CN107521476A - 动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动车辆的方法和总成 - Google Patents
动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动车辆的方法和总成 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种示例性方法包括当将车辆减速到停止时应用摩擦制动和动力传动系统制动二者,该应用响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板。示例性总成包括动力传动系统制动器、摩擦制动器和制动控制器,制动控制器配置为响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而命令动力传动系统制动器应用动力传动系统制动并且命令摩擦制动器应用摩擦制动来停止车辆。
Description
技术领域
本公开大体涉及制动车辆,并且更具体地,涉及使用动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动的组合而无需驾驶员与制动踏板相互作用的制动。
背景技术
制动可以使移动的车辆减速到停止。摩擦制动通过使用摩擦制动器抵抗运动来使车辆减速。动力传动系统制动通过使用发动机、电机或两者抵抗运动来使车辆减速。
当驾驶员抬起加速器踏板时,一些车辆使用动力传动系统制动来使运动的车辆减速。尽管驾驶员已经抬起加速器踏板,虽然通过动力传动系统制动减速,但车辆也可以继续运动。运动或缓慢行进将继续,直到驾驶员按压制动踏板,这导致车辆应用摩擦制动器以促使车辆停止。
一些电动车辆包括当驾驶员抬起加速器踏板时可以使运动的车辆减速到停止的功能。这些电动车辆通过使用电机的动力传动系统制动来使运动的车辆减速。如果这些电动车辆的电池在动力传动系统制动期间不能存储由电机产生的电量,则电动车辆暂停该功能。
发明内容
一种根据本公开的示例性的方法,除其他之外包括,当将车辆减速到停止时应用摩擦制动和动力传动系统制动。该应用响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板。
上述方法进一步非限制性实施例包括应用摩擦制动而不驱动制动踏板。
任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例包括,在应用期间,减小动力传动系统制动并通过增加摩擦制动来补偿该减小。
在任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例中,动力传动系统制动减小的速率与摩擦制动增加的速率相同。
任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例包括,在应用期间,以第一速率斜坡减小(ramp out)由动力传动系统制动产生的减速,并且以与第一速率成比例的第二速率斜坡增加(ramp in)由摩擦制动产生的减速。
在任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例中,摩擦制动是自主的摩擦制动。
在任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例中,停止是完全停止。
在任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例中,停止在不超过33%的道路坡度上。
在任何上述方法进一步非限制性实施例中,车辆是电动车辆。
一种根据本公开另一示例性的总成,除其他之外包括,动力传动系统制动器、摩擦制动器和制动控制器。制动控制器配置为响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而命令动力传动系统制动器应用动力传动系统制动并且命令摩擦制动器应用摩擦制动来停止车辆。
在上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,动力传动系统制动器是内燃机。
在上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,动力传动系统制动器是电机。
在任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,车辆是电动车辆。
在任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动促使车辆完全停止。
在任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动促使车辆在不超过33%的道路坡度上完全停止。
任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例包括制动踏板。控制器配置为当驾驶员抬起加速器踏板时,命令摩擦制动器应用摩擦制动而无需驾驶员与制动踏板相互作用。
