通过装置的总气流体积应为通过气流控制阀的气流体积和通过旁通阀的气流体积之和。
所述气流控制阀可以例如起作用以将被抽入装置的空气限制在预先选择的水平,例如15L/分钟。以此方式,可以预先选择并生成用于产生具有期望的大小的颗粒的气流。例如,一旦达到此选择的气流水平,则被抽入装置的额外的空气将产生跨旁通阀的压降,其继而将调节通过旁通阀进入邻近使用者的口腔的装置的下游末端的气流。由此,使用者感觉到被抽入的全部呼吸,其中两个阀门将全部气流在期望的气流速率和旁通气流速率之间分配。
这些阀可以用于控制通过室的凝结区域的气体速率,并因此控制产生的气溶胶颗粒的粒径。通常,气流越快,颗粒越小。因此,为了获得更小的或更大的颗粒,可以通过调整气流控制阀以增加气流体积流速从而改变通过室的凝结区域的气体速率。例如,为了产生大小为约1-3.5μm MMAD的凝结颗粒,具有基本上平滑的表面壁的室会具有1-10L/分钟的经选择的气流速率。
此外,如本领域技术人员将理解的那样,可以通过改变室凝结区域的横截面以增加或减少对于给定体积流速的线性气体速率和/或在室内产生湍流的结构的存在与否而改变粒径。因此,例如为制备大小为10-100nm MMAD的凝结颗粒,室可能提供用于在凝结室内建立空气湍流的气流屏障。这些屏障通常置于距基底表面千分之几英寸的距离内。
药物组合物膜厚度
通常,涂覆在固体支持物上的药物组合物膜具有0.05-30μm的厚度,通常为0.1-30μm的厚度。更通常地,厚度为0.2-30μm;甚至更通常地,厚度为0.5-30μm,最通常地,厚度为0.5-25μm。对于任何给定的药物组合物,期望的膜厚度通常通过文献中的方法测定,其中凝结气溶胶组合物的期望的产率和纯度经选择或是已知的。
例如,如果颗粒的纯度小于期望值,或如果产率百分比小于期望值,则将药物膜的厚度调节至与初始的膜厚度不同的厚度。随后,在经调节的膜厚度下测定纯度和产率,且重复此过程直至获得期望的纯度和产率。在选择适合的膜厚度之后,测定为提供治疗有效剂量而需要的基底的面积。
通常,给定药物组合物的膜厚度使得通过由加热基底使所述药物组合物气化和将蒸汽夹带入气流中从而形成的药物-气溶胶颗粒:(i)具有10重量%或更少,更优选地5重量%或更少,最优选地2.5重量%或更少的药物降解产物,和(ii)为膜中包含的药物组合物的总量的至少50%。如下所述,选择在其上形成药物组合物膜的基底的面积以获得药物气溶胶的有效的人治疗剂量。
为了测定药物膜的厚度,可以使用的一种方法是测定基底的面积并使用以下关系计算药物膜厚度:
膜厚度(cm)=药物质量(g)/[药物密度(g/cm3)x基底面积(cm2)]
可以通过在药物膜的形成之前和之后称量基底或通过提取药物并分析地测量而测定药物质量。药物密度可以通过本领域技术人员公知的多种技术试验地测定或在文献或参考书中例如CRC中找到。如果不知道实际的药物密度,则对单位密度的假设是可接受的。
将具有已知厚度的药物膜的基底加热至足以产生热气的温度。回收所有或一部分热气并分析药物降解产物的存在,以测定热气中气溶胶颗粒的纯度。在膜厚度和气溶胶颗粒纯度之间具有明显的关系,而膜厚度减少,纯度增加。
除了对提供包含10%或更少药物降解产物(即90%或更高的气溶胶颗粒纯度)的气溶胶颗粒的药物膜厚度进行选择以外,对膜厚度进行选择使得当将基底加热至足以使膜气化的温度时膜中包含的药物组合物的总量的至少约50%被气化。
为了获得更高纯度的气溶胶,可以涂覆较少量的药物,获得较薄的待加热膜,或者使用相同量的药物但使用较大的表面积。如上所讨论的,一般地,除了厚度极薄的药物膜以外,膜厚度的线性降低与纯度的线性降低相关。
因此,对于其中随膜厚度增加(特别是在大于0.05-30微米的厚度下)气溶胶显示出增加水平的药物降解产物的药物组合物,基底上的膜厚度通常为0.05至30微米,例如允许颗粒气溶胶的形成且药物降解少于5%的范围之内的最大厚度或接近最大厚度。
另一种方法考虑了通过在受控的惰性气体例如氩、氮、氦等的气氛下形成热气而生成具有期望的药物组合物纯度水平的药物-气溶胶颗粒。
一旦已获得期望的纯度或产率,或期望的纯度和产率可以由测定的气溶胶纯度相对膜厚度的图和相应的膜厚度估算,则确定提供治疗有效剂量所需的基底的面积。
基底面积
如上所述,选择基底表面的表面积使得其足以产生治疗有效的剂量。提供治疗剂量的药物的量一般是本领域已知的并在以下更详细地描述。以上讨论的所需剂量和选择的膜厚度根据以下关系确定需要的最小基底面积:
膜厚度(cm)x药物密度(g/cm3)x基底面积(cm2)=剂量(g)
或者
基底面积(cm2)=剂量(g)/[膜厚度(cm)x药物密度(g/cm3)]
可以通过在药物膜的形成之前和之后称量基底或通过提取药物并分析地测量而测定药物质量。药物密度可以通过多种公知的技术试验地测定或可以在文献或参考书中例如CRC中找到。如果不知道实际的药物密度,则对单位密度的假设是可接受的。
为了制备能够施用有效的人治疗剂量的包含在导热基底上的药物膜的供药制品,使用上述关系确定最小基底表面积以确定会产生治疗剂量的药物气溶胶的用于所选膜厚度的基底面积。
在一些变体中,选择的基底表面积为约0.05-500cm2。在其他变体中,表面积为约0.05-300cm2。在一个实施方案中,基底表面积为0.05-0.5cm2。在一个实施方案中,基底表面积为0.1-0.2cm2。自供药制品递送的药物的实际剂量(即,百分比产率或百分比释放)与其他因素一起将取决于在加热基底时气化的药物膜的百分比。因此,对于在加热100%药物膜时生成具有100%药物纯度的气溶胶颗粒的药物膜,以上给出的剂量、厚度和面积与提供至使用者的剂量直接相关。随着百分比产率和/或颗粒纯度降低,可以根据需要调节基底面积,以提供期望的剂量。此外,如本领域技术人员会认识到的,对于具体膜厚度,除了最小计算面积以外的较大基底面积可以用于递送治疗有效剂量的药物。此外,如本领域技术人员能够理解的那样,如果选择的表面积超过对于由选择的膜厚度递送治疗剂量所需的最小值,则膜无需涂覆整个表面积。
含药物的气溶胶的剂量
所述气溶胶中递送的药物的剂量指通过在限定的条件下加热药物、冷却因而产生的蒸汽、并递送所生成的气溶胶而生成的单位剂量量。“单位剂量的量”为在给定体积的吸入的气溶胶中的药物的总量。单位剂量量可以通过收集气溶胶并如本文所述分析其组成,并且将气溶胶的分析结果与包含已知量的药物的一系列参考标准的分析结果比较而确定。在用于以气溶胶的形式递送的起始组合物中所需的一种或多种药物的量取决于当被加热时进入热蒸汽相的一种或多种药物的量(即由一种或多种起始药物产生的剂量)、一种或多种气溶胶药物的生物利用度、患者吸入的体积、以及一种或多种气溶胶药物的效力作为血浆药物浓度的函数。
可以使用例如动物实验和剂量关系(I/II期)临床试验的方法确定用于治疗具体病症的含药物气溶胶的适合的剂量。这些实验也可以用于评价气溶胶的可能的肺毒性。一个动物实验涉及在动物暴露于气溶胶之后测量动物中的药物的血浆浓度。哺乳动物例如犬类或灵长类通常地用于这样的研究中,这是由于它们的呼吸系统与人类的呼吸系统相似且它们为人类通常地提供准确的测试结果的外推。对于在人类中的测试,初始的剂量水平一般小于或等于哺乳动物模型中的剂量,其结果是在与人类中的疗效相关的血浆药物水平。随后在人类中进行剂量增加,直至获得优化的治疗反应或遇到限制剂量的毒性。对于具体的患者,实际的有效量可能根据被使用的具体药物或其组合,配制的具体组合物,施用模式和患者的年龄、体重和病症,以及受治疗的发病期的严重性而改变。
粒径
