CN107533909B - 稀土类磁铁的制造方法 - Google Patents

稀土类磁铁的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN107533909B
CN107533909B CN201680023920.2A CN201680023920A CN107533909B CN 107533909 B CN107533909 B CN 107533909B CN 201680023920 A CN201680023920 A CN 201680023920A CN 107533909 B CN107533909 B CN 107533909B
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栗林幸弘
神谷尚吾
前川治和
田中慎太郎
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Abstract

通过将上述烧结磁铁体保持于接地的良导电性的夹具,使稀土类化合物的粉末带电并向该烧结磁铁体喷雾,用该粉末对上述烧结磁铁体进行静电涂装,从而将上述粉末涂布于上述烧结磁铁体,进行热处理而制造稀土类磁铁。由此,能够将稀土类化合物的粉末均匀地涂布于烧结磁铁体表面,并且能够极其有效率地进行该涂布操作。

Description

稀土类磁铁的制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其在将含有稀土类化合物的粉末涂布于烧结磁铁体,进行热处理而使烧结磁铁体吸收稀土类元素,制造稀土类永久磁铁时,能够均匀且有效率地涂布上述稀土类化合物的粉末,有效率地得到磁特性优异的稀土类磁铁。
背景技术
Nd-Fe-B系等的稀土类永久磁铁由于其优异的磁特性,因此用途在不断地扩展。以往,作为使该稀土类磁铁的矫顽力进一步提高的方法,已知如下方法:在烧结磁铁体的表面涂布稀土类化合物的粉末,进行热处理,使稀土类元素在烧结磁铁体中吸收扩散,得到稀土类永久磁铁(专利文献1:日本特开2007-53351号公报、专利文献2:国际公开第2006/043348号),采用该方法,可以在抑制残留磁通量密度的减少的同时增大矫顽力。
但是,该方法留有进一步改善的余地。即,以往在上述稀土类化合物的涂布中一般采用如下方法:将烧结磁铁体浸渍于使包含该稀土类化合物的粉末分散于水、有机溶剂而成的浆料,或者对烧结磁铁体喷射该浆料而涂布,使其干燥,对于浸渍法、喷射法而言,难以控制粉末的涂着量,也有时不能使稀土类元素充分地吸收,或者反而涂布所需以上的粉末而无益地消耗贵重的稀土类元素。另外,由于涂膜的膜厚容易产生波动,膜的致密性也不高,因此,为了将矫顽力增大提高直至达到饱和,需要过剩的涂着量。进而,由于由粉末构成的涂膜的密合力低,因此从涂着工序直至热处理工序完成的作业性未必良好。
因此,希望开发能够均匀且有效率地涂布稀土类化合物的粉末并且能够控制涂着量而密合性良好地形成致密的粉末的涂膜的涂布方法。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2007-53351号公报
专利文献2:国际公开第2006/043348号
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
本发明鉴于上述实际情况而完成,目的在于提供稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其在包含R1-Fe-B系组成(或者由R1-Fe-B系组成构成)(R1为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)的烧结磁铁体表面涂布含有选自R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物或氢化物(R2为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)中的1种或2种以上的粉末并热处理而制造稀土类永久磁铁时,能够均匀且有效率地涂布粉末,并且能够控制涂着量而密合性良好地形成致密的粉末的涂膜,能够有效率地得到磁特性更为优异的稀土类磁铁。
用于解决课题的手段
