CN107635749A - 多光束增材制造 - Google Patents

多光束增材制造 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107635749A
CN107635749A CN201680034072.5A CN201680034072A CN107635749A CN 107635749 A CN107635749 A CN 107635749A CN 201680034072 A CN201680034072 A CN 201680034072A CN 107635749 A CN107635749 A CN 107635749A
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China
Prior art keywords
powder
additive manufacturing
optical head
array
layer
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Pending
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CN201680034072.5A
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
约瑟夫·达拉罗萨
威廉·欧内尔
马丁·斯帕克斯
安德鲁·佩恩
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IPG Photonics Corp
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IPG Photonics Corp
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Publication of CN107635749A publication Critical patent/CN107635749A/zh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/082—Scanning systems, i.e. devices involving movement of the laser beam relative to the laser head
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/44—Radiation means characterised by the configuration of the radiation means
    • B22F12/45—Two or more
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/46—Radiation means with translatory movement
    • B22F12/47—Radiation means with translatory movement parallel to the deposition plane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/49—Scanners
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/062—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam
    • B23K26/0626—Energy control of the laser beam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
    • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
    • B23K26/073—Shaping the laser spot
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/0869—Devices involving movement of the laser head in at least one axial direction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
    • B23K26/342—Build-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
    • B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C64/264—Arrangements for irradiation
    • B29C64/268—Arrangements for irradiation using laser beams; using electron beams [EB]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/20—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C64/264—Arrangements for irradiation
    • B29C64/277—Arrangements for irradiation using multiple radiation means, e.g. micromirrors or multiple light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y70/10—Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
CN201680034072.5A 2015-06-10 2016-06-10 多光束增材制造 Pending CN107635749A (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201562173541P 2015-06-10 2015-06-10
US62/173,541 2015-06-10
PCT/US2016/037021 WO2016201326A1 (en) 2015-06-10 2016-06-10 Multiple beam additive manufacturing

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CN107635749A true CN107635749A (zh) 2018-01-26

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CN201680034072.5A Pending CN107635749A (zh) 2015-06-10 2016-06-10 多光束增材制造

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US (2) US10399183B2 (enExample)
EP (2) EP3307526B1 (enExample)
JP (3) JP2018524178A (enExample)
KR (2) KR20180017081A (enExample)
CN (2) CN107708969B (enExample)
WO (2) WO2016201326A1 (enExample)

Cited By (24)

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CN109108284A (zh) * 2018-09-03 2019-01-01 江苏典悦三维科技有限公司 采用双激光束和超声冲击的复合增材制造方法
CN111060480A (zh) * 2019-12-27 2020-04-24 佛山科学技术学院 一种光学相干层析扫描装置
US20200230745A1 (en) * 2019-01-23 2020-07-23 Vulcanforms Inc. Laser control systems for additive manufacturing
CN111683772A (zh) * 2018-02-05 2020-09-18 通用电气公司 与旋转的直接金属激光熔化系统一起使用的粉末床容纳系统
CN112045994A (zh) * 2019-06-07 2020-12-08 波音公司 增材制造系统和增材制造的方法
CN112118926A (zh) * 2018-03-07 2020-12-22 戴弗根特技术有限公司 基于可变光束几何形状的激光的粉末床熔合
CN112955303A (zh) * 2018-09-01 2021-06-11 努布鲁有限公司 具有可寻址激光阵列和每个源的实时反馈控制的增材制造系统
CN113226622A (zh) * 2018-12-19 2021-08-06 速尔特技术有限公司 使用脉冲调制的激光进行二维打印的增材制造系统
CN113242393A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-08-10 哈尔滨工程大学 一种二维微小光斑阵列发生装置
CN113543910A (zh) * 2019-03-04 2021-10-22 Slm方案集团股份公司 控制方法、控制设备及生产装置
CN113631303A (zh) * 2019-03-14 2021-11-09 瑞尼斯豪公司 增材制造
CN114025899A (zh) * 2019-05-28 2022-02-08 伏尔肯模型公司 用于增材制造系统的光纤连接器
CN114054770A (zh) * 2020-07-30 2022-02-18 波音公司 用于金属合金的激光器粉末床融合处理的激光器阵列
CN114641358A (zh) * 2019-09-27 2022-06-17 Addup公司 利用激光源的增材制造的自适应轨迹
CN114769620A (zh) * 2018-05-18 2022-07-22 Ii-Vi 特拉华有限公司 利用光纤阵列激光源和自适应多光束整形的金属中的增材制造
CN114901408A (zh) * 2019-11-06 2022-08-12 努布鲁有限公司 蓝色激光金属增材制造系统
CN115106645A (zh) * 2021-03-18 2022-09-27 株式会社岛津制作所 激光装置以及控制方法
CN115515791A (zh) * 2020-05-01 2022-12-23 伏尔肯模型公司 增材制造系统中的熔池控制
CN115533126A (zh) * 2022-09-22 2022-12-30 南京弘煊科技有限公司 一种金属激光3d打印预热装置及方法
CN117693407A (zh) * 2021-04-21 2024-03-12 尼康Slm方案股份公司 具有用于多束的负载平衡的粉末床熔融增材制造
CN117876369A (zh) * 2024-03-11 2024-04-12 西安空天机电智能制造有限公司 基于图像识别的锻打印在线监测方法、系统、设备及介质
US12172235B2 (en) 2017-07-06 2024-12-24 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Additive manufacture in metals with a fiber array laser source and adaptive multi-beam shaping
US12220763B2 (en) 2017-07-06 2025-02-11 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Additive manufacturing in metals with a fiber array laser source and adaptive multi-beam shaping
CN119549887A (zh) * 2024-11-04 2025-03-04 华中科技大学 一种高强高韧耐磨层状零件的多模激光耦合增材制造方法

