CN107709645B - 纤维层叠体、纤维层叠体的制造方法以及纤维强化复合材料 - Google Patents
纤维层叠体、纤维层叠体的制造方法以及纤维强化复合材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及纤维层叠体、纤维层叠体的制造方法、以及纤维强化复合材料。纤维层叠体(W)是堆叠第一~第四纤维层而构成的。纤维层叠体具备厚度根据长边方向的位置而变化的锥形部。第一~第四纤维层由非连续纤维构成,并且将非连续纤维的取向角度沿一个方向对齐而构成。第一~第四纤维层的非连续纤维的取向角度彼此不同。另外,第一~第四纤维层具备厚度变化部,该厚度变化部的厚度以纤维的密度被保持为恒定而不受长边方向的位置所影响的状态连续变化。锥形部是层叠多个厚度变化部而构成的。多个厚度变化部各自的厚度的变化量相同而不受长边方向的位置所影响。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及堆叠多个纤维层而构成的纤维层叠体、纤维层叠体的制造方法、以及纤维强化复合材料。
背景技术
纤维强化复合材料被广泛用作轻型的构造材料。作为纤维强化复合材料用的强化基材,存在纤维层叠体。纤维强化复合材料是使基体树脂浸渗于纤维层叠体而形成的。纤维强化复合材料被用作火箭、飞机、汽车、船舶以及建筑物的构造材料。另外,也存在使厚度与所使用的形状相配合地变化而构成的纤维强化复合材料。
如图7所示,专利文献1中公开的纤维层叠体80是堆叠多个薄板状加强纤维81而构成的。纤维层叠体80具有基体82、中间部83、以及表层部84。在基体82中堆叠有多个薄板状加强纤维81,它们具有一样的厚度。在中间部83中,多个薄板状加强纤维81以将各薄板状加强纤维81的端部以阶梯状错开的方式被堆叠。表层部84覆盖基体82以及中间部83的表面整体。该纤维层叠体80的厚度通过在中间部83将各薄板状加强纤维81的端部错开而缓缓地变化。
另外,专利文献2公开如下纤维层叠体:为了提高对纤维层叠体的曲面构造等复杂构造的赋形性并且发挥向规定的方向的强度,而使用将短纤维(非连续纤维)在规定的方向上取向的纤维层。
然而,在使用了使非连续纤维在规定的方向上取向的纤维层的纤维层叠体中,若如专利文献1那样使纤维层叠体的厚度连续变化,则产生以下问题。即,在将各纤维层的端部错开进行层叠的情况下,在纤维层叠体的厚度连续变化的部分,纤维层的层叠数也根据层方向的位置不同而不同。因此,每当纤维层叠体的厚度在各纤维层的端部附近发生变化,非连续纤维的取向就发生变化,纤维层叠体的物性就有偏差。
专利文献1:日本实开平4-530号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2013-221114号公报
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种能够在厚度连续变化的部分抑制物性的偏差的纤维层叠体、纤维层叠体的制造方法、以及纤维强化复合材料。
为了解决上述问题点,根据本发明的第一方式,提供一种至少局部具备厚度根据规定的方向的位置而连续变化的锥形部,并且堆叠多个纤维层而构成的纤维层叠体。纤维层由非连续纤维构成,并且将非连续纤维的取向角度沿一个方向对齐而构成。多个纤维层中的至少两个纤维层的非连续纤维的取向角度不同,多个纤维层分别具备厚度变化部,该厚度变化部的厚度以纤维的密度被保持为恒定而不受规定的方向的位置所影响的状态连续变化。锥形部是层叠多个厚度变化部而构成的,并且多个厚度变化部各自的厚度的变化量相同而不受规定的方向的位置所影响。