到达肺的有效的气溶胶递送要求颗粒具有某些穿透和沉降或扩散特性。深入肺部的沉积通过重力沉降而发生,且药物颗粒具有以质量中值空气动力学直径(MMAD)定义的有效沉降大小,通常为1-3.5μm。对于较小的颗粒,通过扩散过程发生深入肺部的沉积,需要具有10-100nm,通常20-100nm的粒径。用于深入肺部的递送的吸入药物递送装置应产生具有在这两种大小范围内之一内的,优选地为0.1-3μm MMAD的颗粒的气溶胶。通常地,为了产生具有期望的MMAD的颗粒,以某流速使气体或空气经过固体支持物。
在凝结阶段期间,气溶胶的MMAD随时间增加。通常地,在本发明的变体中,由于蒸汽通过与载气接触而被冷却从而凝结,MMAD在0.01-3微米的大小范围内增加,随后由于气溶胶颗粒彼此碰撞并且凝聚成较大的颗粒而进一步增加。最通常地,在小于1秒内,MMAD由<0.5微米生长至>1微米。由此,通常地,在凝结成颗粒之后,凝结气溶胶MMAD立即每秒至少翻倍一次,通常每秒至少2、4、8或20次。在其他变体中,MMAD在0.1-3微米的大小范围内增加。
通常,流速越高,形成的颗粒越小。因此,为了获得较小的或较大的颗粒,可以改变通过递送装置的凝结区域的流速。通过以使得当混合物的数浓度达到约109颗粒/mL时获得期望粒径的比例将化合物以其气态混入某体积的载气中,从而获得期望的粒径。随后,此数浓度下的颗粒生长足够慢,使得在单独的深吸的情况下认为粒径是“稳定的”。这可以通过例如改变气流控制阀以增加或降低体积空气流速而实现。例如,在0.1-3μmMMAD大小范围内的凝结颗粒可以通过将气化药物的蒸汽流速选择为在1-10L/分钟的范围内,优选地在2-8L/分钟的范围内而产生。
此外,如本领域技术人员会理解的那样,可以通过改变室凝结区域的横截面以增加或减少对于给定的体积流速的线性蒸汽速率而改变粒径。此外,还可以通过在室内产生湍流的结构的存在与否而改变粒径。因此,例如为制备在大小范围10-100nm MMAD内的凝结颗粒,室可能提供用于在凝结室内建立空气湍流的气流屏障。这些屏障通常置于距基底表面千分之几英寸的距离内。
含药物的气溶胶的分析
可以使用多种不同方法测定含药物的气溶胶的纯度。应注意的是,当使用术语“纯度”时,其指气溶胶的百分比减去此形成中产生的副产物的百分比。副产物例如为在气化期间产生的那些不期望的产物。例如,副产物包括热降解产物以及一种或多种活性化合物的任何不期望的代谢物。适于测定气溶胶纯度的方法描述于Sekine等人,Journal ofForensic Science 32:1271-1280(1987)和Martin等人,Journal of AnalyticToxicology 13:158-162(1989)中。
一种适合的方法涉及使用捕捉器。在此方法中,在捕捉器中收集气溶胶,以测定副产物的百分比或分数。可以使用任何适合的捕捉器。适合的捕捉器包括过滤器、玻璃棉、撞击器、溶剂捕捉器、冷阱等。过滤器通常是最期望的。随后,通常地使用溶剂例如乙腈提取捕捉器,并通过本领域中已知的多种分析方法中的任意方法对提取物进行分析,例如气相、液相和高效液相色谱特别有用。
气相或液相色谱方法通常包括检测器系统例如质谱检测器和紫外吸收检测器。理想地,检测器系统允许测定药物组合物的组分以及副产物组分的量(重量)。这在实践中通过测量对药物组合物或副产物的组分(标准品)的一个或多个已知的质量进行分析时获得的信号并随后将对气溶胶进行分析时获得的信号与在对标准品进行分析时获得的信号进行比较而实现,这是本领域公知的方法。
在许多情况中,副产物的结构可能不是已知的或其标准可能无法获得。在这样的情况中,可以通过假定副产物具有与药物组合物中的一种或多种药物组份相同的响应系数(例如对于紫外吸收检测,具有相同的消光系数)而计算重量分数。当进行这样的分析时,通常地将存在的小于药物化合物的极小的分数(例如小于药物化合物的0.1%或0.03%)的副产物排除。由于在计算副产物的重量百分比时经常需要假设药物和副产物之间的响应系数相同,因此经常更期望使用其中这样的假设具有高有效性可能性的分析方法。就此而言,具有通过在225nm处的紫外光吸收检测的高效液相色谱通常是期望的。在其中化合物的吸收在250nm处更强的情况中或本领域技术人员由于其他原因将认为在250nm下检测是使用HPLC分析估测重量纯度的最适合的方式时,在250nm处的UV吸收可以用于化合物的检测。在其中通过UV分析药物不可行的某些情况中,其他分析工具例如GC/MS或LC/MS可以用于测定纯度。
改变在其中发生组合物气化的气体也可能影响纯度。
其他分析方法
也可以使用本领域中任何适合的方法(例如多级撞击)测定含药物的气溶胶的粒径分布。通过进气孔口(USP进气孔口,MSP Corporation,Shoreview,MN)与气化装置连接的Next Generation Cascade Impactor(MSP Corporation,Shoreview,MN)是用于多级撞击研究的一个系统。
可以例如通过经由吸入装置将含药物的气溶胶递送入受限的室并测量室中收集的质量而测定可吸入气溶胶质量密度。通常地,通过在装置和室之间具有压力梯度而将气溶胶抽入室中,其中室的压力低于装置的压力。室的体积应与吸入患者的吸入体积近似,通常地为约2-4升。
可以例如通过经由吸入装置将含药物的气溶胶递送入受限的室并测量室中收集的活性药物化合物的量而测定可吸入气溶胶质量密度。通常地,通过在装置和室之间具有压力梯度而将气溶胶抽入室中,其中室的压力低于装置的压力。室的体积应与吸入患者的吸入体积近似,通常地为约2-4升。通过提取室,对提取物进行色谱分析并将色谱分析的结果与含已知量的药物的标准品的结果进行比较,从而测定室中收集的活性药物化合物的量。
可以例如通过经由吸入装置将气溶胶相药物递送入受限的室并测量室中收集的给定大小的颗粒的数目而测定可吸入的气溶胶颗粒浓度。给定大小的颗粒的数目可以直接地基于颗粒的光散射性质测量。或者,给定大小的颗粒的数目可以通过测量给定的大小范围内的颗粒的质量并如下基于质量计算颗粒的数目而测定:颗粒的总数目=各大小范围内的颗粒的数目的总和(由大小范围1至大小范围N)。给定的大小范围内的颗粒的数目=所述大小范围内的质量/所述大小范围内的通常的颗粒的质量。给定的大小范围内的通常的颗粒的质量=其中D为所述大小范围内的典型的粒径(一般地,限定所述大小范围的平均边界MMAD,微米),为颗粒密度(g/mL),且质量以皮克的单位(g-12)给出。
可以例如通过经由吸入装置将气溶胶相药物递送入受限的室中而测定可吸入的气溶胶颗粒形成的速率。递送持续设定的时间段(例如3秒),且如上所述测定在室中收集的给定大小的颗粒的数目。颗粒形成的速率等于收集的10nm-5微米颗粒的数目除以收集时间的持续时间。
可以例如通过经由吸入装置将气溶胶相药物递送入受限的室中而测定气溶胶形成的速率。递送持续设定的时间段(例如3秒),且通过在颗粒物质的递送之前和之后称量受限的室而测定收集的颗粒物质的质量。气溶胶形成的速率等于室中的质量的增加除以收集时间的持续时间。或者,当递送装置或其组件的质量变化仅能通过气溶胶相颗粒物质的释放而发生时,颗粒物质的质量可以等同于在气溶胶的递送期间装置或组件的质量损失。在此情况中,气溶胶形成的速率等于递送事件期间装置或组件的质量的减少除以递送事件的持续时间。
可以例如通过在设定的时间段(例如3秒)内经由吸入装置将含药物的气溶胶递送至受限的室中而测定药物气溶胶形成的速率。当气溶胶为纯药物时,如上所述测量室中收集的药物的量。药物气溶胶形成的速率等于室中收集的药物的量除以收集时间的持续时间。当含药物的气溶胶包含药学上可接受的赋形剂时,将气溶胶形成的速率乘以气溶胶中药物的百分比得到药物气溶胶形成的速率。