在任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,控制器配置为响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而命令动力传动系统制动减小并且命令摩擦制动增加来补偿动力传动系统制动的减小。
在任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,控制器配置为命令动力传动系统以第一速率减小并且命令摩擦制动以与第一速率相同的第二速度增加。
在任何上述总成进一步非限制性实施例中,控制器配置为响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而命令动力传动系统制动使由动力传动系统制动产生的减速以第一速率斜坡减小,并且命令摩擦制动使由摩擦制动产生的减速以与第一速率成比例的第二速率斜坡增加。
附图说明
通过详细描述,本公开示例的各种特征和优点对于本领域技术人员将变得显而易见。详细描述所附的附图可以简要描述如下:
图1示出了示例性车辆的局部示意图;
图2示出了图1的车辆的高度示意图;
图3示出了当将车辆减速到停止时所传递的动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动的曲线图;
图4示出了响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而停止图1的车辆的示例性方法。
具体实施方式
摩擦制动、动力传动系统制动或者两者都可以使车辆减速。本公开涉及使用摩擦制动和动力传动系统制动来促使车辆完全停止,而无需驾驶员与制动踏板相互作用。
参考图1和图2,示例性车辆10包括动力传动系统14、多个车轮18、多个摩擦制动器22、至少一个制动控制器26、加速器踏板30和制动踏板34。至少一个摩擦制动器22与每个车轮18相关联。
示例动力传动系统14包括但不限于内燃机36、电机38和牵引电池40。
示例性车辆10是使用由电机38提供的扭矩选择性地驱动的电动车辆。牵引电池40提供电力来驱动电机38。电机38在一些操作条件下(例如在再生制动期间)可以用作发电机,以对牵引电池40进行再充电。电机38可以替代或者附加于发动机36来驱动车辆10。
示例电动车辆可以包括混合动力电动车辆(HEV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)、燃料电池车辆(FCV)和电池电动车辆(BEV)。
尽管结合电动车辆10进行了描述,但是本公开的教导可以应用于其他车辆,包括无电机和牵引电池的常规车辆。与电动车辆相比,传统车辆仅使用由内燃机提供的扭矩驱动。
在示例性车辆10中,动力传动系统可以应用动力传动系统制动来使车辆10减速。动力传动系统制动抵抗车轮18的运动,其使车轮和车辆10减速。电机38和发动机36是动力传动系统制动器的类型。
动力传动系统制动可以包括再生制动,其随着电机38抵抗车辆10的运动而产生动力。电动机38产生的电力可用于对牵引电池40充电。动力传动系统制动可以替代地或者另外包括使用发动机36中的阻力来使车辆减慢的发动机制动。
示例性车辆10还可以用摩擦制动器22来使车辆10减速。当摩擦制动时,至少一个制动控制器26命令摩擦制动器22致动并减慢车轮18。摩擦制动器22可以包括制动片或制动蹄,例如,其包括当应用时抵抗车轮18的运动的磨损表面。当应用摩擦制动器22时,运动车辆10的动能转换成热能。
至少一个制动控制器26可以是整个车辆系统控制器(VSC)的一部分,或者可以是与车辆系统控制器通信的单独的控制系统。至少一个制动控制器可以包括一个或多个单独的控制模块,该控制模块配备有用于与车辆10的各种部件交互和命令其操作的可执行指令。
当使用制动踏板34使车辆10停止时,驾驶员通常通过抬起加速器踏板30开始使车辆10减速。然后驾驶员按压制动踏板34以促使车辆10完全停止。
在许多现有技术的车辆中,需要按压制动踏板促使车辆完全停止,然后将车辆保持在停止位置。这些现有技术的车辆包含一些固有的滑移扭矩,如果驾驶员没有按压制动踏板则该滑移扭矩可以引起车辆运动。与那些现有技术的车辆相比,示例性车辆10可以使车辆10减速以促使车辆10停止,而无需驾驶员按压制动踏板34。
现在参考图3,并继续参考图1和图2,曲线图48示出了当车辆10减速到停止时所传递的动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动。动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板30而传递,并且无需驾驶员与制动踏板34相互作用。响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板30,至少一个制动控制器26命令动力传动系统14传递动力传动系统制动以使车辆10减慢。在车辆10响应于动力传动系统制动而减速之后,至少一个制动控制器26,在时间T1命令传递摩擦制动以减慢车辆10。