为了解决上述问题点,根据本发明的第二方式,提供一种至少局部具备厚度根据规定的方向的位置而连续变化的锥形部,并且堆叠多个纤维层而构成的纤维层叠体的制造方法。纤维层由非连续纤维构成,并且将非连续纤维的取向角度沿一个方向对齐而构成。多个纤维层中的至少两个纤维层的非连续纤维的取向角度不同,纤维层是利用具有由多个辊组构成的辊部的纤维网牵伸机将由非连续纤维构成的纤维网拉长而制造的。另外,通过使多个辊组的周速度相对不同,而使辊部的牵伸倍率不同,以便厚度以密度被保持为恒定而不受规定的方向的位置所影响的状态连续变化。
为了解决上述问题点,根据本发明的第三方式,提供一种使基体树脂浸渗于纤维制的强化基材而成的纤维强化复合材料。强化基材为上述的纤维层叠体。
附图说明
图1是示意性地表示本发明的一个实施方式的纤维层叠体以及纤维强化复合材料的立体图。
图2是纤维层叠体的分解立体图。
图3是表示纤维层叠体的侧视图。
图4是沿着图3的4-4线的剖视图。
图5的(a)是示意性地表示纤维网牵伸机的图,图5的(b)是示意性地表示限制部件的图。
图6是示意性地表示第一纤维层的制造装置的图。
图7是表示背景技术的图。
具体实施方式
以下,根据图1~图6对将本发明的纤维层叠体、纤维层叠体的制造方法、以及纤维强化复合材料具体化了的一个实施方式进行说明。
如图1所示,纤维强化复合材料M是使基体树脂Ma浸渗于作为强化基材的纤维层叠体W而形成的。纤维层叠体W是堆叠四个纤维层11~14而构成的。以下,针对四个纤维层11~14,将构成纤维层叠体W的最下层的纤维层作为第一纤维层11,将堆叠于最下层的第一纤维层11上的纤维层作为第二纤维层12。另外,将堆叠于第二纤维层12之上的纤维层作为第三纤维层13,将堆叠于第三纤维层13上并且构成纤维层叠体W的最上层的纤维层作为第四纤维层14。
在纤维层叠体W中,将第一~第四纤维层11~14被堆叠的方向作为层叠方向。另外,将第一~第四纤维层11~14的层叠方向作为厚度方向,将沿着厚度方向的尺寸作为各纤维层11~14的厚度。第一~第四纤维层11~14在俯视时具有矩形的表面。另外,将沿着第一~第四纤维层11~14的表面的长边的方向作为长边方向,将沿着短边的方向作为短边方向。
如图2所示,在第一~第四纤维层11~14的每一层中,以非连续纤维10成为单轴取向的方式沿一个方向并丝。作为对非连续纤维10进行并丝的方法,也可以采用使用梳理机的梳理方式、使用抄纸机的抄纸方式、使用针梳机的针梳方式等的任一个。
非连续纤维10例如由碳纤维构成。第一纤维层11的非连续纤维10的取向角度为90度,非连续纤维10并丝为沿第一纤维层11的短边方向延伸的状态。第二纤维层12的非连续纤维10的取向角度为45度,非连续纤维10并丝为相对于第二纤维层12的长边方向以45度倾斜的状态。第三纤维层13的非连续纤维10的取向角度为-45度,非连续纤维10并丝为相对于第三纤维层13的长边方向以-45度倾斜的状态。第四纤维层14的非连续纤维10的取向角度为0度,非连续纤维10沿第四纤维层14的长边方向并丝。因此,基于第一~第四纤维层11~14的非连续纤维10的向四个方向的取向角度,纤维层叠体W在四个方向具有准各向同性。
如图3或者图4所示,对于第一~第四纤维层11~14的各厚度而言,在长边方向的第一端部21最小,在长边方向的第二端部22最大。第一~第四纤维层11~14具备厚度随着从第一端部21朝向第二端部22而恒定的第一厚度不变化部24a。另外,第一~第四纤维层11~14具备相对于第一厚度不变化部24a在长边方向上连续并且厚度连续变化的厚度变化部23。并且,第一~第四纤维层11~14在第二端部22附近具备相对于厚度变化部23在长边方向上连续并且厚度恒定的第二厚度不变化部24b。
