CN116117174A - 基于激光的粉末床熔合的设备和方法 - Google Patents
基于激光的粉末床熔合的设备和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供了基于激光的粉末床熔合的设备和方法。该设备包括沉积多层粉末材料的沉积器、生成具有可变光束几何形状的激光束的激光束源、以及光束定形部件,所述光束定形部件将激光束定形为多种光束几何形状中的一种,以熔合粉末材料。
Description
本申请是申请日为2019年3月5日、申请号为201980029955.0(国际申请号为PCT/US2019/020789)、发明名称为“基于可变光束几何形状的激光的粉末床熔合”的申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2019年3月7日提交的题为“VARIABLE BEAM GEOMETRY LASER-BASEDPOWDER BED FUSION”的美国专利申请No.15/914,874的权益,其内容通过引用整体清楚地并入本文。
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及增材制造,并且更具体地,涉及基于可变光束几何形状的激光的粉末床熔合。
背景技术
粉末床熔合(PBF)系统可以生产具有几何上复杂形状的金属结构(称为构建件),所述复杂形状包括一些用传统制造工艺难以产生或不可能产生的形状。PBF系统包括用于逐层地产生构建件的增材制造(AM)技术。每个层或切片可以通过以下过程来形成:沉积一层金属粉末,并接着熔合(例如,熔化并冷却)金属粉末层的与构建件在该层中的截面相一致的区域。可以重复该过程以形成构建件的下一切片,并以此类推,直到构建件完成。因为每个层都沉积在前一层的顶部上,所以PBF可以被比作从底部逐切片地形成结构。
基于激光的PBF可以用于制造复杂的几何形状,并降低了定制成本。遗憾的是,与大规模生产可能需要的过程相比,利用基于激光的PBF系统进行制造可能是一个缓慢的过程。在当前的PBF系统中应用高功率激光系统可能导致在打印过程期间的材料蒸发,从而增加制造成本。
发明内容
下文将更全面地描述基于可变光束几何形状的激光的PBF以及用其进行制造的系统与方法的几个方面。
在本公开的一方面,提出了一种用于基于激光的粉末床熔合的设备。该设备包括沉积多层粉末材料的沉积器。该设备还包括生成具有可变光束几何形状的激光束的激光束源。该设备进一步包括激光施加部件(例如,偏转器),其以多种光束几何形状中的一种来施加激光束,以熔合粉末材料。
在本公开的另一方面,提出了一种基于激光的粉末床熔合的方法。该方法包括调整激光束几何形状,以形成包括线或二维形状的经调整的激光束。该方法进一步包括将经调整的激光束施加至粉末材料的至少一部分,以扫描所限定构建件的至少一部分。
对于本领域技术人员来说,其它方面将从下面的详细描述中变得显而易见,其中,通过图示仅示出和描述了几个示例性实施例。如本领域技术人员将意识到的,本文描述的概念能够具有其它的和不同的实施例,并且能够在各种其它方面修改多个细节,这些都不背离本公开。因此,附图和详细描述本质上被认为是说明性的而不是限制性的。
附图说明
在附图中,本文描述的概念的各个方面现在将通过示例而非限制的方式呈现在详细描述中,其中:
图1A-图1D示出了示例性PBF系统在不同操作阶段期间的相应侧视图。
图2A和图2B是示出根据本公开的各方面的示例性光束定形部件的示图,该光束定形部件被操作以改变激光束的几何形状。
图3是示出根据本公开的各方面的用于扫描构建件的示例性L-PBF系统的示图。
图4示出了根据本公开的各方面的在扫描期间的激光束的示例性调整。
图5是示出根据本公开的各方面的被调整成用于2-D扫描的激光束的示例性能量通量水平配置的示图。
图6是在L-PBF设备中配置激光束以扫描构建件的示例性方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图阐述的详细描述旨在提供对本文公开的概念的各种示例性实施例的描述,而不旨在表示可以实践本公开的仅有实施例。本公开中使用的术语“示例性”意为“用作示例、实例或说明”,并且不应该必须被解释为比本公开中提出的其它实施例优选或有利。出于提供向本领域技术人员充分传达概念的范围的彻底且完整的公开的目的,详细描述包括具体细节。然而,可以在没有这些具体细节的情况下实践本公开。在一些情况下,众所周知的结构和部件可以以框图形式示出,或者完全省略,以便避免模糊贯穿本公开所给出的各种概念。