药盒
在本发明的实施方案中,提供了供卫生保健提供者(或更具体地,患者)使用的药盒。用于递送凝结气溶胶的药盒通常地包括含药物的组合物以及用于形成凝结气溶胶的装置。组合物通常没有溶剂和赋形剂,且一般地包含热稳定的药物。用于形成凝结气溶胶的装置通常地包含经设置用于加热组合物以形成气的元件、允许气凝结以形成凝结气溶胶的元件、和允许使用者吸入凝结气溶胶的元件。药盒中的装置还可以包括特征例如呼吸-启动或锁定元件或剂量计数/记录或逐渐降低装置。示例性的药盒应提供手持的气溶胶递送装置和至少一个剂量。
在另一个实施方案中,提供包含药物组合物的薄膜和用于以凝结气溶胶的形式分配所述薄膜的装置的用于递送药物气溶胶的药盒。组合物可以包含药物赋形剂。用于以气溶胶的形式分配所述药物组合物的膜的装置包含经设置以加热膜以形成蒸汽的元件,和允许气凝结以形成凝结气溶胶的元件。
在本发明的药盒中,通常地以薄膜的形式在通过热源加热的基底上涂覆组合物,一般地以约0.5-30微米的厚度。热源通常以能够获得至少200℃,优选地至少250℃,或更优选地至少300℃或350℃的基底温度并在2秒的时间段内,优选地在1秒的时间段内,或更优选地在0.5秒的时间段内导致药物组合物自基底基本上完全气化的速率将热供应至基底。为了防止药物降解,优选的是当药物膜在基底上时热源不将基底加热至高于600℃的温度以防止。更优选地,热源不将基底加热至超过500℃的温度。
本发明的药盒可以包括多种药物和药物递送装置的组合。在一些实施方案中,装置可以与多于一种药物一起存在。其他药物可以口服施用或局部施用。一般地,药盒中包括使用说明。
本文使用的术语“药物”指任何化学化合物,其可用于预防、诊断、治疗或治愈疾病,用于缓解疼痛,或者控制或改善任何人或动物中的任何生理或病理病症。可以使用任何适合的药物组合物。可以使用的药物包括但不限于例如下列类别之一的药物:麻醉剂、抗惊厥药、抗抑郁药、抗糖尿病剂、解毒剂、止吐药、抗组胺剂、抗传染剂、抗肿瘤药、抗帕金森病药、抗风湿剂、安定药、抗焦虑药、食欲刺激剂和抑制剂、血液调节剂(bloodmodifier)、心血管剂、中枢神经系统刺激剂、用于阿尔茨海默疾病处理的药物、用于囊肿性纤维化处理、诊断、饮食补充的药物、用于勃起功能障碍的药物、胃肠剂、激素类、用于治疗酒精中毒的药物、用于治疗成瘾性的药物、免疫抑制剂、肥大细胞稳定剂、偏头痛制剂、运动疾病产品、用于多发性硬化处理的药物、肌肉松弛药、非类固醇抗炎药、阿片类、其他止痛药和刺激剂、眼药制剂、骨质疏松制剂、前列腺素类、呼吸剂、镇静剂和催眠药、皮肤和粘膜剂、戒烟辅助剂、Tourette综合征剂、泌尿道剂和晕倒症剂。
典型地,在药物为麻醉剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:氯胺酮和利多卡因。
典型地,在药物为抗惊厥药时,其选自以下类别之一:GABA类似物、噻加宾、氨己烯酸;巴比妥酸盐,例如戊巴比妥;苯二氮杂类例如阿普唑仑、氯硝安定;乙内酰脲例如苯妥英;苯三嗪类,例如拉莫三嗪;混杂的抗惊厥药,例如卡马西平、托吡酯、丙戊酸和唑尼沙胺。
典型地,在药物为抗抑郁药时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿米替林、阿莫沙平、苯酰甲苄肼、布替林、氯米帕明、地昔帕明、度硫平、多塞平、丙米嗪、kitanserin、洛非帕明、美地沙明、米安色林、麦普替林、米氮平、去甲替林、普罗替林、曲米帕明、文拉法辛、维洛沙秦、西酞普兰、可替宁、度洛西汀、氟西汀、氟伏沙明、米那普仑、尼索西汀、帕罗西汀、瑞波西汀、舍曲林、噻奈普汀、乙酰奋乃静(acetaphenazine)、苯奈达林、溴法罗明、西文氯胺、氯伏胺、异丙异烟肼、异卡波肼、吗氯贝胺、苯肼(phenyhydrazine)、苯乙肼、司来吉兰、西布曲明、反苯环丙胺、腺苷蛋氨酸、阿屈非尼、安麦角、氨磺必利、安哌齐特、贝那替秦、丁氨苯丙酮、卡罗沙酮、吉哌隆、咪唑克生、美曲吲哚、米那普仑、米那普令、奈法唑酮、诺米芬辛、利坦色林、罗克吲哚、S-腺苷蛋氨酸、依他普仑、托芬那辛、曲唑酮、色氨酸、和扎螺酮。
典型地,在药物为抗糖尿病剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:吡格列酮、罗西格列酮和曲格列酮。
典型地,在药物为解毒剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:氯化腾喜龙、氟马西尼、去铁胺、纳美芬、纳洛酮和纳曲酮。
典型地,在药物为止吐药时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿立必利、阿扎司琼、苯喹胺、溴必利、布克力嗪、氯丙嗪、桂利嗪、氯波必利、赛克力嗪、苯海拉明、地芬尼多、多拉司琼、氟哌利多、格拉司琼、莨菪碱、劳拉西泮、屈大麻酚、灭吐灵、美托哌丙嗪、昂丹司琼、佩吩嗪、异丙嗪、丙氯拉嗪、东莨菪碱、三乙基培拉嗪、三氟拉嗪、三氟丙嗪、曲美苄胺、托烷司琼、多潘立酮和帕洛诺司琼。
典型地,在药物为抗组胺剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿司咪唑、阿扎他定、溴苯那敏、卡比沙明、西替利嗪、氯苯那敏、桂利嗪、氯马斯汀、赛庚啶、右美托咪定、苯海拉明、抗敏安、非索非那定、羟嗪、氯雷他定(loratidine)、异丙嗪、美吡拉敏和特非那定(terfenidine)。
典型地,在药物为抗感染剂时,其选自以下类别之一:抗病毒药、例如依法韦仑;AIDS辅助剂、例如氨苯砜;氨基糖苷类、例如托普霉素;抗真菌药、例如氟康唑;抗疟剂例如奎宁;抗结核剂、例如乙胺丁醇;β-内酰胺、例如头孢美唑(cefmetazole)、头孢唑啉、头孢氨苄、头孢哌酮、头孢西丁、氰乙酰头孢菌素(cephacetrile)、头孢来星、头孢噻啶;头孢菌素类、例如头孢菌素C、头孢噻吩;头霉素类、例如头霉素A、头霉素B和头霉素C、头孢匹林(cephapirin)、头孢拉定;抗麻风药、例如氯法齐明;青霉素类、例如氨比西林、阿莫西林、海他西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、羧苄西林、戊基青霉素、叠氮西林、苄基青霉素、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、环青霉素、甲氧西林、萘夫西林、2-戊烯基青霉素、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素S、青霉素V、双氯青霉素;联苯青霉素;庚基青霉素;和美坦西林;奎诺酮类例如环丙沙星、克林沙星、二氟沙星、格帕沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、替马沙星;四环素类、例如多西环素和氧四环素;混杂抗传染剂、例如利奈唑胺(linezolide)、甲氧苄啶和磺胺甲噁唑。
典型地,在药物为抗肿瘤剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:屈洛西芬、他莫昔芬和托瑞米芬。