第一厚度不变化部24a的厚度恒定而不受长边方向的位置所影响。另外,第二厚度不变化部24b的厚度恒定而不受长边方向的位置所影响,并且与第一厚度不变化部24a的厚度相比较大。
厚度变化部23是第一厚度不变化部24a与第二厚度不变化部24b之间的部分。厚度变化部23的厚度随着从第一厚度不变化部24a朝向第二厚度不变化部24b而连续变大。
第一~第四纤维层11~14的纤维的密度在长边方向的任一位置均相同。即,在第一厚度不变化部24a、在厚度变化部23、在第二厚度不变化部24b,第一~第四纤维层11~14的纤维的密度均相同。
在厚度变化部23,第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度根据长边方向的位置不同而不同。然而,第一~第四纤维层11~14的纤维的密度在厚度变化部23的任一位置均彼此相同。因此,纤维层叠体W中厚度变化部23的厚度的变化量在长边方向的任一位置均相同。这是因为,用纤维网牵伸机50将非连续纤维10的纤维网拉长而使第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度变化。
另外,第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度在厚度变化部23的任一位置均相同。第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度在第一厚度不变化部24a的任一位置均相同,第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度在第二厚度不变化部24b的任一位置均相同。因此,第一~第四纤维层11~14的物性在厚度变化部23、第一厚度不变化部24a、以及第二厚度不变化部24b的任一位置均相同。
在纤维层叠体W的长边方向以及短边方向的任一位置,纤维的密度均相同,纤维层叠体W的强度、赋形性等物性没有差别。另外,纤维层叠体W具备层叠厚度变化部23而成的锥形部W1,并且在第一厚度不变化部24a被层叠的位置和第二厚度不变化部24b被层叠的位置分别具备定厚部W2。在锥形部W1的规定的方向亦即长边方向的任一位置,纤维的密度均相同,强度、赋形性等物性没有差别。另外,在层叠方向上观察,非连续纤维10每隔45度进行取向,由此,纤维层叠体W在四个方向具有准各向同性。
另外,在各定厚部W2的规定的方向亦即长边方向的任一位置,厚度均恒定,且纤维的密度均相同,强度、赋形性等物性没有差别。另外,在层叠方向上观察,非连续纤维10每隔45度进行取向,由此,纤维层叠体W在四个方向具有准各向同性。
接下来,对第一~第四纤维层11~14的制造方法进行说明。
首先,对第四纤维层14的制造方法进行说明。如图5的(a)所示,第四纤维层14是利用纤维网牵伸机50将由非连续纤维构成的宽纤维束(以下,记载为纤维网)拉长而形成的。纤维网牵伸机50具备:输送机55,其对从纤维网40制造出的纤维层进行输送;辊部51,其将纤维网40拉长(牵伸);导辊53,其将被辊部51拉长的纤维网40朝向输送机55引导;以及限制部件60,其在辊部51的下游侧对纤维网40的宽度进行限制。纤维网40在通过辊部51、并通过限制部件60之后,被导辊53送出至输送机55。将纤维网牵伸机50中纤维网40流通的方向设为流通方向X。
辊部51具有多个辊组52。各辊组52由三个辊52a、52b、52c构成。辊组52由两个上辊52a、52b与位于辊52a、52b间的一个下辊52c构成。三个辊52a、52b、52c以相同周速度被驱动,由此,利用下辊52c与上辊52a、52b夹住纤维网40并对纤维网40进行移送。另外,各辊组52的周速度能够变更。通过使下游侧的辊组52的周速度比上游侧的辊组52的周速度快,而得到所希望的牵伸倍率。
