CN1076586C - 粘膜的竞争性排斥菌群 - Google Patents

粘膜的竞争性排斥菌群 Download PDF

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CN1076586C
CN1076586C CN94191480A CN94191480A CN1076586C CN 1076586 C CN1076586 C CN 1076586C CN 94191480 A CN94191480 A CN 94191480A CN 94191480 A CN94191480 A CN 94191480A CN 1076586 C CN1076586 C CN 1076586C
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N·J·施特恩
J·S·贝利
小·N·A·考克斯
L·C·布兰肯西普
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Abstract

一种有效降低导致人类肠道疾病的细菌在家禽中集群的制剂是通过从成熟鸟类盲肠(caeca)得到的与粘膜相关的菌群的培养物而制得,并且称之为粘膜竞争性排斥(MCE)。该制剂对于沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属都特别有效。对刚刚孵化或正在孵化的鸟类施用新的MCE制剂为抑制两种微生物提供了实质性的保护,并且减少了两种微生物在加工家禽产品中的存在。

Description

粘膜的竞争性排斥菌群
发明的技术背景
发明的技术领域
消费未经适当处理的家禽产物现已导致了大量的人类肠道疾病患者。人们早已认识到沙门氏菌属是这些疾病的成因性病原体,最近发现弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter spp.),特别是空肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni)也在其中起作用。这两种微生物能集群在家禽的胃肠道中,而对鸟类没有任何有害的影响,并且即使一些有病的鸟类能被检查出来,但是无症状表现的携带者仍能在其生产和加工过程中自由地传播微生物,结果导致进一步污染活的鸟类以及它们的尸体。
相关技术的描述
需要更好的控制措施来使这些以及其它的人类肠道致病菌的传播减少至最小程度,达到此目的的最有效的办法是降低微生物在家畜胃肠道集群的发病率和数量。
降低小鸡中沙门氏菌属集群的有效方法已由Nurmi和Rantala(1973)阐述,并将其称为竞争性排斥(CE)。小鸡的自然肠道菌群在抗沙门氏菌属集群中起着非常重要的作用。人们发现来自成熟、健康小鸡的肠道内含物的传代培养的制剂可将保护传给还没有建立微生物菌群(microflora)的幼年小鸡。将未确定的CE制剂施用于小鸡,加快了刚孵化鸟类的肠道菌群的成熟,而且还提供了微生物菌群成年鸡传递到其后代这一自然过程的替代物。现代培育室中干净和消毒了的设备不能提供过去由母鸡提供的自然发生的微生物菌群。Snoeyenbos等人(1982)开发了一种减少家禽中沙门氏菌的技术,其中CE微生物菌群的来源是通过无氧培养而繁殖的冷冻干燥的粪便的滴下物。Nikkola等人(1987)运用肠内的粪便和盲肠的内含物作为CE微生物菌群的来源。对它们的培养物的处理要求培养基为无氧,并平衡pH值。这些CE处理没有提到空肠弯曲杆菌。
因为已知CE抗沙门氏菌属有效,Stern等人(1988)试验了防治弯曲杆菌属的类似方法。然而,发现用CE制剂的处理(如Hurmi和Rantala(1973),Snoeyenbos等人(1982)和Mikkola等人(1987)所描述的)不能影响弯曲杆菌的集群。用五种不同的CE培养物进行处理之后,在84只小鸡中的81只和46只对照组小鸡的45只中观察到在受到弯曲杆菌属攻击后产生的集群。Shanker等人(1990)证实了这些观察结果(Shanker等人,1990,Epidemiol.Infect.,Vol.104,pp.101-110)。
在随后的试验中,将沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属的混合物的组合物施用到几天大的小鸡中。人们认为这两种微生物可能互相竞争或者互相对抗,由此减少它们两者的数量(Stern等人,1991)。然而结果并没有观察到竞争或对抗的效果。概述
现已发现一种改良的CE法,它已证明可以有效防治沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属。这一改良,即粘膜竞争性排斥(MCE),运用了从不带沙门氏菌属及其它家禽病原体的成熟小鸡的盲肠(caeca)中获得的与粘膜相关的菌群的培养物。施用到刚孵化或正孵化小鸡中的MCE的传代培养物已被证实可提供抗两种微生物的实质性保护。当它被适当应用时,MCE处理能致使家禽产物中的沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属两者的存在减少。由于小鸡中减少了肠的带菌体,从而降低了对人类健康的威胁。
根据这个发现,本发明的目的是提供制备粘膜竞争性排斥(MCE)组合物的新方法,该组合物能有效地使家禽免受能在家禽中集群的导致人类肠道疾病的细菌包括沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属的感染。
本发明的另一目的是提供处理家禽以预防被处理鸟类中的这类细菌的感染和生长的新方法。
本发明的其它目的和优点将从下面的描述变得显而易见。本发明的详细描述
新的MCE制剂是一种未确定的组合物,其通过下面方法制备:
(1)从不带沙门氏菌属的鸟类中取下盲肠,用培养基清洗,彻底除去其内任何物质;
(2)在无菌和无氧环境中,或(a)从洗净的盲肠的粘蛋白层得到刮出物,或(b)将洗净的盲肠切片:
(3)将刮出物或切下的盲肠悬浮于无氧的培养基中;和
(4)在无氧环境中培养足够长的时间使其发生繁殖。
然后将得到的含菌群的培养基按需要进行传代培养和扩展,以提供处理步骤所需的足够量的制剂。
优选的是,在步骤(1)中,杀死不带沙门氏菌属的鸟,无菌地取出盲肠并放到无氧环境下的无菌的佩特里平碟中。将盲肠在无菌的玻璃棒上翻转过来,在无菌的条件下轻轻地去掉大部分盲肠物质并将其弃之。剩下的盲肠内含物用合适的培养基清洗除去。清洗步骤可以使用对所述目的有效的任何培养基,包括水。优选的培养基为无氧培养基,特别优选的为预还原的无氧培养基(PRAM)。
在步骤(2)中,可用无菌的解剖刀或(a)从洗净的盲肠中刮取它的粘蛋白层或(b)从洗净的盲肠中切下约1毫米长的片断。
在步骤(3)中,由步骤2(a)得到的粘蛋白层刮出物可悬浮于约1毫升的PRAM中,接着将悬浮液接种到约5毫升的新鲜PRAM中。另一种方法是将由步骤2(b)获得的切下的盲肠片断直接放入约5毫升的PRAM中。