典型地,在药物为抗帕金森病药时,其选自以下化合物之一:罗替戈汀、金刚胺、巴氯芬、比哌立登、苯托品、奥芬那君、普环啶、苯海索、左旋多巴、卡比多巴、andropinirole、阿扑吗啡、苄丝肼、溴麦角环肽、布地品、卡麦角林、依利罗地、依斯的明、麦角灵、雪花胺、拉扎贝胺、利舒脲、马吲哚、美金刚、莫非吉兰、培高利特(pergolide)、吡贝地尔、普拉克索、丙戊茶碱、雷沙吉兰、瑞马西胺、罗匹尼罗、司来吉兰、spheramine、特麦角脲、恩他卡朋和托卡朋。
典型地,在药物为抗风湿剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:双氯芬酸、羟化氯喹和氨甲喋呤。
典型地,在药物为安定药时,其选自以下化合物之一:醋奋乃静、阿立必利、氨磺必利、阿莫沙平、安哌齐特、阿立哌唑、苯哌利多、苯喹胺、溴哌利多、布拉氨酯、布他拉莫、布他哌嗪、卡奋乃静、卡匹帕明、氯丙嗪、氯普噻吨、氯卡帕明、克麦兰、氯哌噻吨、氯螺拉秦(clospirazine)、氯噻平、氯氮平、氰美马嗪、氟哌利多、氟哌噻吨(flupenthixol)、氟奋乃静、氟司必林、氟哌啶醇、洛沙平、美哌隆、美索达嗪、美托奋乃酯、吗茚酮(molindrone)、奥氮平、五氟利多、哌氰嗪、佩吩嗪、匹莫齐特、匹泮哌隆(pipamerone)、哌西他嗪、哌泊噻嗪、丙氯拉嗪(prochlorperazine)、普马嗪、喹硫平、瑞莫必利、利陪酮、舍吲哚、螺哌隆、舒必利、硫利达嗪、替沃噻吨、三氟哌多、三氟丙嗪、三氟拉嗪、齐拉西酮、佐替平和珠氯噻醇。
典型地,在药物为抗焦虑药时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿普唑仑、溴西泮、diazepam,去甲羟安定、丁螺环酮、羟嗪、甲氯喹酮、美托咪定、美托咪酯、阿地唑仑、利眠宁、氯苯西泮、氟西泮、劳拉西泮、氯普唑仑、咪达唑仑、阿吡旦、阿舍西隆(alseroxlon)、安非尼酮、阿扎环醇、嗅米索伐(bromisovalum)、卡普托胺(captodiamine)、卡普脲、卡波氯醛(carbcloral)、卡溴脲、氯醛甜菜碱、恩西拉嗪、氟辛克生、伊沙匹隆(ipsapiraone)、来索吡琼、洛沙平、安眠酮、甲乙哌酮(methprylon)、普萘洛尔、坦度螺酮、曲唑酮(trazadone)、佐匹克隆和唑吡旦。
典型地,在药物为食欲刺激剂时,其为屈大麻酚。
典型地,在药物为食欲抑制剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:芬氟拉明、芬特明和西布曲林。
典型地,在药物为血液调节剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:西洛他唑和双嘧达莫。
典型地,在药物为心血管剂时,其选自以下化合物的中一种:贝那普利、卡托普利、依那普利、喹那普利、雷米普利、多沙唑嗪、哌唑嗪、可乐定、拉贝洛尔、坎地沙坦、厄贝沙坦、氯沙坦、替米沙坦、缬沙坦、丙吡胺、氟卡尼、美西律、普鲁卡因胺、普罗帕酮、奎尼定、妥卡尼、胺碘酮、多非利特、伊布利特、腺苷、吉非贝齐、洛伐他汀、醋丁洛尔、阿替洛尔、比索洛尔、艾司洛尔、美托洛尔、纳多洛尔、吲哚洛尔、普萘洛尔、索他洛尔、地尔硫卓、硝苯地平、维拉帕米、螺内酯、布美他尼、依地尼酸、呋塞米、托塞米、阿米洛利、氨苯碟啶和美托拉宗。
典型地,在药物为中枢神经系统刺激剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:安非他明、番木鳖碱、咖啡因、右芬氟拉明、右旋安非他命、麻黄碱、氟苯丙胺、马吲哚、哌甲酯(methyphenidate)、匹莫林、芬特明、西布曲明和莫达非尼。
典型地,在药物为用于阿尔茨海默病处理的药物时,其选自以下化合物之一:多奈哌齐、雪花胺和他克林(tacrin)。
典型地,在药物为用于囊肿性纤维化处理的药物时,其选自以下化合物之一:CPX、IBMX、XAC和类似物;4-苯基丁酸;染料木黄酮和类似的异黄酮;和米力农。
典型地,在药物为诊断剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:腺苷和氨马尿酸。
典型地,在药物为食品添加剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:褪黑激素和维生素-E。
典型地,在药物为勃起性功能障碍的药物时,其选自以下化合物之一:通尿灵(tadalafil)、西地那非、伐地那非、阿朴吗啡、阿朴吗啡双乙酸盐、芬妥胺和育亨宾。
典型地,在药物为胃肠剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:洛哌丁胺、阿托品、莨菪碱、法莫替丁、兰索拉唑、奥美拉唑和雷贝拉唑钠(rebeprazole)。
典型地,在药物为激素时,其选自以下化合物之一:睾酮、雌二醇和皮质酮。
典型地,在药物为用于治疗酒精中毒的药物时,其选自以下化合物之一:纳洛酮、纳曲酮和戒酒硫。
典型地,在药物为用于治疗上瘾的药物时,其为丁丙诺啡。
典型地,在药物为免疫抑制剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:麦考酚酸、环孢素、硫唑嘌呤、他克莫司和雷帕霉素。
典型地,在药物为肥大细胞稳定剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:色甘酸(cromolyn)、吡嘧司特和奈多罗米。
典型地,在药物为用于偏头痛的药物时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿莫曲普坦、阿法罗定(alperopride)、可待因、双氢麦角胺、麦角胺、依来曲普坦、夫罗曲普坦、异美汀、利多卡因、利舒脲、灭吐灵、那拉曲坦、羟考酮、丙氧芬、利扎曲普坦、舒马曲坦、托芬那酸、佐米曲普坦、阿米替林、阿替洛尔、可乐定、赛庚啶、地尔硫卓、多虑平、氟西汀、赖诺普利、二甲麦角新碱、美托洛尔、纳多洛尔、去甲替林、帕罗西汀、苯噻啶(pizotifen)、苯噻啶(pizotyline)、普萘洛尔、普罗替林、舍曲林、噻吗洛尔和维拉帕米。
典型地,在药物为运动病产品时,其选自以下化合物之一:苯海拉明、异丙嗪和东莨菪碱。
典型地,在药物为用于多发性硬化症处理的药物时,其选自以下化合物之一:苄环烷、甲泼尼龙、米托蒽醌和脱氢皮质醇。
典型地,在药物为肌肉松弛药时,其选自以下化合物之一:巴氯芬、氯唑沙宗、环苯扎林、美索巴莫、奥芬那君、奎宁和替扎尼定。
典型地,在药物为非胆固醇抗炎药时,其选自以下化合物之一:醋氯芬酸、退热净、阿明洛芬、胺芬酸、氨丙吡酮、阿米西群、阿司匹林、苯噁洛芬、溴芬酸、丁苯羟酸、卡洛芬、赛来考昔、胆碱、水杨酸盐、辛可芬、桂美辛、氯吡酸(clopriac)、氯美辛、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、非诺洛芬、氟吡洛芬、布洛芬、消炎痛、吲哚洛芬、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、马泼尼酮、甲氯芬那酸盐、萘丁美酮、萘普生、帕瑞考昔、吡罗昔康、吡洛芬、罗非考昔、舒林酸、托芬那酸盐、托美丁和伐地考昔。
典型地,在药物为阿片类时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿芬太尼、烯丙罗定、阿法罗定、氨苄哌替啶、苄吗啡、倍齐米特、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、卡比芬、环丙法多(cipramadol)、氯尼他秦、可待因、右吗拉胺、右丙氧芬、双氢可待因、苯乙哌啶、地匹哌酮、芬太奴、氢吗啡酮、L-α乙酰基地美庚醇、洛芬太尼、左啡诺、哌替啶、美沙酮、美普他酚、美托酮、吗啡、纳布啡、烯丙吗啡、羟考酮、阿片全碱、哌替啶、镇痛新、苯唑星、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼和曲马多。