纤维网牵伸机50的限制部件60对纤维网40的宽度进行限制。
如图5的(a)或者图5的(b)所示,限制部件60具备位于纤维网40的宽度方向两端的矩形板状的一对引导件61。在一对引导件61能够旋转地支承有第一辊62以及第二辊63。各引导件61具备沿长边方向延伸的引导槽61a。
第一辊62的旋转轴62a插入于引导件61的引导槽61a。旋转轴62a的两端被支承部件64支承为能够旋转。支承部件64能够利用未图示的驱动部而向使第一辊62相对于第二辊63接近或远离的方向移动。第二辊63的旋转轴63a能够旋转地支承于引导件61。第二辊63与第一辊62不同,不能沿引导件61的长边方向移动。因此,通过利用支承部件64使第一辊62沿引导槽61a的长边方向移动,能够调节第一辊62与第二辊63的间隔的大小。这样,通过使第一辊62相对于第二辊63接近或远离,能够将第一辊62和第二辊63的间隔与纤维网40的厚度对应。
在利用纤维网牵伸机50制造第四纤维层14的情况下,首先,在纤维网40的供给侧(流通方向X的上游),用任意方法将纤维网40中的非连续纤维10沿一个方向并丝。详细而言,将非连续纤维10沿着流通方向X并丝。
接下来,驱动各辊组52对纤维网40进行输送。此时,将最上游的辊组52的周速度设为恒定,且使下游侧的辊组52的周速度比最上游的辊组52快。由此,从最下游的辊组52出来的纤维网40的厚度小于通过最上游的辊组52的时刻的纤维网40的厚度。因此,下游侧的辊组52的周速度越快于最上游的辊组52的周速度,越能够减小从最下游的辊组52出来的纤维网40的厚度。因此,若使下游侧的辊组52的周速度连续变快,则能够将纤维网40的厚度连续缩小。并且,与将纤维网40压缩使其变薄的方法不同,每单位面积的纤维的数量随着纤维网40的厚度变小而减少,非连续纤维10的密度保持为恒定。
若通过各辊组52的周速度的变更使纤维网40的厚度连续发生变化,则接下来,纤维网40的宽度被限制部件60的一对引导件61所限制。因此,在纤维网牵伸机50中,通过限制部件60之后得到的纤维层的宽度被限制为所希望的宽度。若纤维网40的宽度被限制,则纤维网40的厚度变大。与此相应地,第一辊62相对于第二辊63的位置被控制。其结果是,纤维网40的纤维的密度被保持为恒定而不受长边方向的位置所影响。另一方面,纤维网40被制造成具备厚度根据长边方向的位置而变化的厚度变化部23、以及厚度恒定的第一、第二厚度不变化部24a、24b的形状。
接下来,对制造第一~第三纤维层11~13的纤维网牵伸机70进行说明。
如图6所示,纤维网牵伸机70具有辊部51,该辊部51分别具备多组沿纤维网40的长边方向配置的第一辊组71和第二辊组72。第一辊组71制造第一纤维层11的厚度变化部23,第二辊组72制造第一纤维层11的厚度不变化部24a、24b。
各第一辊组71具备支承纤维网40的第一支承辊66、以及与第一支承辊66共同夹住纤维网40的异径辊67。各第一支承辊66是不受旋转轴线L1的轴线方向的位置所影响的相同直径的辊。另一方面,异径辊67是直径根据旋转轴线L2的轴线方向的位置而缓缓地变化的辊。各异径辊67被配置成直径从纤维网40的长边方向的一个端部朝向另一个端部缓缓地变大的状态。多个异径辊67以使它们的周面在纤维网40的长边方向上连续的方式配置。
各第二辊组72具备支承纤维网40的第二支承辊68、以及与第二支承辊68共同夹住纤维网40的辊69。各第二支承辊68、辊69是不受旋转轴线L1、L2的轴向的位置所影响的相同直径的辊。各第二支承辊68的周面以在纤维网40的长边方向上连续的方式配置。各辊69的各周面也以在纤维网40的长边方向上连续的方式配置。