传递的摩擦制动斜坡增加到总传递的制动,促使车辆10在时间T2完全停止。随着摩擦制动斜坡增加到总传递的制动,传递的动力传动系统制动斜坡减小。也就是说,当车辆10减速到接近零速度时,由摩擦制动提供的减速增加,并且由动力传动系统制动提供的减速减小。
在该示例中,传递的动力传动系统制动以第一速率斜坡减小,并且传递的摩擦制动以与第一速率成比例的第二速率斜坡增加。第一速率的绝对值与第二速率的绝对值相同。因此,通过增加传递的摩擦制动来补偿传递的动力传动系统制动的减小。在这个例子中,第一速率和第二速率是固定的比率。
在另一示例中,第一速率和第二速率是非固定比率。在这样一个例子中,由于动力传动系统制动所引起的减速在时间T1将非线性地减小,并且由于摩擦制动引起的减速在时间T2将非线性地增加。
即使驾驶员没有按压制动踏板34,摩擦制动器22也可以应用。摩擦制动器22的摩擦制动因此可以被认为是自主的摩擦制动。
摩擦制动器22可以是线控制动系统的一部分,其通过响应于来自至少一个制动控制器26的信号来驱动摩擦制动器22,而不是直接响应于驾驶员按压制动踏板34。线控制动系统是一种自主制动系统,其允许以对驾驶员的最小干扰来仲裁独立的自主和摩擦制动。传统的非自主制动系统可以改为用来提供制动功能。然而,这样的常规系统可能会因为踏板感觉、振动和噪音的体验发生变化。
在一个具体示例中,使用动力传动系统制动和发动机制动将车辆10减速到完全停止需要大约十秒钟。时间T1约为8秒,时间T2约为10秒。因此,在持续十秒的制动请求中,摩擦制动应用约两秒钟,或者促使车辆10完全停止所需的大约百分之二十的时间。
在时间T2,即使驾驶员没有按压制动踏板34,车辆10完全停止并且由摩擦制动器22保持在该位置。可以命令摩擦制动器22继续保持车辆10为零速度来防止车辆10的回滚(即移动)。应当注意,这个例子中,动力传动系统制动减速度的符号认为是负的,并且T1和T2之间的摩擦制动减速度也认为是负的。当车辆停止时,保持车辆停止所需的摩擦减速可以认为是正的或负的,以对抗可能是正的或负的道路坡度的力。图3提供了一个例子,其中道路坡度需要摩擦减速在零速度处改变符号,以防止车辆滚动。即使控制减速符号发生变化,物理上传递的摩擦制动也不会发生改变。道路坡度的影响是本领域技术人员所熟知的。
至少一个制动控制器26可操作地联接到车辆10的部件。在该示例中,至少一个制动控制器26可操作地联接到动力传动系统14、车轮18、摩擦制动器22、加速器踏板30和制动踏板34。在其他示例中,至少一个制动控制器26可以可操作地联接到更多或更少的部件。
示例的制动控制器26包括可操作地链接到存储器部分44的处理器42。示例的处理器42编程为执行存储在存储器部分44中的程序。程序可以作为软件代码存储在存储器部分44中。
存储在存储器部分44中的程序可以包括一个或多个附加或单独的程序,每个程序包括用于实现与制动车辆10相关联的逻辑功能的可执行指令的有序列表。该指令使得至少一个制动控制器26,响应于操作者抬起加速器踏板30来调节动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动的传递以减速车辆。
现在参考图4并继续参考图1和图2,响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而使车辆10停止的示例性方法50包括检测停止车辆的请求的步骤54。在该示例中,至少一个制动控制器26将驾驶员完全抬起加速器踏板30解释为停止车辆10的请求。在另一示例中,至少一个制动控制器26部分地但不完全地将驾驶员抬起加速器踏板30解释为停止车辆10的请求。
然后,方法50移动到步骤58,其中至少一个制动控制器26确定车辆10减速到停止所需的总制动转矩。除了别的以外,该请求可以基于车辆10的速度、加速器踏板位置、动力传动系统14的减速能力以及相对于这些输入的预定的减速映射。本领域技术人员将理解如何配置控制器以请求总制动扭矩。
在步骤62,至少一个制动控制器26命令动力传动系统14使用动力传动系统制动来减速车辆10。在步骤64,至少一个制动控制器26命令摩擦制动器22使用摩擦制动来减速车辆10。
在一些示例中,步骤62中的动力传动系统制动响应于制动请求而开始减速车辆10。随着摩擦制动斜坡增加,动力传动系统的制动随之斜坡减小,以促使车辆10完全停止。
在步骤70,车辆10响应于动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动停止,即使驾驶员没有与制动踏板34相互作用。为了将车辆10保持在停止位置,即使车辆10停止,至少一个制动控制器26也可以继续命令摩擦制动器22应用摩擦制动。可能需要继续保持摩擦制动以防止车辆10滚动,特别是如果车辆10处于坡度上。
方法50可以用于在水平地面以及另外在具有正或负坡度的地面上减速和停止车辆10。在一些示例中,方法50特别适用于不超过33%的坡度。如果坡度确实超过33%,则停止车辆10可以请求车辆10的驾驶员按压制动踏板34。
