CN107530686A - 氨合成催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
氨合成催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107530686A CN107530686A CN201680011209.5A CN201680011209A CN107530686A CN 107530686 A CN107530686 A CN 107530686A CN 201680011209 A CN201680011209 A CN 201680011209A CN 107530686 A CN107530686 A CN 107530686A
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- ruthenium
- praseodymium oxide
- ammonia synthesis
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910003447 praseodymium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 19
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910002830 PrOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- YWECOPREQNXXBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Pr+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YWECOPREQNXXBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009620 Haber process Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZLGIGTLMMBTXIY-UHFFFAOYSA-K praseodymium(3+);trihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Pr+3] ZLGIGTLMMBTXIY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002637 Pr6O11 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013064 chemical raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001136 chorion Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003837 high-temperature calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 praseodymium oxide ruthenium Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- XIRHLBQGEYXJKG-UHFFFAOYSA-H praseodymium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Pr+3].[Pr+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O XIRHLBQGEYXJKG-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- LHBNLZDGIPPZLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K praseodymium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pr](Cl)Cl LHBNLZDGIPPZLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001350 scanning transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran thf Chemical compound C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1 WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F17/00—Compounds of rare earth metals
- C01F17/20—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element
- C01F17/206—Compounds containing only rare earth metals as the metal element oxide or hydroxide being the only anion