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US11612957B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2023-03-28 Nuburu, Inc. Methods and systems for welding copper and other metals using blue lasers
US10562132B2 (en) 2013-04-29 2020-02-18 Nuburu, Inc. Applications, methods and systems for materials processing with visible raman laser
US10532556B2 (en) 2013-12-16 2020-01-14 General Electric Company Control of solidification in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing using a diode laser fiber array
US10328685B2 (en) 2013-12-16 2019-06-25 General Electric Company Diode laser fiber array for powder bed fabrication or repair
US9346127B2 (en) 2014-06-20 2016-05-24 Velo3D, Inc. Apparatuses, systems and methods for three-dimensional printing
US11646549B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2023-05-09 Nuburu, Inc. Multi kW class blue laser system
WO2016044876A1 (en) * 2014-09-09 2016-03-31 Aurora Labs Pty Ltd 3d printing method and apparatus
GB201420717D0 (en) 2014-11-21 2015-01-07 Renishaw Plc Additive manufacturing apparatus and methods
JP6776489B2 (ja) * 2015-06-23 2020-10-28 オーロラ ラブス リミテッド ３ｄ印刷方法および３ｄ印刷装置
EP3325192A4 (en) 2015-07-18 2019-05-08 Vulcanforms Inc. GENERATIVE MANUFACTURE THROUGH ROOM-CONTROLLED MATERIAL FUSION
US12459200B2 (en) 2017-05-11 2025-11-04 Seurat Technologies, Inc. Solid state routing of patterned light for additive manufacturing optimization
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EP3370948A4 (en) 2015-11-06 2019-07-24 Velo3d Inc. PROFESSIONAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING
KR101682087B1 (ko) * 2015-11-27 2016-12-02 한국기계연구원 레이저와 분말을 이용한 3차원 형상 제조장치 및 제조방법
US10207454B2 (en) * 2015-12-10 2019-02-19 Velo3D, Inc. Systems for three-dimensional printing
US10583532B2 (en) * 2015-12-28 2020-03-10 General Electric Company Metal additive manufacturing using gas mixture including oxygen
US10773340B2 (en) * 2015-12-28 2020-09-15 General Electric Company Metal additive manufacturing using gas mixture including oxygen
EP3411170A4 (en) 2016-01-28 2020-02-12 Seurat Technologies, Inc. SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING AND SPATIAL HEAT TREATMENT
US10618111B2 (en) * 2016-01-28 2020-04-14 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc Heat treatment to anneal residual stresses during additive manufacturing
WO2017132668A1 (en) 2016-01-29 2017-08-03 Seurat Technologies, Inc. Additive manufacturing, bond modifying system and method
JP6553102B2 (ja) * 2016-02-03 2019-07-31 ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ ダイオードレーザファイバーアレイを用いたレーザ粉体床溶融結合付加製造における凝固制御法
US20170239719A1 (en) 2016-02-18 2017-08-24 Velo3D, Inc. Accurate three-dimensional printing
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