在制造第一纤维层11的情况下,在多个辊组71的第一支承辊66与异径辊67之间配置纤维网40中成为厚度变化部23的部位。另外,在多个第二辊组72的第二支承辊68与辊69之间配置纤维网40中成为厚度不变化部24a、24b的部位。此时,在非连续纤维10沿着第一纤维层11的表面并且在与各旋转轴线L1、L2正交的方向上延伸的状态下,纤维网40被供给至纤维网牵伸机70。而且,分别驱动多个第一辊组71以及第二辊组72。
在多个第一辊组71间,接近第一端部21的第一辊组71的周速度相对较快。即,接近第一端部21的第一辊组71的牵伸倍率相对较高。于是,从接近第一端部21的第一辊组71越朝向接近第二端部22的第一辊组71,纤维网40的厚度越缓缓地变大。由此,制造第一纤维层11的厚度变化部23。另外,利用接近第一端部21的第二辊组72制造第一厚度不变化部24a,利用接近第二端部22的第二辊组72制造第二厚度不变化部24b。
第二、第三纤维层12、13也使用与纤维网牵伸机70相同的辊组被沿纤维网40的宽度方向分割的纤维网牵伸机进行制造。其中,与纤维网牵伸机70不同,而以纤维网40在各分割区域成为所希望的厚度的方式,将被分割的各辊组的周速度(牵伸倍率)与第二、第三纤维层12、13的长边方向的位置相应地进行变更。
将制造出的第一~第四纤维层11~14进行堆叠,从而制造纤维层叠体W。之后,在纤维层叠体W浸渗热固化性的基体树脂Ma并使之固化。基体树脂Ma的浸渗固化通过RTM(树脂传递模塑,Resin Transfer Molding)法进行。
根据上述实施方式,能够得到以下那样的效果。
(1)纤维层叠体W具备厚度根据长边方向的位置而连续变化的锥形部W1。锥形部W1是层叠第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度变化部23而形成的。在各厚度变化部23中,虽然厚度连续变化,但纤维的密度是相同的,厚度的变化量也是相同的。因此,在锥形部W1中,虽然厚度发生变化,但是纤维层的层叠数、纤维取向都是相同的,而不受长边方向的位置所影响。因此,能够在纤维层叠体W的锥形部W1抑制赋形性、强度这类物性的偏差。
(2)通过改变第一~第四纤维层11~14每一层的厚度,而使纤维层叠体W的锥形部W1的厚度变化。根据该结构,为了使纤维层叠体W的厚度变化,不改变纤维层的层叠数,且在锥形部W1不存在纤维层的端部。因此,在纤维层的端部附近仅存在基体树脂Ma的富树脂部分未形成于锥形部W1。因此,不会由于富树脂部分而使纤维强化复合材料M的强度降低。
(3)在第一~第四纤维层11~14间,将各纤维层的非连续纤维10的取向角度设为0度、45度、-45度、90度。因此,纤维层叠体W在俯视时,能够在四个方向具有准各向同性。
(4)在纤维网牵伸机50、70中,使辊部51的牵伸倍率变化,从而能够使纤维网40的厚度不同。其结果是,能够在第一~第四纤维层11~14制造厚度发生变化的厚度变化部23。另外,使辊部51的牵伸倍率相同,从而能够在第一~第四纤维层11~14制造第一以及第二厚度不变化部24a、24b。因此,若使用纤维网牵伸机50、70,则能够容易地制造具有厚度变化部23以及各厚度不变化部24a、24b的第一~第四纤维层11~14。
(5)纤维网牵伸机50、70具备对纤维网40向宽度方向的延伸进行限制的限制部件60。因此,虽然利用纤维网牵伸机50、70将纤维网40拉长,但能够利用限制部件60将纤维网40的宽度限制为规定尺寸。
(6)纤维层叠体W是堆叠具有厚度变化部23的纤维层而构成的。因此,通过调整纤维层的层叠数,能够对得到的纤维层叠体W的强度进行调节。因此,在具有厚度连续变化的锥形部W1的纤维层叠体W中,不仅能够抑制锥形部W1的物性的偏差,而且还能够对强度进行调节。