本发明人为了实现上述目的进行了深入研究,结果发现:在包含R1-Fe-B系组成(或者由R1-Fe-B系组成构成)(R1为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)的烧结磁铁体表面涂布含有选自R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物或氢化物(R2为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)中的1种或2种以上的粉末并热处理而制造稀土类永久磁铁的情况下,通过使上述粉末带电而向接地的烧结磁铁体喷雾,用该粉末对上述烧结磁铁体进行静电涂装,从而能够均匀且有效率地涂布该粉末,并且能够控制涂着量而密合性良好地形成致密的粉末的涂膜,能够有效率地得到磁特性更为优异的稀土类磁铁,完成了本发明。
因此,本发明提供:
[1]稀土类磁铁的制造方法,是将含有选自R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物或氢化物(R2为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)中的1种或2种以上的粉末涂布于包含R1-Fe-B系组成(或者由R1-Fe-B系组成构成)(R1为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)的烧结磁铁体并进行热处理而使烧结磁铁体吸收R2的稀土类永久磁铁的制造方法,其特征在于,通过将上述烧结磁铁体保持于接地的良导电性的夹具,将带电的上述粉末向该烧结磁铁体喷雾而用该粉末对上述烧结磁铁体进行静电涂装,从而将上述粉末涂布于上述烧结磁铁体。
另外,本发明人进一步进行了研究,结果发现了:对于上述粉末的带电,优选采用电晕放电的带电;通过对上述粉末的涂膜赋予液体而使其成为暂时湿润的状态,将其干燥后进行热处理,从而可进一步提高矫顽力;优选的夹具的形态、进而使用电晕枪使上述粉末带电时的优选的施加电压和由其产生的优选的粉末的涂布量等。
因此,本发明作为优选的实施方式,提供下述[2]~[8]的发明。
[2][1]的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,通过电晕放电使上述粉末带电,进行上述静电涂装。
[3][2]的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,使用电晕枪使上述粉末电晕带电而喷雾,进行上述静电涂装,而且此时使对电晕枪前端部的施加电压成为-60kV以上,使上述粉末的对烧结磁铁体的涂布量成为850mg/dm2以上。
[4][1]~[3]的任一项的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,在实施上述静电涂装之前对上述烧结磁铁体表面喷射液体,在该烧结磁铁体表面存在着液体的状态下实施上述静电涂装,形成上述粉末的涂膜,使其干燥后进行上述热处理。
[5][1]~[3]的任一项的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,在进行了上述静电涂装后,对在上述烧结磁铁体表面形成的上述粉体的涂膜喷射液体而使该涂膜湿润,使其干燥后进行上述热处理。
[6][4]或[5]的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,上述液体的喷射量为1ml/dm2以上。
[7][4]~[6]的任一项的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,上述液体为纯水。
[8][1]~[7]的任一项的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,上述夹具由选自铜、铜合金、铝、铁、铁合金、钛中的材料制成,以将上述烧结磁铁体夹持于尖锐地形成了前端的保持部而进行保持的方式构成,并且将该保持部的与烧结磁铁体的接点和接地用的电连接点以外的部位用塑料溶胶涂覆。
发明的效果
根据本发明,能够在不需要使稀土类化合物的粉末分散于溶剂来制备浆料等烦杂的作业、工序的情况下进行粉末的涂布,并且通过调节粉末的带电电位、喷雾量,从而能够容易且确实地控制涂着量来密合性良好地形成致密的粉末的涂膜,而且与涂布浆料的情形相比,能够容易且有效率地回收未附着的粉末。