虽然本公开总体上针对基于激光的PBF(L-PBF)系统,但是应当理解,这种L-PBF系统可以涵盖各种AM技术。因此,L-PBF工艺可以包括尤其是下列打印技术:直接金属激光烧结(DMLS)、选择性激光熔化(SLM)和选择性激光烧结(SLS)。与本公开的原理相关的其他PBF工艺包括那些目前正在构思或正在商业开发中的工艺。虽然省略了每个这样的工艺的具体细节以避免不适当地模糊本公开的关键概念,但是应当理解,权利要求旨在涵盖这样的技术和相关结构。
L-PBF系统可以生产具有几何上复杂形状的金属和聚合物结构(称为构建件),所述复杂形状包括一些利用传统制造工艺难以产生或不可能产生的形状。L-PBF系统逐层地(即逐切片地)产生构建件。每个切片可以通过以下过程来形成:沉积一层金属粉末,并熔合(例如,熔化并冷却)金属粉末层的与构建件在该切片中的截面相一致的区域。可以重复该过程以形成构建件的下一切片,并以此类推,直到所有层都被沉积并且构建件完成。
本公开的各方面针对基于激光的PBF(L-PBF)系统的激光光斑几何形状,其可以提高构建速率并提供制造过程的灵活性和额外控制。激光光斑是表面的由激光照射的区域。不同于使用被配置为终止于微小的、几乎点状光斑(该光斑具有随时间保持恒定的小直径)的激光束,激光束反而可以被配置为使用可变光束或光斑几何形状。例如,光束几何形状(即,打印材料的表面的被激光照射的区域)可以是线、正方形、矩形、三角形、不对称形状或任何其他二维形状。然后,可以利用二维扫描将所识别的光束几何形状施加至打印材料的表面。在这样做时,激光束可以在PBF打印操作中施加,使得可以在任何给定时间处理粉末床的更大连续区域。在一实施例中,光束几何形状可以在3-D打印操作期间动态地更改。因此,例如,L-PBF 3-D打印机可以利用对应的大光束几何形状来熔合较大的区域,并且随后或周期性地,3-D打印机可以将光束几何形状更改为较小的线或普通的点状形状,以扫描物体的拐角部分和/或在更小的尺度上熔合构建件的细节。
根据本公开的各方面,可以基于待生产的物体(构建件)的几何形状来调整激光束几何形状。激光束几何形状可以在扫描开始时、在逐切片的基础上、在切片内的指定时间或者联机地(on the fly)动态地进行调整。此外,激光束几何形状也可以随着激光扫描经过粉末床而连续地变化,例如,其变化与在计算机辅助设计(CAD)轮廓中所识别的物体的构思结构一致。
采用可变光束几何形状可以有利地提高L-PBF工艺的产量。此外,如本文所述调整光束几何形状可以允许在更大面积上向粉末床施加激光功率,这意味着能量通量可以保持较小以减少材料蒸发。此外,考虑到经调整的激光光斑几何形状的二维性质,光斑几何形状的能量分布可以根据扫描向量(扫描的方向)来调节,以提供加热和冷却速率控制。在固化过程期间控制冷却速率可以允许降低热应力并改变最终部件的微观结构,从而实现期望的材料性能。
图1A-图1D示出了示例性的基于激光的PBF(L-PBF)系统100在不同操作阶段期间的相应侧视图。如上所述,图1A-图1D中示出的特定实施例是采用本公开的原理的L-PBF系统的众多适用示例中的一种。还应注意的是,图1A-图1D以及本公开中的其它附图的元件未必按比例绘制,而是可以出于更好地示出本文所述概念的目的而绘制得更大或更小。L-PBF系统100可以包括:沉积器101,其可以沉积每层粉末材料;激光束源103,其可以生成激光束;光束定形部件104,其可以根据所选光束几何形状来使激光束定形;偏转器105,其可以施加所选光束几何形状的形式的激光束以熔合粉末材料;以及构建板107,其可以支撑一个或更多个构建件,比如构建件109。
L-PBF系统100还可以包括定位在粉末床容器内的构建底板111。粉末床容器的壁112通常可以限定粉末床容器的边界,该粉末床容器限定在侧部的壁112和下方的构建底板112的一部分之间。构建底板111可以逐渐地降低构建板107,使得沉积器101可以沉积下一层粉末材料。L-PBF系统100可以另外包括室113,该室可以装入L-PBF系统100的其他部件(例如,激光束源103、光束定形部件104和偏转器105),从而保护这些其他部件,实现环境和温度调控并减轻污染风险。此外,PBF系统100可以包括温度传感器122,以监测环境温度、粉末材料117的温度和/或L-PBF系统100的部件的温度。例如,沉积器101可以包括容纳粉末117(比如金属粉末)的进料器115。沉积器101还可以包括整平器119,该整平器可以通过将预定层高度(例如,对应于图1B的粉末层厚度123)上方的沉积粉末117移位来整平每层沉积粉末的顶部(参见例如图1C的粉末层125)。