典型地,在药物为另一种止痛药时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿扎丙宗、苄哌立隆(benzpiperylon)、苄达明(benzydramine)、咖啡因、氯尼辛、依索庚嗪、氟吡汀、奈福泮、奥芬那君、丙帕他莫和丙氧芬。
典型地,在药物为眼药制剂(opthalmicpreparation)时,其选自以下化合物之一:酮替芬和倍他洛尔。
典型地,在药物为骨质疏松症制剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:阿仑膦酸盐、雌二醇、硫酸哌嗪雌酮、利塞膦酸盐和雷洛昔芬。
典型地,在药物为前列腺素时,其选自以下化合物之一:伊前列醇、地诺前列酮、米索前列醇和前列地尔。
典型地,在药物为呼吸剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:沙丁胺醇、麻黄碱、肾上腺素、福莫特罗(fomoterol)、奥西那林、特布他林、布地奈德、环索奈德、地塞米松、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、曲安奈德、异丙托溴铵、伪麻黄碱、茶碱、孟鲁司特、扎鲁司特、ambrisentan、波生坦、恩拉生坦、西他生坦、替唑生坦、伊洛前列素、treprostinil和吡非尼酮。
典型地,在药物为镇静剂和安眠药时,其选自以下化合物之一:布他比妥、利眠宁、西地泮、舒乐安定、氟硝西泮、氟胺安定、劳拉西泮、咪达唑仑、替马西泮、三唑仑、扎来普隆、唑吡旦和佐匹克隆。
典型地,在药物为皮肤和粘膜剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:异维A酸(isotretinoin)、佛手内酯和甲氧沙林。
典型地,在药物为戒烟辅助剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:尼古丁、间水杨酸烟碱和varenicline。
典型地,在药物为Tourette综合征剂时,其为哌迷清。
典型地,在药物为泌尿道剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:托特罗定(tolteridine)、达非那新(darifenicin)、溴丙胺太林和奥昔布林。
典型地,在药物为眩晕剂时,其选自以下化合物之一:倍他司汀和美克洛嗪。
通常,我们发现适合的药物具有使其成为对于与本文所述的装置和方法使用可接受的候选物的性质。例如,药物化合物典型地是可气化的或可制成可气化的药物化合物。通常,所述药物是热稳定的药物。示例性的药物包括醋丁洛尔、对乙酰氨基酚、阿普唑仑、金刚烷胺、阿米替林、阿朴吗啡二乙酸酯、盐酸阿朴吗啡、阿托品、阿扎他定、倍他司汀、溴苯那敏、布美他尼、丁丙诺啡、丁氨苯丙酮、盐酸布他比妥、布托啡、卡比沙明马来酸盐、塞来考昔、利眠宁、氯苯那敏、氯唑沙宗、环索奈德、西酞普兰、氯米帕明、氯硝西泮、氯氮平、可待因、环苯扎林、赛庚啶、氨苯砜、地西泮、双氯芬酸乙酯、二氟尼柳、丙吡胺、多虑平、雌二醇、麻黄素、艾司唑仑、依他尼酸、芬氟拉明、非诺洛芬、氟卡尼、氟硝西泮、加兰他敏、格拉司琼、氟哌啶醇、氢吗啡酮、羟氯喹、布洛芬、丙咪嗪、吲哚美辛乙酯、吲哚美辛酸甲酯、异卡波、氯胺酮、酮洛芬、酮洛芬乙酯、酮洛芬甲酯、酮咯酸乙酯、酮咯酸甲酯、酮替芬、拉莫三嗪、利多卡因、洛哌丁胺、氯雷他定、洛沙平、马普替林、美金刚、度冷丁、奥西、甲氧沙林、美托洛尔、美西律盐酸、咪达唑仑、米氮平、吗啡、纳布啡、纳洛酮、萘普生、那拉曲坦、去甲替林、奥氮平、奥芬那君、羟考酮、帕罗西汀、培高利特、苯妥英、吲哚洛尔、吡贝地尔、普拉克索、普鲁卡因胺、普洛陪拉幸、普罗帕酮、普萘洛尔、美吡拉敏、喹硫平、奎尼丁、利扎曲普坦、罗匹尼罗、舍曲林、司来吉兰、西地那非、安体舒通、他克林、他达拉非、特布他林、睾酮、沙利度胺、茶碱、妥卡尼、托瑞米芬、曲唑酮、三唑仑、三氟拉嗪、丙酸、文拉法辛、维生素E、扎来普隆、佐替平、阿莫沙平、阿替洛尔、苯扎托品、咖啡因、多西拉敏、雌二醇-17-醋酸酯、氟西泮、氟比洛芬、羟嗪、伊布利特、吲哚美辛去胆碱酯、酮咯酸去胆碱酯、褪黑素、甲氧氯普胺、萘丁美酮、奋乃静、普罗替林盐酸、奎宁、氨苯喋啶、曲米帕明、唑尼沙胺、佛手柑内酯、氯丙嗪、秋水仙素、地尔硫卓、多奈哌齐、依立曲坦、雌二醇-3,17-二乙酸酯、依非韦伦、艾司洛尔、芬太尼、氟尼缩松、氟西汀、莨菪碱、消炎痛、异维甲酸、利奈唑胺、美其敏、帕雷考昔、吡格列酮、罗非考昔、舒马普坦、托特罗定、曲马多、反苯环丙胺、马来酸曲米帕明、伐地考昔、伐地那非、维拉帕米、佐米曲坦、唑吡坦、佐匹克隆、溴西泮、丁螺环酮、桂利嗪、双嘧达莫、纳曲酮、索他洛尔、替米沙坦、替马西泮、沙丁胺醇、盐酸阿朴吗啡二乙酸酯、卡比沙明、可乐定、苯海拉明、thambutol、氟替卡松丙、氟康唑、洛伐他汀、劳拉西泮、Ν,Ο-二乙酰基药、美沙酮、奈法唑酮、奥昔布宁、普马嗪、普鲁米近、西布曲明、他莫昔芬、托芬那酸、阿立哌唑、阿司咪唑、贝那普利、氯马斯汀、雌二醇17-庚酸酯、氟奋乃静、普罗替林、乙胺丁醇、夫罗曲坦、马来酸吡拉明、东莨菪碱和曲安奈德和其药学上可接受的类似物和等同物。
应当注意,上述将药物列为类别并不限于关于在另一类别或新类别中的替代使用而在一个类别中使用药物。
药学上可接受的赋形剂是挥发性的或非挥发性的。挥发性的赋形剂,当受热时,同时气化,气溶胶化并与待递送的药物一起吸入。这些赋形剂的类型在本领域是已知的并且包括,但不限于,气态、超临界流体、液体和固体溶剂。以下是在所述类别内的示例性载体的列表:水;萜类,例如薄荷醇;醇类,例如乙醇、丙二醇、甘油和其他类似的醇;二甲基甲酰胺;二甲基乙酰胺;蜡;及其混合物。
本公开教导了关于在气溶胶产生期间易于带电的药物的气道中的防静电材料用于热气溶胶产生装置的用途。这些可包括但不限于上面列出的药物。
本发明的各个实施方案应也包括权利要求中所述的各要素的排列,如同各个从属权利要求为引入各先前的从属权利要求以及独立权利要求的限定的多重引用权利要求。这样的排列明确地处于本发明的范围内。
尽管已参考多个实施方案具体地显示和描述了本发明,但本领域技术人员应理解可以对本文公开的各实施方案进行形式和细节的变化,而不脱离本发明的精神和范围,并且本文公开的各实施方案并非意图其对于本发明的限制作用。本文引用的所有参考文献均以其整体通过引用并入本文。
实施例
实施例1:热凝结气溶胶中的静电现象。
方法
测试制剂和装置
在Staccato单剂量平台上使用几种苯并二氮药物(阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑、三唑仑、地西泮、氯巴占)、洛沙平、丙氯拉嗪和扎来普隆。Staccato单剂量平台是呼吸-驱动的,并且由在塑料气道外壳内的不锈钢基底上涂覆的无赋形剂药物的薄膜组成。当患者通过装置吸入时,基底从内部能量源变热。药物膜快速气化并被夹带至气道外壳内的空气流中,最终凝结成气溶胶。
气相药物在空气流中几乎瞬时冷却,引起药物凝结成1-3μm气溶胶颗粒。