因此,根据本发明,能够这样将稀土类化合物的粉末均匀地涂布于烧结磁铁体表面,并且能够极其有效率地进行该涂布操作,因此能够有效率地制造使矫顽力良好地增大的磁特性优异的稀土类磁铁。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的制造方法中使用的夹具的一例的概略图,(A)是概略平面图,(B)是沿着(A)的B-B线的概略截面图。
图2是表示实施本发明的制造方法中的粉末涂布的静电涂装设备的一例的概略图。
图3是表示实施例中的矫顽力的测定位置的说明图。
具体实施方式
本发明的稀土类磁铁的制造方法如上述那样,将含有R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物或氢化物(R2为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)的粉末涂布于包含R1-Fe-B系组成(或者由R1-Fe-B系组成构成)(R1为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上)的烧结磁铁体,进行热处理,使烧结磁铁体吸收R2,制造稀土类磁铁。
上述R1-Fe-B系烧结磁铁体能够使用采用公知的方法得到的产物,例如能够通过按照常规方法使含有R1、Fe、B的母合金粗粉碎、微粉碎、成型、烧结而得到。再有,R1如上述那样,为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上,具体地,可列举出Y、Sc、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Yb和Lu。
本发明中,将该R1-Fe-B系烧结磁铁体根据需要通过磨削等成型为规定形状,在表面涂布含有R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物、氢化物的1种或2种以上的粉末,进行热处理,使其于烧结磁铁体吸收扩散(晶界扩散),得到稀土类磁铁。
上述R2如上述那样,为选自包含Y和Sc的稀土类元素中的1种或2种以上,与上述R1同样地可例示Y、Sc、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Yb和Lu。这种情况下,并无特别限制,但优选在R2中的1种或多种中合计含有10原子%以上、更优选20原子%以上、特别是40原子%以上的Dy或Tb。从本发明的目的出发,更优选这样在R2中含有10原子%以上的Dy和/或Tb并且R2中的Nd和Pr的合计浓度比上述R1中的Nd和Pr的合计浓度低。
对上述含有R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物、氢化物的1种或2种以上的粉末的粒径并无特别限制,能够使其成为作为用于吸收扩散(晶界扩散)的稀土类化合物粉末一般的粒度,具体地,平均粒径优选100μm以下,更优选为10μm以下。对其下限并无特别限制,但优选1nm以上。该平均粒径例如能够使用采用激光衍射法等的粒度分布测定装置等作为质量平均值D50(即,累计质量成为50%时的粒径或中值径)等求出。
本发明中,上述粉末的涂布如上述那样,通过保持上述烧结磁铁体,将带电的上述粉末对接地的烧结磁铁体进行喷雾,用该粉末对上述烧结磁铁体进行静电涂装而进行。
这种情况下,使上述粉末带电的方式可以是使粉末摩擦带电的摩擦带电方式,也可以是通过电晕放电使粉末带电的电晕带电方式,特别是由于能够不对粉体的材质产生影响地使其带电,因此从与摩擦带电相比简单地要求最佳的涂布条件的理由出发,优选使用电晕带电方式。在任一方式中,能够使用市售的静电涂装枪使粉体带电来进行喷雾,例如作为电晕带电方式,能够使用ASAHI SUNAC CORPORATION的粉体自动枪“X-3a”,作为摩擦带电方式,能够使用ASAHI SUNACCORPORATION的粉体自动枪“T-3a”等。
其中,在使用电晕枪(电晕带电方式的静电涂装枪)使上述粉末带电而进行喷雾的情况下,通过调节对电晕枪前端部的施加电压和粉末的供给量,从而能够比较容易地调节粉末的涂布量。本发明中,虽并无特别限制,但优选通过使对电晕枪前端部的施加电压成为-60kV以上、特别是-70kV~-80kV,并且使用定量供给装置等定量供给规定量的粉末,从而进行调节以致对上述烧结磁铁体的涂布量成为850mg/dm2以上。
另一方面,将上述烧结磁铁体保持于良导电性的夹具,在经由该夹具接地的状态下供于上述静电涂装。作为成型该夹具的良导电性的材料,并无特别限制,但优选使用铜、铜合金、铝、铁、铁合金、钛等。另外,对夹具的形态无限制,可根据烧结磁铁体的形状、大小等使其成为适宜的形态。例如,能够优选地使用以将上述烧结磁铁体夹持于尖锐地形成了前端的保持部而进行保持的方式构成的夹具。