具体参照图1A,该图示出了在构建件109的切片熔合之后但在下一层粉末117沉积之前的L-PBF系统100。事实上,图1A示出了这样的时间,此时L-PBF系统100已经在多个层(例如150层)中沉积并熔合了切片,从而形成构建件109的目前状态(例如,由150个切片形成)。已经沉积的多个层产生了包括沉积但未熔合的粉末的粉末床121。
图1B示出了处于一个阶段的L-PBF系统100,在该阶段,构建底板111可以降低一粉末层厚度123。构建底板111的降低导致建造件109和粉末床121下降粉末层厚度123,使得构建件和粉末床的顶部比粉末床容器壁112的顶部低等于粉末层厚度的量。例如,以这种方式,可以在构建件109和粉末床121的顶部上产生具有等于粉末层厚度123的恒定厚度的空间。
图1C示出了处于一个阶段的L-PBF系统100,在该阶段,沉积器101定位成将粉末117沉积在形成于构建件109和粉末床121的顶部表面上并以粉末床容器壁112为边界的空间中。在该示例中,沉积器101在限定的空间上逐渐移动,同时从进料器115中释放粉末117。整平器119可以整平所释放的粉末以形成具有的厚度大致等于粉末层厚度123(参见图1B)的粉末层125。因此,L-PBF系统100中的粉末117可以由粉末材料支撑结构支撑,该支撑结构可以包括例如构建板107、构建底板111、构建件109、壁112等。应该注意的是,所示出的粉末层125的厚度(例如,图1B的粉末层厚度123)可以大于上文参考图1A所述的示例性地包含150个先前沉积层所使用的实际厚度。
图1D示出了在沉积粉末层125(图1C)之后在构建件109中生成下一切片的L-PBF系统100。参考图1D,激光束源103可以生成激光束。光束定形部件104可以用于将激光束的几何形状改变为线、正方形、矩形或其他二维形状的形式。在一些方面,光束定形部件104可以通过相位板和自由空间传播来使激光束定形。光束定形部件104可以包括多个衍射、反射和折射设备,比如衍射分束器、衍射扩散器、相位板、透镜、反射镜或其他光学元件。激光束127的尺寸和几何形状的改变可以例如通过光束定形部件104的光学元件的机动移位来实现,如下面参考图2A-图2B进一步讨论的。在一些方面,可以根据构建件109来设定光束形状的几何形状。可以基于构建件的几何形状在逐切片的基础上更改光束形状的几何形状,以减少特定层的扫描时间。在一些方面,光束形状的几何形状也可以在中间层修改,或者甚至在构建件109的整个扫描中连续地更改。
偏转器105可以施加选定几何形状的激光束127,以熔合构建件109中的下一切片。在各种实施例中,偏转器105可以包括一个或更多个万向节和致动器,所述万向节和致动器可以旋转和/或平移激光束源103和/或光束定形部件104以定位激光束127。在各种实施例中,激光束源103、光束定形部件104和/或偏转器105可以调制激光束,例如,在偏转器扫描时打开和关闭激光束,使得激光束仅施加在粉末层的适当区域。例如,在各种实施例中,激光束可以由数字信号处理器(DSP)调制。
如图1D所示,粉末层125的大部分熔合发生在粉末层的在前一切片(即,先前熔合的粉末)的顶部上的区域中。这种区域的示例是构建件109的表面。图1D中的粉末层的熔合发生在表征构建件109的实体的先前熔合层上。
图2A和图2B是示出根据本公开的各方面的示例性光束定形部件的示图,该光束定形部件在两个示例性的点处实时地操作以改变激光束的几何形状。参考图2A-图2B,光束定形部件200可以包括固定光学元件202A、202B以及一个或更多个机动光学元件204A、204B。光学元件202A、202B可以具有固定的位置,使得光学元件202A、202B可以不移位。机动光学元件204A、204B可以各自包括光学元件(例如,透镜),其中马达部件(未示出)按照时间来调节机动光学元件(例如,204A)的光学元件的位置。尽管该示例性光束定形部件200包括两个机动光学元件和两个固定光学元件,但是可以使用任何数量的这种光学元件来生成期望的光束形状。此外,尽管出于方便和清楚,光学元件202A、202B和204A、204B以圆形符号示出,但是这些元件可以采取任何必要或合适的物理形式。光束定形可以通过相位板和自由空间传播来实现。这样,光束定形部件200可以包括多个衍射、反射和折射设备,比如衍射分束器、衍射扩散器、相位板、透镜和反射镜。当然,还可以附加地或替代地使用其他机构来实现期望的光束几何形状。为了附图2A-图2B的目的,从激光源传播的光通常由线表示,所述线源自左侧的激光束源210,在一个或两个方向上移动穿过各种光学元件(例如,取决于光或其部分是否被反射),并终止于图右侧的打印物体表面上的期望图案(为了清楚起见省略)。