药物制剂:阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑、三唑仑、地西泮、氯巴占、洛沙平、丙氯拉嗪和扎来普隆
将游离碱形式的药物溶解于适当的溶剂中,以3-8μm的膜厚度喷涂在基底上。
电位计:TSI型号3068A气溶胶电位计测量气溶胶药物颗粒的总净电荷。
ESD模拟器:Schaffner型号NSG 435 ESD模拟器;诱导至塑料气道外壳的电位的特定极化和量。
程序:实验1a:净电荷测量
使用气溶胶电位计(TSI3068A)测量气溶胶颗粒的总净电荷。样品入口流速设定为10LPM,因为它是气溶胶的上限。
电位计.该装置被手动触发,导致药物膜的装置致动、加热和气化,且随后将药物凝结成气溶胶颗粒。将电位计连接至示波器以捕获气溶胶的电流输出。通过将来自示波器的电流vs.时间曲线进行积分并除以从装置发射的总药物质量来计算气溶胶的总净电荷。对于每种药物运行至少两次等效试验。
实验1b:感应带电对气道外壳沉积的影响
通过将含有玻璃纤维过滤器(Whatman)的过滤器保持器(Pall在线过滤器保持器)连接至真空泵来确定气道外壳上的气溶胶沉积。气流速率被设定在15LPM,持续时间为5秒。一旦完成设置,使用ESD模拟器将+16kV或-16kV的电位施加至塑料气道外壳。通过打开电磁阀启动气流,导致装置致动。装置致动之后,打开Staccato装置,并通过萃取和高效液相色谱分析测定气道外壳,以确定气溶胶沉积。除非另有说明,否则对于每种药物运行至少三次等效试验。
实验2:总净电荷vs.气道外壳沉积:对于Staccato阿普唑仑,同时测量总净电荷(部分1a)和外壳沉积。在本部分研究中测试两种Staccato阿普唑仑装置版本。第一个版本(在部分1中使用)使用由聚碳酸酯制成的气道外壳,其中表面电阻率为-1x1018 0/sq。第二个版本使用由低电阻率聚碳酸酯(-1x1011 0/sq)制成的气道外壳,以提供电荷耗散。
结果和讨论
借助施加的电压场对外壳的感应带电放大了静电相互作用和气溶胶沉积对外壳组件的影响。阿普唑仑、丙氯拉嗪和洛沙平的气道外壳上的气溶胶沉积结果显示于表1中。总体而言,对于丙氯拉嗪或洛沙平气溶胶,外壳上的感应带电显示最小的影响。尽管没有用施加场进行测试,但扎来普隆还显示可忽略的气道外壳沉积。对于阿普唑仑气溶胶,当外壳带正电时,气道外壳沉积显著增加,这表明阿普唑仑气溶胶带负电。该观察结果与来自部分1a的阿普唑仑气溶胶的净电荷结果一致。带电过程可能由不同材料(有机药物和钢基材)的摩擦电分离产生。为什么其对于某些苯并二氮类如阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑和三唑仑发生,而不是对于其他药物发生是不明确的,但可能是由于阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑和三唑仑的分子结构的功能及其在使额外的自由电子离域中的稳定性。
表1
外壳上的净电荷和气溶胶沉积(值为平均值±SD)。
先前的工作显示装置组件表面上的导电表面活性剂涂层有效地耗散电荷[9-10]。在这里,具有显著低于标准聚碳酸酯的电阻率的防静电聚碳酸酯用于Staccato阿普唑仑,以试图减少气道外壳沉积和发射剂量的损失。对于具有防静电外壳材料的标准Staccato阿普唑仑和Staccato阿普唑仑装置,测量阿普唑仑颗粒的总净电荷以及气道外壳沉积。结果显示于表2中。从防静电外壳发射的阿普唑仑颗粒的总净电荷比标准外壳少100倍,而气道外壳上的气溶胶沉积在防静电外壳中也同样显著降低。
表2
研究了几种苯并二氮杂类(阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑,三唑仑、地西泮、氯巴占)、丙氯拉嗪、洛沙平和扎来普隆的热凝结气溶胶中的静电现象。阿普唑仑气溶胶显示相对大的净负电荷,这可导致气道外壳上显著更高的气溶胶沉积。为了克服静电相互作用,更导电的聚碳酸酯用作外壳。这显著降低阿普唑仑气溶胶的总净电荷以及气道外壳沉积。
实施例2:
使用气溶胶电位计,用热包装和筛选箔进行气溶胶电荷测试。对于筛选箔,气溶胶电荷具有小的量级和正极性,并且没有涂层密度的趋势。对于Staccato热包装,在无Staticide的情况下,气溶胶电荷是大且负的,而在有Staticide的情况下,其为小且负的。布美他尼和PCZ气溶胶具有比阿普唑仑低约一个数量级的带负电荷的气溶胶。
实施例3:
使用热包装和漏斗作为进入气溶胶电位计的入口的气溶胶电荷测试。热包装在没有外壳的情况下致动。使用镀锌钢漏斗,产生负极性电荷。使用塑料漏斗,产生正极性电荷。额外的测试显示,部分Staticide-涂覆的气道产生正极性阿普唑仑气溶胶。其他测试显示扎来普隆装置具有低程度的电荷。
实施例4:
使用Permastat和Permastat plus气道的气溶胶电荷测试。当与标准气道材料相比时,用Permastat和Permastat plus导电聚碳酸酯合金制成的气道显示气溶胶带电和气道沉积的非常显著的减少。
实施例5:
使用经修改以在气化期间将静电场施加至筛选箔的筛选箔装置的气溶胶电荷测试。该实验显示,气溶胶带电的程度随着施加的电位差的强度而单调增加。然而,使用的电位差(0V至5kV)导致电位计传感器饱和。
实施例6:
使用经修改以在气化期间将静电场施加至筛选箔的筛选箔装置的后续气溶胶电荷测试。由于在较高电压下的饱和,本实验组中施加的电压范围为0V至500V。再次,观察到气溶胶电荷随着电场强度增加而增加的单调趋势。
实施例7:
使用金属化外壳以在气化期间将静电场施加至热包装的气溶胶电荷测试。
在28.3LMP下的阶段2A2 DCT2气溶胶性质测试(PSD、ED和EP,具有0.5mg ALP)。该DCT导致ALP的静态研究。从药物包衣(结晶)之后4天测试的装置(而不是在同一天的测试(无定形))发现了较高的气道沉积。在致动包衣4天(首次见到这些)的装置之后,在HP和气道上均发现药物晶体。
实施例8:
HP(1vs.2侧)的类型和涂层喷雾速率研究。在28.3LPM(1.5mg)下的阶段2A2 DCT2ED & EP。在1侧和2侧HP上测试原始涂层参数,并且用两种HP均在气道上发现药物晶体。施加较低的喷雾速率,但在气道上仍然发现药物晶体。在气道上药物晶体的存在不是由1或2侧HP或较低的喷雾速率引起。
实施例9:
喷涂速率。在28.3LPM(0.5mg)下的阶段2A2 DCT2 ED,喷雾速率较低。平均气道沉积为10%。药物晶体在致动后存在于所有气道中。再次,较低的喷雾速率并没有解决气道沉积问题。
实施例10:
具有较低喷雾速率的热vs.冷HP。在28.3LPM,1.5mg下的阶段2A2DCT2,ED&EP。冷HP视觉上和定量上在气道上均具有较少的药物晶体。
实施例11:
使用Lot M0167,PNF0027,1mg的HP进行气道沉积检查。当装置未用手套保持时,气道沉积低(无晶体),但当用手套保持时,气道沉积高(具有药物晶体)。
实施例12:
对于1)使用HP和1次和2次通过涂层且用或不用手套保持HP,以及2)使用ESD枪(8kV+、8kV-、16kV+)的影响的气道沉积检查。当使用手套时,气道沉积较高,而当ESD枪增加其正极性(16kV+时最高,8kV-时最低)时,气道沉积更高。这也表明ALP气溶胶是带净负电的。
实施例13:
16kV+、16kV-和地面条件对蛤壳和前/后气道沉积的影响。结果显示,具有16kV+的蛤壳式气道具有最高的气道沉积,随后为接地气道,当施加16kV-时最少。用前/后气道发现类似的趋势,但沉积量较小。