在步骤(4)中,悬浮液可在约35℃至约37℃下培养约48小时。
在传代培养和使用之前,应测定培养物中沙门氏菌属的存在,可以使用任何有效的常规分离技术。
为了确保没有弯曲杆菌属存在于MCE制剂中,可将培养物在上述无氧条件下在PRAM中进行另外两代的传代培养。
为了获得处理大量鸟类所需的足够量的MCE,可用本领域技术人员熟知的常规培养方法对培养物进行扩展(例如对原制剂进行约1∶1000的稀释,接着进行约48小时的培养)。
培养物的效能可通过测定50%集群数剂量(CD50%)或集群商(CQ)来评定(根据Stern等人,1991所述方法,并引入本文作为参考文献)。该CD50%数代表在产生攻击后一周取样的、在特定的组(试验组或对照组)中的一半小鸡的盲肠中集群所需攻击细菌的平均数。CQ代表在特定组中的所有动物的每克盲肠物质的菌落数的对数(log10)的平均值。另外,可以计算代表CQ对照/CQ试验比值的保护因子(PF)。CD50%取决于由MCE提供的抑制攻击微生物集群的保护,并且与菌落数无关。因此,CD50%数越高,提供的保护量越高。另一方面,CQ取决于鸟类肠道内的攻击微生物所形成的菌落数。因此人们更希望得到较低的CQ数。因为PF是对照组与试验组数值的比值,较高的PF数是较好保护的表现。在沙门氏菌属中,至少为6的PF是MCE制剂有效的表现。对于弯曲杆菌属而言,100倍(CQ=102)的保护值是可以接受的最低数值。当测试MCE的效能时,沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属的攻击剂量可以单独或以混合物形式施用。因为已知这两种微生物在肠内独自起作用(Stern等人,1991),所以用两者同时攻击获得的结果同样精确,而且这一方法很明显更加方便。
通过施用有效量的MCE制剂来处理家禽。用MCE培养物来处理可按两步进行。第一部分是,当鸟类孵化出50-75%时,将有效量的培养物喷施到它们身上,接着完成孵化期。例如,在小鸡中,鸡蛋在孵化器中孵化约18天,并在孵化室孵化约2.5天之后,将孵化箱从孵化室中移出,喷洒每一孵化箱,以致使每一正孵化的小鸡和/或未孵化的鸡蛋都得到约0.2至约0.3毫升的MCE。然后将孵化箱放回孵化室以完成孵化。
处理的第二部分是,将有效量的MCE加入到鸟类的最初饮用水中,并放在适当地方直至全部耗尽。例如,在小鸡中,按每200只小鸡约一缸的比例,将在一加仑饮水罐中的按约1∶10比例稀释的MCE放在培育室(broiler house)中。将这些缸放在适当位置直至所有的培养物被耗尽(大约4小时),结果为每只小鸡消耗约10毫升稀释的MCE溶液。
另外,该制剂可通过下述方法进行有效地施用:将冷冻干燥或用胶囊包裹的制剂添加到食物中;将制剂注射到蛋中;在全部小鸡被浸渍后,将制剂直接喷施在其上;或通过农场水系统来施用。
该新的MCE培养物和处理方法对于可作为靶病原体的携带者的以人类消耗为目的所饲养的所有家禽都是有效的。家禽包括用于蛋和肉目的而饲养的所有家禽,如小鸡、火鸡、鸭和鹅。
靶病原体包括能够集群家禽的所有的导致人类肠道疾病的细菌,其中特别重要的是沙门氏菌属和弯曲杆菌属。
下述的实施例仅用于进一步说明本发明,并不是要限制如权利要求书中所定义的本发明的范围。
实施例1粘膜竞争性排斥培养物的制备
杀死完全成熟,不带沙门氏菌的小鸡,在无菌条件下移取它的盲肠。将样品立即放到置于无氧氮室的无菌的佩特里平碟中。接着将盲肠翻转到一个无菌的玻璃棒上,用无菌移液管的顶端移去大部分盲肠物质。通过含有PRAM的注射器的无菌针头将PRAM压成液流状冲洗剩下的物质,然后用无菌的解剖刀从洗净的盲肠物质中刮取粘蛋白层,刮出物悬浮于1.0毫升PRAM中。将悬浮液吸入无菌注射器中,接着将其接种到含有5毫升新鲜PRAM的试管中。然后将培养物在37℃下培养48小时。全部过程在无氧环境中进行,此无氧环境是将稳定的氮气流通过培养物制备室来达到的。
实施例2抑制弯曲杆菌属的MCE效能试验
给3至10只隔离设备中饲养的一天龄的小鸡用管饲法喂以0.2毫升MCE制剂,将相同数目未处理的小鸡作为对照组。在用管饲法喂食二十四小时至三十六小时后,在如表1所示的剂量范围内用弯曲杆菌属攻击小鸡。在七天时,杀死小鸡,得到它们的盲肠,将其内含物涂复在对弯曲杆菌属所选择的培养基上,在微需氧(5%O2、10%CO2、85%N2)条件下于42℃培养24小时。测定在什么剂量下一半小鸡的盲肠被集群可以得出CD50%。测定以某一特定剂量处理的所有小鸡所得到的每克盲肠物质的菌落数,来得到CQ。
表1所示的数据表明,在三个独立的试验中,通过MCE处理得到的保护为至少100倍。而且还能看到,在21天和42天杀死的小鸡保持同样的保护水平。
                 表1
50%的受攻击的小鸡的空肠弯曲杆菌的集群剂量
试验 小鸡的年龄(天) 处理
    对照组     MCE
实验1实验2实验2实验3实验4实验4实验4     77212172142     102.0<101.0<101.0103.0103.0102.0102.0     104.0104.0104.0105.0104.0105.0104.0
表2中所示的CQ数值也说明了相同的保护能力。用MCE处理小鸡的CQ值始终比对照组低。
                   表2
      在孵化后2天用约103个细胞攻击的
       小鸡中的空肠弯曲杆菌的集群商
试验 小鸡的年龄(天) 处理
    对照组     MCE
实验1实验2实验2实验3实验4实验4实验4     77212172142     103.2102.0~103.0101.6101.5105.5103.8     100.30102.2100.5100.500
实施例3抑制沙门氏菌属的MCE效能试验
基本上按实施例2所述方法处理小鸡,然而,得到其盲肠后,将盲肠物质涂复在对沙门氏菌属所选择的培养基上,并在37℃下培养24小时。按弯曲杆菌属中所述的方法测定CQ值,并且与每一试验组的正(Positives)数值一起列在表3和表4中。可以看到MCE处理同样对抑制沙门氏菌属集群给予了相当大的保护。
                       表3
               抑制沙门氏菌的效能试验
    攻击数量     #正数值/#被试验值     CQ
对照组对照组MCE3MCE3     104106104108     9/96/90/100/10     102.5103.300
                           表4
                  抑制沙门氏菌的效能试验
攻击数量 #正数值/#被试验值     CQ
对照组对照组对照组MCEMCEMCE     103105107103105107     0/1514/1512/150/154/153/15     0104.3103.50100.4100.3