如图2A所示,来自激光束源210的光线可以施加到固定光学元件202A。当激光束最初施加到光学元件202A时,激光束此后可以经由固定光学元件(例如,202A、202B)和当前静止的机动光学元件(204A、204B)交替地反射和折射,从而产生第一激光光斑206。在图2B中,机动光学元件204A、204B此后可以重新定位,使得所产生的激光束的几何形状可以改变成线208。激光束的尺寸和几何形状可以通过机动光学元件的移位来调节。也就是说,可以包括在每个机动光学元件204A、204B中的机动或另外的自动机构可以用来控制光学元件之间的传播空间,使得最终的光束尺寸和形状可以更改为期望的形式。
图3是示出根据本公开的各方面的用于扫描构建件的示例性L-BPF系统的示图。参考图3,激光束源302可以向光束定形部件304提供激光束。在该示例中,光束定形部件304可以类似于光束定形部件200(图2A)来配置。然而,可以附加地或替代地使用其他机构来调整激光束的几何形状。光束定形部件304可以更改由激光束源302提供的激光束,以生成线306形式的激光光斑。更改的激光束源302可以指向偏转器305,该偏转器将更改的激光束306施加到粉末表面。仅举例来说明,更改的激光束306可以被配置成长度为10mm宽度为0.2mm的线的形式。激光束306可以施加到由基质板310支撑的粉末床308。例如,激光束306可以在垂直于线306的方向上扫描经过粉末床的区域,以熔合粉末床308中的粉末材料,从而根据设计轮廓形成构建件的切片或层。这里,通过将激光束306的几何形状调整为线的形式而不是点的形式,可以提高构建速率并且可以减少生产时间。例如,利用示例性激光束,垂直于其长度以1200m/s的速度移动,L-BPF工艺可以在0.05mm的层厚度上具有2000cm3/h的构建速率。
在一些方面,激光束的形状可以基于期望的待构建零件的几何形状来调整。参考图4,激光束的形状可以调整成使得最终的激光光斑为线。激光光斑线(例如,402A、402B和402C)的长度可以基于待构建零件(例如,构建件)的几何边界来连续地更改(例如,在光束定形部件104的控制下)。在第一部分处,激光光斑线402A的长度可以为最大Lmax。基于由零件的指定几何边界给出的构建件的几何形状,可以调整激光光斑的长度,使得几何边界之外的粉末不被处理。因此,如图4所示,随着激光束在垂直于其长度的方向上继续扫描粉末材料,激光束的长度可以被连续地更改(例如,逐渐减小),以遵循零件的几何边界,直到到达第二部分。在第二部分处,激光束402B可以为小于Lmax的长度L1。随着扫描继续,激光束的长度可以进一步调整(例如,逐渐增大),直到达到构建件的第三部分。在第三部分处,激光束402C的长度可以增大至长度L2。在一些方面,还可以调节激光的功率(P),使得激光功率与长度的比率可以维持,从而总能量通量在扫描期间保持恒定。
图5是示出被调整成用于2-D扫描的激光束的示例性能量通量水平配置的示图。如上所述,激光束可以被转换成具有基本上一维(1-D)的形状(通过线来近似)或二维(2-D)的形状。2-D扫描中的光束形状可以采用任何2-D形状,包括但不限于矩形、三角形或其他多边形或几何形状。较低的能量水平可以施加至1-D或2-D形状的部分。在一个示例中,对2-D形状的不同部分施加具有不同能量水平的激光束可以用来基于激光束相对于峰值能量通量分区的相对方向来提供粉末材料的预热和/或提供冷却速率控制。
参考图5,针对三个示例性矩形激光束形状502A、502B和502C提供了能量通量水平配置。矩形激光束502A被分成四个分区。每个分区可以被配置成具有带有不同能量通量水平的不同尺寸。仅作为示例,矩形激光光斑可以被配置为长度为10mm和宽度为5mm,且在其宽度上具有不同的能量水平。当然,分区的数量和尺寸仅是示例性的,并且任何数量和尺寸的分区都可以包括在激光束形状中。类似地,尽管图5的示例中的光束形状是矩形的,但是可以使用任何多维形状。在其他实施例中,每个部分504A、504B等都可以表示施加有特定功率的被分立调整的几何光束形状。