所公开的示例性实施例的特征可以包括当电动车辆处于或接近零速度时避免电机的较低效率,因为受控的马达扭矩已经斜坡下降到零。
此外,由于使用摩擦制动器而不是动力传动系统制动来保持车辆静止,所以与将车辆保持在坡度上相关联的能量效率实质上没有损失。在坡度上,使用动力传动系统制动将车辆保持在停止的位置可能产生不希望有的热能水平,并且动力传动系统制动不会无限期地保持。
在一些电动车辆中,来自电机的扭矩的可控性不是问题,因为由于动力传动系统制动斜坡减小,当电动车辆停止时电机的受控扭矩为零。因此,控制器无需依赖闭环静止控制方法。进一步地,当电动车辆的牵引电池处于或接近容量时,借助于电机的动力传动系统制动可能是困难的或其可用性降低。在这些情况下,摩擦制动可以补偿给电动车辆提供期望的减速。无论动力传动系统制动的可用性如何均提供减速。
当前的说明实质上是说明性的而并非限制。对本公开的示例做出的不必脱离本发明实质的变形和变化对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。因此,赋予本发明的法律保护范围只由研究下面的权利要求所确定。
Claims (19)
1.一种方法,包括:
当将车辆减速到停止时,应用摩擦制动和动力传动系统制动二者,所述应用响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括应用所述摩擦制动而不驱动制动踏板。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括,在应用期间,减小所述动力传动系统制动并且通过增加所述摩擦制动来补偿所述减小。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述动力传动系统制动的所述减小的速率与所述摩擦制动的所述增加的速率相同。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括,在应用期间,以第一速率斜坡减小由所述动力传动系统制动产生的减速,并且以与所述第一速率成比例的第二速率斜坡增加由所述摩擦制动产生的减速。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述摩擦制动是自主的摩擦制动。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述停止是完全停止。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述停止是在不超过33%的道路坡度上。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述车辆是电动车辆。
10.一种总成,包括:
动力传动系统制动器;
摩擦制动器;和
制动控制器,所述制动控制器配置为响应于驾驶员抬起加速器踏板而命令所述动力传动系统制动器应用动力传动系统制动并且命令所述摩擦制动器应用摩擦制动来停止车辆。
11.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述动力传动系统制动器是内燃机。
12.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述动力传动系统制动器是电机。
13.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述车辆是电动车辆。
14.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述动力传动系统制动和摩擦制动促使所述车辆完全停止。
15.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述动力传动系统制动和所述摩擦制动促使所述车辆在不超过33%的道路坡度上完全停止。
16.根据权利要求10所述的总成,包括制动踏板,其中所述控制器配置为当所述驾驶员抬起所述加速器踏板时,命令所述摩擦制动器应用摩擦制动而无需所述驾驶员与所述制动踏板的相互作用。
17.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述控制器配置为响应于所述驾驶员抬起所述加速器踏板而命令所述动力传动系统制动减小并且命令所述摩擦制动增加来补偿所述动力传动系统制动的所述减小。
18.根据权利要求17所述的总成,其中所述控制器配置为命令所述动力传动系统制动以第一速率减小并且命令所述摩擦制动以与所述第一速率相同的第二速率增加。
19.根据权利要求10所述的总成,其中所述控制器配置为响应于所述驾驶员抬起所述加速器踏板而命令动力传动系统制动以第一速率斜坡减小由所述动力传动系统制动产生的减速,并且命令所述摩擦制动以与所述第一速率成比例的第二速率斜坡增加由所述摩擦制动产生的减速。
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