- C01F17/224—Oxides or hydroxides of lanthanides
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- B01J23/462—Ruthenium
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- C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
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Abstract
本发明提供担载稀土氧化物的贵金属催化剂，具体地提供催化剂活性高，且能够在大幅度提高每个催化剂重量及每个担载金属量的氨生成活性的温和条件下进行氨合成的担载稀土氧化物的贵金属催化剂。本发明的催化剂的特征在于，在氧化镨载体中，以呈层状的方式担载钌。本发明的催化剂可由如下的方法获得，即，按低温、中温及高温的顺序对氧化镨前驱体进行煅烧处理来获得氧化镨，在溶剂中与钌供给源一同搅拌上述氧化镨之后，进行溶剂的去除及煅烧处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及氨合成催化剂，更详细地，涉及在温和的条件下，示出极高的氨合成能力的担载稀土氧化物的贵金属催化剂。
背景技术
氨为使用在肥料等的重要化学原料，近年作为能量载体来备受瞩目。尤其，近年，利用可再生能源来合成氨的工序或催化剂正备受瞩目。
利用已被工业化的铁催化剂的哈柏法(Haber-Bosch process)属于高温高压工序，利用可再生能源难以操作此工序。为此，需要开发出与哈柏法相比更温和的、即，在低温且低压的条件下，显示高活性的氨合成催化剂和工序。
到目前为止，据报道，在各种载体中担载钌的催化剂可以在低温、低压的条件下显示高氨生成活性(例如，非专利文献1、非专利文献2)。
现有技术文献
非专利文献1：Aika et al,J.Catal.,136,126(1992)
非专利文献2：Hosono et al.Nature Chemistry.4,934(2012)
发明内容
技术问题
但是，在催化剂的实用化工序上起到重要作用的每个催化剂重量，或每个担载金属量的氨生成活性仍处于不够充分的状态，从而需要在低温、低压条件下的催化剂的高活性化。
针对这些需求，本发明的目的在于，提供在温和条件下合成氨的新型担载稀土氧化物的贵金属催化剂。
解决问题的方案
本发明的在温和条件下合成氨的担载稀土氧化物的贵金属催化剂的特征在于，在氧化镨载体中，以呈层状的方式担载钌。
具有以往未被公知的上述特殊结构的本发明的氨合成催化剂，可由如下的方式获得，即，按低温、中温及高温的顺序对氧化镨前驱体进行煅烧处理来获得氧化镨，在溶剂中，与钌供给源一同搅拌上述氧化镨之后，进行溶剂的去除及煅烧处理。
在以下的说明中，用“Ru/PrOx”表示使钌担载在氧化镨载体的催化剂。
发明的效果
在本发明的催化剂中，由于钌以呈层状方式以均匀且高分散的状态来担载于氧化镨载体表面，从而显示高催化剂活性，并且与使用钌的现有催化剂相比，每个催化剂重量及每个担载金属量的氨生成活性得到大幅度提高。
附图说明
图1为利用扫描透射电子显微镜(scanning transmission electronmicroscopy，STEM)观察本发明的催化剂的高角度环形暗场像(high-angle annular darkfield，HAADF)。
图2为利用具备能量色散X射线探测器(Energy Dispersive X-RaySpectroscopy，EDX)的扫描透射电子显微镜观察图1的催化剂的元素映射图。
图3为示出用图2的能量色散X射线探测器的观察来确认钌(Ru)的存在处的高分辨率观察结果的图。
图4为示出本发明的催化剂中的钌堆积层的高角度环形暗场像。
图5为示出在使Ru担载在Pr6O11载体的现有技术的典型的催化剂中，通过扫描透射电子显微镜-能量弥散X射线探测器映射来确认Ru处的高分辨率观察结果的图。
图6为示出对于本发明的催化剂的NH3合成活性的Ru担载量的影响的曲线图。
图7为示出反应时的压力对Ru/PrOx的氨合成活性产生的影响的图。
具体实施方式
本发明的在温和条件下对氨进行合成的担载稀土氧化物的贵金属催化剂的特征在于，在氧化镨载体中，以呈层状的方式担载钌。优选地，Ru担载量为担载钌的催化剂的总重量的1～10重量百分比。当小于1重量百分比时，无法期待充分的NH3合成活性，当大于10重量百分比时，因其效果为饱和，而不经济。更优选地，Ru担载量为3～5重量百分比左右。
图1示出利用扫描透射电子显微镜观察催化剂的高角度环形暗场像。图2为示出图1的催化剂的元素映射图。图中明确示出元素的所在位置。图2的(a)部分、图2的(b)部分、图2的(c)部分分别为Pr、O、Ru元素的映射，图2的(d)部分为示出层叠这些的图。根据图2的(c)部分、图2的(d)部分，可知Ru几乎分布于整个催化剂。并且，催化剂的边缘部分特别明亮，由此可知Ru主要均匀地在载体的表面以呈层状的方式担载。
图3示出用图2的能量弥散X射线探测器的观察来确认Ru的存在处的高分辨率观察的结果。未观察出作为粒子来被担载的Ru的模样。
图4示出本发明的另一Ru/PrOx催化剂的高角度环形暗场像。确认出：Ru以呈层状的方式层叠在PrOx载体表面，来形成卵壳结构。当层叠的钌层为0.1nm以上时，可获得高氨产率，但为了获得更稳定且高的氨产率，而优选为0.2～0.3nm。并且，即使过度加厚钌层的厚度，也在催化剂最外表面与原料气体相接触的Ru的量被饱和，进而氨产率效果为饱和。因此钌层的厚度上限可按照效果为饱和的厚度决定。