在对激光束进行定形时,能量分布可以被配置成使得可以沿着矩形的宽度来调节能量水平。在分区504A中,能量通量水平可以提高到足以熔化粉末材料的水平(例如,峰值能量通量)。此后,在分区504B、504C和504D中,能量通量水平在每个分区中连续地降低。因此,当在扫描中施加时,矩形光束形状502A可以提供粉末材料的局部预热。也就是说,当矩形光束形状502A扫描粉末床中的粉末材料(在从左到右的方向上水平地进行)时,2-D扫描可以逐渐加热粉末床的首先以最低能量通量水平施加504D的区域中的粉末。当每个连续分区被施加到粉末材料的同一区域时,能量通量水平(例如,激光束强度)可以提高,并且粉末材料的温度继而可以提高。通过配置激光束的能量分布以在将粉末加热至熔化之前预热粉末材料,可以减少热波动和最终的热应力。
在矩形激光束形状502B中,示出了具有不同能量通量水平的四个分区。随着激光束形状502B扫描粉末床的分区中的粉末材料,施加到粉末的能量通量水平可以逐渐降低。例如,分区506D可以被施加至粉末床510的分区以熔化该区域中的粉末材料。当激光束从左到右在垂直于激光束502B的宽度的方向上继续时,随着分区506C、506B和506A被施加以顺序地扫描该区域中的材料,可以施加逐渐降低的能量通量水平。通过这样配置用于激光束形状502B的能量分布,利用激光束502B的2-D扫描可以提供对固化材料的冷却速率的控制。控制冷却速率可以降低热应力,并进一步能够将构建件部件的最终微结构产生为期望的性能。
在一些方面,激光束可以配置有一定的能量分布,以在粉末材料熔化之后提供粉末材料的局部加热和冷却速率控制。如图5所示,矩形激光束502C包括七个分区。当施加至粉末床510的区域中的粉末材料时,分区508G、508F、508E在分区508D扫描该区域时在熔化之前逐渐地加热该区域中的粉末材料。在分区508D扫描粉末床510的指定区域之后,分区508C、508B和508A可以顺序地施加,以逐渐地降低所施加的能量通量水平,从而控制熔化材料的冷却速率。因此,激光束(例如,502A、502B或502C)的能量通量水平可以根据正在处理的材料来调节,以降低通常在通过L-PBF工艺制造的零件中观察到的热应力。
图6是在L-PBF设备中配置激光束以扫描构建件的示例性方法的流程图。L-PBF设备可以可选地确定所限定构建件的几何形状(602)。L-PBF设备可以调整激光束的几何形状,以形成包括线或2-D形状的经调整的激光束(604)。例如,参考图2A-图2B,光束定形部件200可以接收来自激光束源的激光束。光束定形部件200可以配置有固定光学元件(202A、202B)和机动光学元件(204A、204B)。机动光学元件(204A、204B)可以相对于固定光学元件(202A、202B)移动或重新定位,以控制光学元件(例如,机动光学元件和固定光学元件)之间的传播空间,使得可以更改最终的激光束尺寸和形状。用于调整期望的激光束形状的替代技术也可以是可行的。
在一些方面,激光束的几何形状可以在激光束的施加期间变化。例如,如图4所示,当激光束扫描粉末材料以生成构建件时,可以连续地更改被调整成线(例如,402A、402B和402C)形式的激光束。在图4的示例中,随着扫描在粉末床上进行,激光光斑线的长度被更改。然而,本公开不限于此,并且可以设想其他更改。例如,光束的形状也可以随着扫描的进行而调整。也就是说,激光束可以在扫描的一部分期间形成为矩形,并且稍后可以在扫描的另一部分被改变为三角形。在一些方面,可以基于所限定构建件的几何形状来调整激光束(610)。例如,可以分析期望构建件的几何形状,以确定可以最有效地(例如,使得完成时间可以减少或优化)用于扫描期望构建件的几何形状。在另一示例中,如图4所示,激光光斑线的长度基于为正在构建的零件指定的边界来调节。
在一些方面,可以基于与正在构建的零件相关联的能量分布来调整激光束几何形状(608)。例如,可以基于用于期望构建件的粉末材料的类型(例如,不同的金属)来改变熔化点。经调整的激光束几何形状可以被分成分区。能量分布可以指定不同的能量通量水平,从而经由经调整的激光束的每个不同分区来施加。例如,如图5所示,矩形激光束502A可以配置有四个分区。在每个分区504B、504C和504D中,施加的能量通量水平连续地降低。因此,当施加到粉末时(以相反的顺序),矩形光束502A逐渐地加热粉末。当每个连续分区(例如,504D→504C→504B→504A)被施加到粉末材料的同一区域时,能量通量水平(例如,激光束强度)可以提高,并且粉末材料的温度继而可以提高。通过基于能量分布来调整具有分区的激光束,激光束可以被配置为在将粉末加热至熔化之前预热粉末材料(经由分区504A)。因此,可以减少最终构建件中的热波动和最终热应力。