实施例14:
16kV+和16kV-对PCZ和洛沙平的影响。结果显示,对来自+/-16kV的气道沉积无明显影响。
手套对PCZ和洛沙平气道沉积的影响以及+/-16kV和接地条件对ALP气道沉积的影响。手套对PCZ和洛沙平的气道沉积没有任何影响。16kV+仍然得到最高的ALP气道沉积,16kV-和接地条件具有约相同量的ALP气道沉积,但小于16kV+。本研究还发现,用无定形涂层发现大量ALP气道沉积。
实施例15:
在高和低湿度环境下用接地和未接地条件的ALP气道沉积的比较。该研究显示,与40%RH相比,气道沉积在低湿度(20%RH)下高得多。然而,该研究在两种湿度条件下,在接地和不接地条件之间没有显示显著的差异。
在使用和不使人接地的2种不同湿度条件(28和55%RH)下的ALP气道沉积的比较和使用电位计在各个阶段的从位于箔袋内的装置到致动期间的时刻的电荷测量。结果显示,在28%RH的气道沉积通常高于55%RH。通过使持有装置的人接地,大多数情况下气道沉积减少。电位计研究显示:1)箔袋上已经存在一些静电荷,2)在大多数情况下在去除拉带之后,气道上的静电量增加,3)在致动期间使人接地降低气道上的静电。
实施例16:
使用防静电喷雾和铜带的ALP气道沉积研究。该研究显示,甚至将16kV+施加至气道上,防静电喷雾和铜带也均可以减少气道沉积。
在低湿度(27%RH)下使用防静电喷雾和铜带的ALP气道沉积研究。该研究显示,甚至在低湿度条件下,防静电喷雾和铜带也可以帮助减少气道沉积。
使用防静电喷雾的ALP气道沉积研究,其中HP具有正常的反应物传播时间(先前的研究,A152p144-151使用具有较慢传播时间的HP)。结果再一次显示,与反应物传播时间无关,防静电喷雾减少气道沉积。
实施例17:
当1)以16kV+施加气道,2)没有手套的情况下持有气道,3)使气道接地时,进行ALP气道沉积研究,其中比较外部致动(具有致动盒)和拉带致动。结果显示,在研究的3种条件下,拉带和外部致动之间的气道沉积没有差异。沉积没有减少。
实施例18:
ALP气道沉积研究,其中1)气道在测试前用IPA预洗,2)在没有止回阀的情况下建立气道。结果显示,两种情况均未减少气道沉积。
实施例19:
ALP气道沉积研究,其中装置由制造组制造,并且使用1侧HP(前/后气道)和2侧HP(蛤壳式气道)无手套进行测试。结果显示,1侧HP具有较高的气道沉积(16%),而2侧HP具有较低的气道沉积(2%)。
实施例20
ALP气道沉积研究,其中装置由制造组建造且将16kV+施加至气道上。测试1侧HP(前/后气道)和2侧HP(蛤壳式气道)。结果显示,1侧HP(17%)比2侧HP(1%)具有更高的气道沉积。
实施例21
由制造组和R&D(Jasmine)建造的装置之间的ALP气道沉积的比较,并且鉴定两者之间的装配差异的列表。将16kV+施加至气道上。结果显示,制造的建造的装置具有较低的气道沉积。
实施例22
在装袋和未装袋(装置在测试前20小时从箔袋移除装置)装置之间的ALP气道沉积的比较。将16kV+施加至气道上。结果显示,在两种条件之间气道沉积无明显差异。
实施例24
+/-16kV的影响下的ALP气道沉积的比较。这些装置通过制造来建造。结果显示,两种条件均具有较少气道沉积。
实施例25
ALP气道沉积研究,其中所有装置都由制造组建造和装袋。QC组测试了对照(正常)和无16kV+的静电装置。R&D组测试了对照(正常)和将16kV+施加至气道的静电装置。这些在整个16天时段内进行测试。结果显示,对照(正常)装置上的气道沉积比静电装置量多。来自QC和R&D组两者的所有静电装置具有非常低的气道沉积。与QC相比,当通过R&D测试时,对照(正常)装置具有更多的气道沉积。
实施例26
在制造组装装置(第一批)上的具有+16kV的ALP气道沉积研究。发现气道沉积很少。
实施例27
ALP气道沉积研究,其中HP用DCM ALP溶液代替甲醇/丙酮50/50ALP溶液进行涂覆。结果显示,DCM涂覆溶液无助于减少气道沉积。
实施例28
使用电离剂的ALP气道沉积研究。结果显示,电离剂减少气道沉积。
实施例29
在10LPM下ALP、PCZ和洛沙平的气道沉积研究。对于ALP,结果显示,staticide装置具有低气道沉积,由R&D建造的正常(对照)装置具有高气道沉积,而通过制造建造的装置略低。PCZ具有非常少的气道沉积,但洛沙平具有许多气道沉积。
实施例30
ALP气道沉积研究,其中装置在不同天以不同湿度进行装袋。结果显示,气道沉积通常并不太大变化,但存在几个具有较高气道沉积的装置。
实施例31
1)具有ALP的正常/对照气道、2)具有ALP的staticide气道、3)正常/对照气道(安慰剂)和4)staticide气道(安慰剂)的HP表面和气溶胶电荷测量。结果显示,具有ALP的正常气道具有最高的气溶胶电荷,而其他具有非常低电荷,所有都具有负极性。在所有正常气道中HP表面电荷均为正性的。在staticide气道中,HP电荷似乎具有较高的变异性,其中测量正电荷、零电荷和负电荷。还发现staticide气道上的沉积量为约0%。
实施例32
使用正常(对照)、金属化和Permastat plus气道的气溶胶电荷和气道沉积研究。对于正常气道,气溶胶和气道沉积均较高。对于金属化气道,气溶胶电荷大部分较高,但气道沉积较低。对于Permastat plus气道,气溶胶和气道沉积均较低。
实施例33
在28.3LPM下使用Permastat气道的气溶胶性质测试。ED、PSD和EP都是很好的,并且在预期之内。在气道上发现几乎零沉积。
实施例34
使用具有不同表面电阻的Permastat气道的气溶胶电荷和气道沉积。在所有情况下,气道沉积都可忽略不计。气溶胶电荷较低,但其中大部分具有正电荷,而不是负电荷。
实施例35
使用Permastat气道和正常气道的气溶胶电荷和气道沉积(先前研究A233p110-p115的延续)。该研究进一步证实,用Permastat气道的气道沉积可忽略不计,并且气溶胶电荷较低,其中测量正电荷和负电荷两者。通过制造组组装的正常气道具有较低的气道沉积和较低的电荷(正电荷和负电荷),而通过R&D组装时具有较高的气道沉积和更高的气溶胶电荷(负电荷)。
实施例36
在通过丙酮结合的正常气道和通过THF结合的Permastat气道之间的EP的比较。结果显示,EP无差异。
实施例37
使用通过Loctite结合的Permastat气道和通过丙酮结合的正常(对照)气道的渗漏测试和牵拉测试。两种气道的泄漏率都是好的。与正常气道相比,需要较少的力来将Permastat气道拉开。
实施例38
I.Permastat、Permastat Plus和标准气道材料(#3)的气道沉积和气溶胶电荷
目的:
找到由Permastat和Permastat Plus气道产生的气溶胶电荷,和与正常气道(对照)进行比较。
材料/设备
o标准气道材料:makrolon聚碳酸酯
o Permastat:表面电阻率~1E11 ohm/sq
o Permastat Plus:表面电阻率~1E9 ohm/sq
o药物:阿普唑仑
实验设置
·将单剂量Staccato阿普唑仑装置放置在连接至气溶胶电位计的接口(mouthpiece)中
·在28.3LPM下产生的气溶胶被捕获于气溶胶电位计中,并且在电流(pA)的方面进行测量
·将测量的电流记录在计算机中,并通过将电流-时间图进行积分来计算电荷
·用溶剂萃取外壳,并使用HPLC测定药物的量
表3
结果:参见表3。
结论:用Permastat和Permastat Plus气道的气溶胶带电和气道沉积的显著减少。