Claims (6)

1.一种有效保护家禽免受沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌感染的粘膜竞争性排斥组合物的制备方法,所述方法包括:
(a)从不带沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌的鸟类中移取至少一部分盲肠,用无氧培养基彻底清洗以除去其内物质;
(b)在无菌无氧的环境中,(i)从经清洗的盲肠的粘蛋白层得到刮出物,和/或(ii)将经清洗的盲肠切片;
(c)将所述刮出物和/或切下的盲肠悬浮于无氧培养基中,以形成悬浮液;
(d)在无氧环境中在大约35℃至37℃下培养所述悬浮液大约48小时;
(e)移出悬浮液的一部分。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述刮出物是所说的经清洗的盲肠物质的粘蛋白层的刮出物。
3.根据前述任一权利要求的方法,其中所述无氧培养基是预还原的无氧培养基。
4.通过权利要求1至3的任一权利要求可获得的组合物。
5.处理家禽使其免受沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌感染的方法,所述方法包括将有效量的根据权利要求1至3的任一项所得到的组合物施用于所述的家禽。
6.一种食物添加剂,其包括根据权利要求1至3的任一项所获得的组合物。
CN94191480A 1993-03-16 1994-03-16 粘膜的竞争性排斥菌群 Expired - Fee Related CN1076586C (zh)

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