此外,能量分布可以用来调整激光束,以便在粉末材料熔化之后提供冷却控制。例如,如图5所示,矩形激光束502B可以被调整和配置成包括具有不同能量通量水平的四个分区。在矩形激光束502B扫描粉末床的分区中的粉末材料时,在激光束的每个分区中施加至粉末的能量通量水平可以逐渐地降低。通过控制冷却速率,可以进一步降低最终构建件中的热应力。
L-PBF设备可以将经调整的激光束施加至粉末材料的至少一部分,以扫描所限定构建件的至少一部分(606)。例如,如图3所示,被调整成线(306)形式的激光束被施加到粉末床308中的粉末材料,从而熔化粉末材料以限定构建件的一部分。可以在垂直于其长度(例如,线)或其宽度的方向上施加经调整的激光束。以这种方式,可以在扫描期间将经调整的激光束施加到更大的区域,从而减少生产时间。
在一些方面,可以基于温度分布来调整激光束的几何形状(612)。例如,温度分布可以包括用于构建件的粉末材料熔化的温度以及其他阈值(例如,粉末材料蒸发的温度)。温度传感器(比如图1A的温度传感器122A)可以监测粉末床中的粉末材料的温度。当温度达到临界点时,可以调整激光束(例如,减少激光束的能量通量)。
在其他实施例中,2-D形状可以是无定形的、不对称的,并且不需要为已知形状的形式。在一些实施例中,CAD软件或与CAD软件结合工作的应用程序可以根据3-D打印作业中所用的时间来确定变化形状的最佳序列。除了其他变量,软件还可以考虑上述的一些或所有因素,包括温度分布、预热和/或预冷有利的区域、构建物体的几何形状、使蒸发效应最小的预期等。光束定形部件104(图1)可以利用本文提到的各种硬件元件来构建,并在3-D打印机中实现,以调整光束的几何形状。光束定形部件104可以被配置为随时间改变光束形状,比如连续地改变线形式的光束形状的长度。配合固定元件连续地移动机动透镜和其他光学元件可以帮助提供随着时间的推移改变光束形状的能力。CAD软件和/或与之相关的应用软件可以用作数据模型,用于向3-D打印机提供指令,以对给定的构建件赋予期望结果的方式操作光束定形部件104和激光束源103的功率分布。
虽然激光束源103和光束定形部件104通常被识别为独立的部件,但是在一些示例性实施例中,两个部件的功能可以被包括为单个集成结构的一部分,而不脱离本公开的范围。
本文公开的各种示例性实施例针对L-PBF系统中的具有可变光束几何形状的激光的新颖配置。
提供先前的描述是为了使本领域技术人员能够实践本文中所描述的各方面。对于本领域技术人员来说,对贯穿本公开呈现的这些示例性实施例的各种修改将是显而易见的,并且本文公开的概念可以应用于其他支撑结构以及用于移除支撑结构的系统和方法。因此,权利要求不旨在限于贯穿本公开内容给出的示例性实施例,而是与符合语言权利要求的全部范围相一致。贯穿本公开内容所描述的示例性实施例的元件的所有结构和功能等同物都是本领域普通技术人员已知的或以后将为本领域普通技术人员所公知的,这些等同物旨在由权利要求涵盖。此外,本文所公开的内容都不旨在贡献给公众,无论在权利要求中是否明确地叙述了这样的公开内容。不得根据35U.S.C§112(f)的条款或适用司法管辖权内的类似法律来解释权利要求的要素,除非使用短语“用于……的装置”来清楚地叙述该要素,或者在方法权利要求的情况中,使用短语“用于……的步骤”来叙述该要素。
Claims (28)
1.一种用于基于激光的粉末床熔合的设备,包括:
沉积器,所述沉积器沉积多层粉末材料;
激光束源,所述激光束源生成激光束;以及
光束定形部件,所述光束定形部件将激光束定形为多种光束几何形状中的一种,以熔合所述粉末材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述光束定形部件被配置成在激光束的施加期间改变来自所述激光束源的激光束的光束几何形状。
3.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,激光束几何形状基于待生产物体的设计轮廓而改变。
4.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,激光束几何形状基于待生产物体的能量分布而改变。
5.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述激光束的光束几何形状包括二维形状。
6.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述激光束的光束几何形状包括线。
7.根据权利要求6所述的设备,其中,所述线的长度能够基于激光束的能量分布而改变。