图5示出使Ru担载在氧化镨Pr6O11载体的现有技术的催化剂(可从关东化学社购买的市销品)中，确认Ru处的高分辨率观察的结果。未观察出Ru的均匀的分布模样。
本发明的担载氧化镨的钌催化剂和上述现有技术的担载氧化镨的钌催化剂中的Ru的担载状态可根据如下的条件而有所不同，即，由各自使用的氧化镨载体的特性，更详细地，由在高温的条件下快速进行煅烧处理或在从低温至高温的条件下进行多段煅烧处理的煅烧工序的不同而生成的镨载体的比表面积、缺陷、官能基等的表面结构的差异。
除当该现有技术的担载氧化镨的钌催化剂以外，对使Ru担载于氧化镁(MgO)或氧化铈(CeO2)载体的催化剂，进行相同的观察的结果，示出：Ru作为结晶微粒被担载，或者存在Ru极度地凝聚在载体部分和作为微粒来被担载的部分。像这样，确认出：即使使Ru担载在MgO载体或CeO2载体的催化剂中，也未以呈层状的方式担载有Ru。
本发明的Ru/PrOx催化剂可由如下的方法制备，即，按低温、中温及高温的顺序对氧化镨的前驱体进行煅烧处理来转化为高比表面积的氧化镨，并在有机溶剂中，与钌供给源一同搅拌上述氧化镨之后，去除溶剂之后再进行煅烧处理。
本发明所使用的氧化镨的前驱体可基于沉淀法、聚合络合法等的多种方法来制备。例如，可以采用使氨、氢氧化钠、氢氧化铯等的沉淀剂与硝酸镨、氯化镨、碳酸镨等的镨盐水溶液进行反应，来获得氢氧化物的中和沉淀法。
优选地，首先，通过混合氨水和硝酸镨水溶液，来制备作为载体的氧化镨的前驱体的氢氧化镨。优选地，氨和硝酸镨的混合摩尔比为5︰1～2︰1，更优选为3︰1。优选地，氨水和硝酸水溶液中的氨和硝酸镨的浓度分别为4～32摩尔/升、0.1～1摩尔/升左右，更优选地分别为8～16摩尔/升、0.25～0.5摩尔/升左右。可在常温下进行混合。
之后，通过以不同温度为条件的三个步骤的煅烧处理来将生成的氧化镨的前驱体转换为高比表面积的氧化镨。根据煅烧处理来获得的氧化镨的组成并无特别限定，作为本发明的催化剂载体，可利用各种由O/Pr比组成的物质。优选地，O/Pr比为1.5～1.9。
进行三个步骤的煅烧处理的原因在于，在氧化镨前驱体转化为氧化镨的过程中，防止因氧化镨的前驱体的急速加热、分解，而产生氧化镨的烧结。尤其，经过这种从低温到高温的多段煅烧工序，来使氧化镨的表面以优秀的亚稳结构固定，由此可推想：与具有以现有工序来制备的缺陷、官能基等的表面结构的载体不同。优选地，最初的低温煅烧处理在200～400℃左右的低温条件下，进行约1～10小时。优选地，第二步骤的中温煅烧处理在400～600℃左右的中温条件下，进行约1～10小时。优选地，最后的高温煅烧处理在600～900℃左右的高温条件下，进行约1～10小时。这种煅烧处理可在如空气或惰性气体和氧气的混合气体等的任意氧气浓度下进行。
之后，在适当的有机溶剂中，与钌供给源一同搅拌通过如上所述的方法来获得的氧化镨之后，去除溶剂并接着进行煅烧处理，由此获得在氧化镨载体上以呈层状的方式堆积的钌的、本发明的担载氧化镨的钌催化剂。可使用包含Ru的各种化合物作为钌供给源。优选地，可使用十二羰基三钌Ru3(CO)12或乙酰丙酮钌等的有机金属化合物。可使用除能够在氧化镨担载钌以外的钌供给源，例如氯化钌等。在使用如羰基钌等的有机金属化合物作为钌供给源的情况下，使用有机溶剂作为溶剂为佳。作为有机溶剂的例可举四氢呋喃(Tetrahydrofuran THF)、甲醇、乙醇、己烷、甲苯等。这些溶剂若是一般的市销品，可无需特别进行前处理即可使用，但更优选地，使用进行过提纯脱水等的溶剂。优选地，溶剂中的氧化镨与钌供给源的固体组分浓度一般分别为1～30g/升、0.1～3g/升左右，更优选地，分别为10～30g/升、0.1～0.3g/升左右。搅拌可在常温下进行，优选地，搅拌时间为1～24小时，更优选为6～12小时。去除溶剂可由各种方法下的加热来进行，例如，优选地，在利用蒸发器等的减压、低温气氛下进行。煅烧处理在如氦气、氩气或氮气气氛等的惰性气氛中进行。也可在包含氢的气氛中进行煅烧处理。煅烧处理在200～450℃左右的温度下，进行约1～12小时。更优选地，煅烧温度为300～400℃左右，更优选地，煅烧时间为约3～6小时。
实施例
接着，根据实施例进一步说明本发明，但本发明并不局限于此处提出的实施例。
在常温下，对在0.25升的28％氨水中加入0.25升的硝酸镨的8％水溶液的混合液进行了11个小时的搅拌。对由此获得的氢氧化镨沉淀物进行分离后，在常温下的水中进行清洗，过滤后，在70℃的温度下，干燥一夜。
按照在300℃条件下进行3小时、在550℃条件下进行3小时、在700℃条件下进行5小时的顺序依次对干燥的氢氧化镨进行煅烧处理，来转换为氧化镨。接着，在溶解有0.46g的羰基钌的0.2升的四氢呋喃的溶液中加入冷却至常温的4g的氧化镨之后，搅拌一夜。之后，通过蒸发从溶液去除四氢呋喃，在流通氩气的气氛中，在350℃的温度下进行煅烧处理，从而获得在氧化镨载体上以呈层状的方式担载钌的催化剂。
由如下方法检测出获得的催化剂的氨合成活性。填充在H2还原气氛中进行一个小时的前处理的0.2g的催化剂的管上，在390℃温度条件下、在0.9MPa的条件下、在18000mL/h·g-催化剂的空间速度的条件下，流动3︰1摩尔比的氢气和氮气，来合成氨，通过向希硫酸水溶液移送流出气体(包含生成的氨、残余氢及氮)，来在希硫酸水溶液中分离氨，并根据水溶液的电导率的变化评估活性。