作为这样的夹具,更具体地,能够例示图1中所示的形态的夹具。即,图1中的附图标记1为方框状的基台,在该基台1立设有4根保持臂2。成为了保持臂2的前端部弯曲成钩状、并且将其前端形成为尖锐的圆锥状的保持部21。将2根该保持臂2作为1组,将2组在使彼此的保持部21对向的状态下立设。而且,使其保持为用该各保持臂2的保持部21夹持着上述烧结磁铁体3的状态。再有,该夹具用上述良导电性的材料形成,但上述保持部21的与烧结磁铁体3的接点和未图示的接地用的电接点以外的部分优选用塑料溶胶等涂覆以致上述粉末不附着。
就这样将上述粉末涂布而形成了该粉末的涂膜的烧结磁铁体而言,通过之后工序的热处理,使其在烧结磁铁体中吸收扩散,通过上述静电涂装而附着于烧结磁铁体表面的上述粉末如果在这种状态下则容易飞散,在直至加热处理的期间即使是少量,有时也会因粉末的飞散而给矫顽力的增大效果、均匀性带来少许的降低。因此,虽然无特别限制,但优选对涂布的上述粉末的涂膜赋予液体,使该涂膜暂时湿润,使其干燥后实施上述加热处理。作为赋予的液体,可以例示乙醇等醇类、纯水等,特别是从成本等方面出发,优选使用纯水。
上述液体的赋予能够通过喷射来进行,这种情况下,可在进行上述静电涂装之前向烧结磁铁体表面喷射纯水等液体,在表面存在着纯水等的状态下对烧结磁铁体实施上述静电涂装,也可在进行了上述静电涂装后对形成的涂膜喷射纯水等液体。应予说明,在静电涂装的前后都可获得充分的液体赋予的效果,但如后述的实施例那样,在静电涂装前向烧结磁铁体表面喷射纯水等液体获得更为良好的效果。应予说明,赋予的纯水等液体的量根据烧结磁铁体的大小、形状、粉末的粒径、形成的涂膜的厚度等适当地设定,并无特别限制,但优选使其成为1ml/dm2以上,特别优选使其成为2~3ml/dm2
就该采用静电涂装的粉末的涂布而言,能够例如使用吊挂式搬运轨道等搬运保持于上述夹具的烧结磁铁体,对多个烧结磁铁体连续地实施上述静电涂装处理来应对批量化生产。能够例示例如图2中所示的制造设备。
即,图2中的4为以规定速度搬运安装于上述夹具的烧结磁铁体的吊挂式搬运轨道,在装载·卸载部5将烧结磁铁体安装于该夹具,沿着吊挂式搬运轨道4搬运该烧结磁铁体,依次通过前处理部6、静电涂装部7和干燥部8,形成上述粉末的涂膜,在上述装载·卸载部5将该形成了涂膜的烧结磁铁体回收。
在上述前处理部6设置有表面处理厢61和背面处理厢62,在这些处理厢61、62利用纯水喷枪63向烧结磁铁体的表背两面喷射纯水。另外,在上述静电涂装部7设置有表面涂装厢71和背面涂装厢72,在这些涂装厢61、62中,利用静电涂装枪73向经由上述夹具接地的烧结磁铁体将带电的上述粉末喷雾,在烧结磁铁体的表背两面将上述粉末静电涂装。进而,在上述干燥部8中,使得在50~70℃左右的温度下实施5~10分钟的干燥处理。
本发明的制造方法通过对这样涂布了稀土类化合物的粉末的烧结磁铁体进行热处理,使稀土类化合物中的上述R2在烧结磁铁体中吸收扩散,从而得到稀土类永久磁铁。
使上述R2所示的稀土类元素吸收扩散的上述热处理可按照公知的方法进行。另外,也能够在上述热处理后、在适当的条件下实施时效处理,或者进而磨削成实用形状等根据需要实施公知的后处理。
实施例
以下对于本发明的更具体的方案用实施例进行详述,但本发明并不限定于此。
[实施例1]
对于由Nd 14.5原子%、Cu 0.2原子%、B 6.2原子%、Al 1.0原子%、Si 1.0原子%、Fe余量组成的薄板状的合金,使用纯度99质量%以上的Nd、Al、Fe、Cu金属、纯度99.99质量%的Si、硼铁,在Ar气氛中高频熔化后,采用注入于铜制单辊的所谓薄带连铸法制成了薄板状的合金。将得到的合金在室温下暴露于0.11MPa的氢化而使其吸藏氢后,边进行真空排气边加热到500℃,部分地使氢放出,冷却后上筛,制成了50目以下的粗粉末。
对于上述粗粉末,采用使用了高压氮气的喷射磨微粉碎成粉末的重量中位粒径5μm。边使得到的该混合微粉末在氮气氛下在15kOe的磁场中取向,边用约1吨/cm2的压力成型为块状。将该成型体投入Ar气氛的烧结炉内,在1060℃下烧结2小时,得到了磁铁块。使用玻璃刀对该磁铁块进行了全面磨削加工后,按碱溶液、纯水、硝酸、纯水的顺序清洗,使其干燥,得到了40mm×20mm×5mm(磁各向异性化的方向)的块状磁铁体。