8.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,光束几何形状至少包括第一部分和第二部分,并且所述第一部分的能量分布不同于所述第二部分的能量分布。
9.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中,所述第一部分的能量分布和所述第二部分的能量分布至少部分地基于温度分布来配置。
10.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中,所述激光束源被配置成在所述第一部分与所述第二部分之间提供恒定的能量通量。
11.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中,所述第一部分被配置为预热粉末材料,并且所述第二部分被配置为熔合粉末材料。
12.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中,所述第一部分被配置成熔合粉末材料,并且所述第二部分被配置成降低能量通量以控制熔合后的粉末材料的冷却。
13.根据权利要求1所述的设备,进一步包括控制器,所述控制器联接到所述激光束源并被配置成控制从所述激光束源发射的激光束的功率密度。
14.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,激光束几何形状基于待生产物体的温度分布而改变。
15.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述光束定形部件包括被对准以包围所述激光束的固定光学元件和可移动光学元件的每一种中的至少一个。
16.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其中,所述光学元件中的至少一个包括透镜。
17.一种基于激光的粉末床熔合的方法,包括:
调整激光束的几何形状以形成经调整的激光束,所述经调整的激光束在接触一层粉末材料的表面时包括线或二维形状;以及
将经调整的激光束施加到该层粉末材料的至少一部分上,以熔合所限定构建件的至少一部分。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,进一步包括在激光束的施加期间随时间改变所述激光束的几何形状。
19.根据权利要求17所述的方法,进一步包括基于待生产物体的能量分布来改变所述激光束的几何形状。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,经调整的激光束的激光束几何形状包括二维形状。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,经调整的激光束的激光束几何形状包括线,所述方法进一步包括在垂直于所述线的长度的方向上施加经调整的激光束。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,进一步包括基于经调整的激光束的能量分布来改变所述线的长度。
23.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,经调整的激光束的激光束几何形状至少包括第一部分和第二部分,并且所述第一部分的能量分布不同于所述第二部分的能量分布。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中,所述第一部分的能量分布和所述第二部分的能量分布至少部分地基于温度分布来配置。
25.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中,所述第一部分的能量分布和所述第二部分的能量分布被配置成在所述第一部分与所述第二部分之间提供恒定的能量通量。
26.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中,所述第一部分被配置为预热粉末材料,并且所述第二部分被配置为熔合粉末材料。
27.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中,所述第一部分被配置成熔合粉末材料,并且所述第二部分被配置成减少能量通量以控制熔合后的粉末材料的冷却。
28.根据权利要求17所述的方法,进一步包括确定所限定构建件的几何形状,并且其中,所述激光束的几何形状基于所限定构建件的几何形状来调整。
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