图6示出在0.1MPa和0.9Mpa的条件下，检测出对于催化剂的NH3合成活性的担载量的影响的结果。
表1示出将本发明的担载氧化镨的钌催化剂的NH3合成活性与在MgO载体或CeO2载体中担载Ru的催化剂及上述现有技术的Ru/Pr6O11催化剂(市售)进行比较的数据。表中的TOF表示基于对Ru催化剂的氢吸附量，来计算出的在每一个活性点、每一秒种的氨合成的反应次数。并且，表中的钌层厚度意味着钌层中最薄的地方的厚度。
表1
n.d.：未检测
表2示出，已报道在低温、低压的条件下，也显示出高氨生成活性的非专利文献1、非专利文献2中的催化剂的NH3合成活性与表1中所示的本发明的实施例中的5重量百分比Ru/PrOx催化剂的例的NH3合成活性，进行比较的数据。
表2
1)Aika et al.J.Catal.,136.126(1992)
2)Hosono et al.Nature Chemistry.4，934(2012)
从这些数据可知，本发明的担载氧化镨的钌催化剂比其他催化剂生成氨的产率高，即催化剂活性高。并且，根据合成速度的比较可知，每个催化剂重量及每个担载金属量的氨生成活性也比其他催化剂得到大幅度提高。
图7示出检测反应时的压力对如上所述的方法来制备的本发明的Ru/PrOx催化剂的氨合成活性产生的影响的结果。
当提高压力时，氨的产率变高。当压力从0.9MPa上升至1.0MPa时，产率也随着上升，由此在具备更高的实际性的高压的条件下，可以得到更高的产率。
表3为检测被流通的氮气与氢气的摩尔比对如上所述的方法来制备的本发明的5重量百分比Ru/PrOx催化剂的活性产生的影响的结果。
表3
表4为检测空间速度对如上所述的方法来制备的本发明的5重量百分比Ru/PrOx催化剂的氨合成速度产生的影响的结果。
表4
表5为当压力从1.0MPa上升至3.0MPa时的如上所述的方法来制备的本发明的5重量百分比Ru/PrOx催化剂的氨合成活性的结果。
表5
从这些数据可知，可通过改变反应条件，来提高本发明的Ru/PrOx催化剂的生产率。
Claims (8)
1.一种氨合成催化剂，其特征在于，在氧化镨载体中，以呈层状的方式担载钌。
2.根据权利要求1所述的氨合成催化剂，其特征在于，钌的担载量为担载钌的催化剂的总重量的1～10重量百分比。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的氨合成催化剂，其特征在于，载体上的钌层的厚度为0.1nm以上。
4.一种氨合成催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于，按低温、中温及高温的顺序对氧化镨前驱体进行煅烧处理来获得氧化镨，在溶剂中与钌供给源一同搅拌上述氧化镨之后，通过溶剂的去除及煅烧处理，来使钌以呈层状的方式担载在氧化镨载体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的氨合成催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于，按照在200～400℃温度下进行1～10小时、在400～600℃温度下进行1～10小时、在600～900℃温度下进行1～10小时的顺序依次对氧化镨前驱体进行煅烧处理。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的氨合成催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于，使用有机金属化合物作为钌供给源。
7.根据权利要求6所述的氨合成催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于，使用有机溶剂作为溶剂。
8.根据权利要求4或5所述的氨合成催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于，使用十二羰基三钌作为钌供给源，使用四氢呋喃作为溶剂。
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- 2016-02-19 EP EP16752599.7A patent/EP3260198A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-02-19 US US15/552,203 patent/US20180071719A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112387276A (zh) * | 2019-08-15 | 2021-02-23 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种用于氨合成的负载型钌团簇催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20180071719A1 (en) | 2018-03-15 |
| EP3260198A1 (en) | 2017-12-27 |
| JP2016155123A (ja) | 2016-09-01 |
| EP3260198A4 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
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