实施例39
II.使用防静电喷雾和具有ESD模拟器或低湿度的铜带(#18 & 19)的阿普唑仑气道沉积
目的:
确定减少气道沉积的方式
材料/设备
o通用目的staticide涂覆的气道:用通用目的staticide在气道内外喷雾
o重型staticide涂覆的气道:用重型staticide在气道的内外喷雾
o电/铜气道:气道内外的铜带
o正常气道或对照:Makrolon
o ESD模拟器
o药物:阿普唑仑
实验设置
A.在环境湿度(~41%RH–54%RH)下的气道沉积
·使用ESD模拟器将+16kV施加至气道上,在药物侧气道上的电荷
·对于具有各种气道的装置,在15LPM下产生的气溶胶:通用目的staticide涂覆的气道,重型staticide涂覆的气道,和电/铜气道。
·用溶剂萃取气道并确定气道上沉积的药物量
B.在低湿度(~27%RH)下的气道沉积
·对于具有各种气道的装置,在15LPM下产生的气溶胶:通用目的staticide涂覆的气道,电/铜气道和正常气道
·用溶剂萃取气道并确定气道上沉积的药物量
结果
A.在环境湿度(~41%RH–54%RH)下的气道沉积
B.在低湿度(~27%RH)下的气道沉积
表4
staticide和铜带两者在环境或低湿度条件下都可以实质上减少气道沉积。
实施例40
III.各种气道的气道沉积和气溶胶电荷(#35)
目的
比较各种气道的气溶胶电荷和气道沉积:正常气道,金属化气道(SS*/Cu/Cu/SS)和Permastat Plus气道。
材料/设备
o标准气道材料:Makrolon聚碳酸酯
o金属化气道:涂覆外壳内侧的不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢层
o Permastat Plus:表面电阻率~1E9 ohm/sq
实验设置:
·将单剂量Staccato装置放置在连接至气溶胶电位计的接口(mouthpiece)中
·对于其中施加16kV+的研究,使用静电枪(ESD模拟器)来使气道带电
·在28.3LPM下产生的气溶胶被捕获于气溶胶电位计中,并且在电流(pA)的方面进行测量
·测量的电流通过Tektronix范围记录并传输至计算机
·通过将电流-时间图进行积分来计算电荷
·提取气道和HP用于定量分析(检查沉积)
表5
金属化的气道没有减少气溶胶电荷,但降低气道沉积,而Permastat Plus气道减少气溶胶电荷和气道沉积。
实施例41
使用Permastat气道(#36)的气溶胶性质
目的
使用Permastat气道评估气溶胶性质
材料/设备
o用Permastat外壳建造的Staccato阿普唑仑装置
o用正常Makrolon外壳建造的Staccato阿普唑仑装置
实验设置
·流速=28.3LPM
·对于Permastat外壳和正常Makrolon外壳收集发射的剂量、粒径和发射纯度
表6
使用Permastat气道的发射的剂量、粒径和发射的纯度是好的,并且在期望之内。在Permastat气道上发现几乎零沉积。
实施例42
I.各种药物的气道上的净电荷和气溶胶沉积(从多次研究中提取)
使用静电枪(ESD模拟器)来使气道带电以放大静电效应的影响。
表7
本领域普通技术人员将理解,上文详述的实验装置可以通过排除密封小瓶并且包括外壳以含有组件和电气部件而被转化成吸入递送装置。所述外壳将含有空气入口和接口,使得当发生药物挥发时,吸入的呼吸将携带形成的气溶胶进入受试者的肺。
已经为了说明和描述的目的呈现了本发明的具体实施方案的前述描述。它们并不旨在穷举或将本发明限制于所公开的精确形式,并且应当理解,鉴于上述教导,许多修改和变化是可能的。选择并描述实施方案以最好地解释本发明的原则和其实际应用,由此使得本领域技术人员能够以适用于所涵盖的特定用途的各种修改最好地利用本发明和各种实施方案。在本发明的范围内还将考虑许多其他变型。
Claims (19)
1.用于递送带电荷的热凝结气溶胶的装置,其包含:固体支持物,其中所述固体支持物上涂覆有药物组合物的薄层;外壳;和气道,其中所述气道的外壳包含用于减少热凝结气溶胶带电和气道沉积的防静电材料;
其中所述带电荷的热凝结气溶胶通过加热所述固体支持物以形成药物蒸汽并随后冷却所述药物蒸汽来使得所述药物蒸汽凝结形成颗粒而形成;
其中所述固体支持物由以实现至少300℃的基底温度并在2秒的时间段内导致所述药物组合物自基底基本上完全气化的速度的热源来提供热量;且
其中所述带电荷的热凝结气溶胶不含溶剂、抛射剂和赋性剂。
2.权利要求1的装置,其中所述固体支持物由以实现至少350℃的基底温度并在2秒的时间段内导致所述药物组合物自基底基本上完全气化的速度的热源来提供热量。
3.权利要求1或2的装置,其中所述防静电材料涂覆在所述气道的内壁上。
4.权利要求3的装置,其中所述防静电材料包括金属化的气道,其中所述气道的内壁涂覆有导电金属。
5.权利要求4的装置,其中所述导电金属包含不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢。
6.权利要求1或2的装置,其中所述防静电材料包括施加至所述气道的内壁和外壁的金属带。
7.权利要求1或2的装置,其中所述防静电材料包括施加在所述气道上的防静电喷雾。
8.权利要求1或2的装置,其中所述防静电材料包括作为气道材料施加的防静电塑料。
9.权利要求1或2的装置,其中所述带电荷的凝结气溶胶包含在气溶胶产生期间易于带电的药物。
10.权利要求9的装置,其中所述药物选自以下组中:阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑、三唑仑、地西泮、氯巴占、洛沙平、丙氯拉嗪、扎来普隆、布美他尼、阿朴吗啡和替扎尼定。
11.权利要求10的装置,其中所述药物是阿普唑仑。
12.用于在药物递送装置中产生通过吸入向患者递送药物的带电荷的药物凝结气溶胶的方法,其中所述带电荷的凝结气溶胶通过如下形成:在固体支持物上加热含有药物组合物的薄层,以产生药物的蒸气,且凝结所述蒸气以形成特征为小于10重量%的药物降解产物和小于5微米的MMAD的带电荷的凝结气溶胶;其中所述药物递送装置中的气道包含防静电材料;
其中所述固体支持物由以实现至少300℃的基底温度并在2秒的时间段内导致所述药物组合物自基底基本上完全气化的速度的热源来提供热量;且
其中所述带电荷的热凝结气溶胶不含溶剂、抛射剂和赋性剂。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述固体支持物由以实现至少350℃的基底温度并在2秒的时间段内导致所述药物组合物自基底基本上完全气化的速度的热源来提供热量。
14.权利要求12或13的方法,其中所述防静电材料涂覆在所述气道的内壁上。
15.权利要求12或13的方法,其中所述防静电材料包括金属化的气道,其中所述气道的内壁涂覆有导电金属。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中所述导电金属包含不锈钢/铜/铜/不锈钢。
17.权利要求12或13的方法,其中所述防静电材料包括施加至所述气道的内壁和外壁的金属带。
18.权利要求12或13的方法,其中所述防静电材料包括施加在默认气道上的防静电喷雾。
19.权利要求12或13的方法,其中所述防静电材料包括作为气道材料施加的防静电塑料。
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