上述实施方式也可以如以下那样进行变更。
在上述实施方式中,虽使第一~第四纤维层11~14的非连续纤维10的取向角度全部不同,但也可以仅使四个纤维层中的两个或者三个纤维层的非连续纤维10的取向角度不同。
虽纤维层叠体W在四个方向具有准各向同性,但也可以在三个方向或六个方向具有准各向同性。
纤维层叠体W也可以不具有准各向同性。
在纤维层叠体W中,使锥形部W1的厚度根据长边方向的位置进行变化,并使定厚部W2的厚度恒定,但并不限定于此。换句话说,也可以使纤维层叠体W的厚度遍及长边方向整体地连续变化,从而将纤维层叠体W的长边方向整体作为锥形部W1。
在实施方式中,虽将纤维层叠体W的规定方向设为长边方向,但也可以将纤维层叠体W的规定方向设为短边方向。
在实施方式中,以锥形部W1的厚度随着从第一端部21朝向第二端部22而连续变大的方式构成纤维层叠体W,但并不限定于此。换句话说,也可以以锥形部W1的厚度随着从第一端部21朝向第二端部22而连续变小的方式构成纤维层叠体W。
纤维网牵伸机50、70中的辊组52的数量也可以适当地进行变更。
也可以通过利用纤维网牵伸机50、70将纤维网40拉长的方法以外的方法来制造第一~第四纤维层11~14的厚度变化部23。例如,也可以准备纤维层的厚度恒定的基体、以及与基体不同的纤维薄板,并将它们接合,从而使纤维层叠体的厚度连续变化。在该情况下,在纤维薄板中,纤维的密度恒定而不受纤维层的长边方向的位置所影响。
也可以从纤维网牵伸机50、70中省略限制部件60。在该情况下,也可以为:在第一~第四纤维层11~14的宽度不一致的状态下将各纤维层层叠,并在层叠后切割各纤维层的端部,从而具备各纤维层的宽度。
Claims (5)
1.一种纤维层叠体,其至少局部具备厚度根据规定的方向的位置而连续变化的锥形部,并且堆叠多个纤维层而构成,所述纤维层由非连续纤维构成,其特征在于,
所述纤维层将所述非连续纤维的取向角度沿一个方向对齐而构成,
所述多个纤维层中的至少两个纤维层的所述非连续纤维的取向角度不同,
所述多个纤维层分别具备厚度变化部,所述厚度变化部的厚度以纤维的密度被保持为恒定而不受所述规定的方向的位置所影响的状态连续变化,
所述锥形部是层叠多个厚度变化部而构成的,并且所述多个厚度变化部各自的厚度的变化量相同而不受所述规定的方向的位置所影响。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纤维层叠体,其中,
所述纤维层叠体还具备所述纤维层的厚度不变化而不受所述规定的方向的位置所影响的定厚部。
3.一种纤维层叠体的制造方法,所述纤维层叠体至少局部具备厚度根据规定的方向的位置而连续变化的锥形部,并且堆叠多个纤维层而构成,所述纤维层由非连续纤维构成,其特征在于,
所述纤维层将所述非连续纤维的取向角度沿一个方向对齐而构成,
所述多个纤维层中的至少两个纤维层的所述非连续纤维的取向角度不同,
所述纤维层是利用具有由多个辊组构成的辊部的纤维网牵伸机将由所述非连续纤维构成的纤维网拉长而制造的,
通过使所述多个辊组的周速度相对不同,而使所述辊部的牵伸倍率不同,以便厚度以密度被保持为恒定而不受所述规定的方向的位置所影响的状态连续变化。
4.根据权利要求3所述的纤维层叠体的制造方法,其中,
在所述辊部的下游侧,用限制部件对所述纤维网的宽度进行限制。
5.一种纤维强化复合材料,其是使基体树脂浸渗于纤维制的强化基材而成的,其特征在于,
所述强化基材为权利要求1中记载的纤维层叠体。
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