将上述烧结磁铁体安装于连着设置了多个图1的夹具的夹具中并使其接地,使用ASAHI SUNAC CORPORATION制的粉体静电涂装装置“XR4-100PS”,使氟化镝粉末电晕带电,进行喷雾,涂布850mg/dm2以上,在上述烧结磁铁体的表面形成了氟化镝粉末的涂膜。应予说明,使电晕枪前端部的设定电压成为75kV×80μA。
通过在Ar气氛中、900℃下对形成了氟化镝粉末的涂膜的上述烧结磁铁体进行5小时热处理,实施吸收处理,进而在500℃下进行1小时时效处理,进行急冷,从而得到了稀土类磁铁。对于3个样品,从图3中所示的磁铁的中央部和端部的9点的部位将磁铁体切出成2mm×2mm×5mm,测定了其矫顽力。对于各样品,将上述9点的矫顽力的平均值示于表1中。
[实施例2]
将与实施例1同样地得到的烧结磁铁体保持于夹具,喷射纯水而对烧结磁铁体表面赋予3ml/dm2的纯水,使其成为将烧结磁铁体表面润湿了的状态。与实施例1同样地将氟化镝粉末涂布于该烧结磁铁体,形成了氟化镝粉末的涂膜。使其在60℃下干燥了5分钟后,与实施例1同样地进行加热处理,得到稀土类磁铁,同样地测定了矫顽力。将结果示于表1中。
[实施例3]
与实施例1同样地将氟化镝粉末涂布于与实施例1同样地得到的烧结磁铁体,形成了氟化镝粉末的涂膜后,对该烧结磁铁体喷射纯水,赋予3ml/dm2的纯水,使其成为了涂膜湿润的状态。使其在60℃下干燥了5分钟后,与实施例1同样地进行加热处理,得到稀土类磁铁,同样地测定了矫顽力。将结果示于表1中。
[表1]
纯水的喷射 样品1 样品2 样品3
实施例1 未处理 7.9 8.1 8.1
实施例2 粉末涂布前 10.8 11.0 10.9
实施例3 粉末涂布后 9.4 9.3 9.5
单位:kOe
附图标记的说明
1 基台
2 保持臂
21 保持部
3 烧结磁铁体
4 吊挂式搬运轨道
5 装载·卸载部
6 前处理部
61 表面处理厢
62 背面处理厢
63 纯水喷枪
7 静电涂装部
71 表面涂装厢
72 背面涂装厢
73 静电涂装枪
8 干燥部

Claims (6)

1.稀土类磁铁的制造方法,是将含有选自R2的氧化物、氟化物、氧氟化物、氢氧化物或氢化物中的1种或2种以上的粉末涂布于包含R1-Fe-B系组成的烧结磁铁体、进行热处理而使烧结磁铁体吸收R2的稀土类永久磁铁的制造方法,上述R1为选自Y、Sc、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Yb和Lu中的1种或2种以上,上述R2为选自Y、Sc、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Yb和Lu中的1种或2种以上,其特征在于,将上述烧结磁铁体保持于接地的良导电性的夹具,接着,将带电的上述粉末向该烧结磁铁体喷雾,用该粉末对上述烧结磁铁体进行静电涂装,从而将上述粉末涂布于上述烧结磁铁体,
在实施上述静电涂装之前,向上述烧结磁铁体表面喷射液体,在液体存在于该烧结磁铁体表面的状态下实施上述静电涂装,形成上述粉末的涂膜,使其干燥后,进行上述热处理,或者
在进行了上述静电涂装后,对在上述烧结磁铁体表面形成的上述粉末的涂膜喷射液体,使该涂膜润湿,将其干燥后,进行上述热处理。
2.根据权利要求1所述的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,通过电晕放电使上述粉末带电,进行上述静电涂装。
3.根据权利要求2所述的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,使用电晕枪使上述粉末电晕带电而喷雾,进行上述静电涂装,而且此时使对电晕枪前端部的施加电压成为-60kV以上,使上述粉末的向烧结磁铁体的涂布量成为850mg/dm2以上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,上述液体的喷射量为1ml/dm2以上。
5.根据权利要求4所述的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,上述液体为纯水。
6.根据权利要求1~3的任一项所述的稀土类磁铁的制造方法,其中,上述夹具由选自铜、铜合金、铝、铁、铁合金、钛中的材料制成,以将上述烧结磁铁体夹持地保持于尖锐地形成了前端的保持部的方式构成,并且将该保持部的与烧结磁铁体的接点和接地用的电连接点以外的部位用塑料溶胶涂覆。
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