CN107439437A - 一种单环刺螠养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种单环刺螠养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种单环刺螠养殖方法,采用微孔增氧技术在单环刺螠池中应用,并配合加硒饲料的养殖,促进底层生活的单环刺螠的生长效果,提高单环刺螠的产量,生产出一种营养丰富的富硒单环刺螠。所述加硒饲料由麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物、脱胶海带粉、马尾藻粉、扇贝肉粉、虾壳粉、麦饭石粉、乌贼内脏粉、贝壳粉、红薯叶粉、胆汁酸、蛋氨酸硒组成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及动物养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种单环刺螠养殖方法。
背景技术
单环刺螠,俗名:海肠、海肠子,属于螠虫动物门、螠纲、无管螠目、刺螠科、刺螠属。它是一种长圆筒形的环节动物,软乎乎地蠕动,浑身无毛刺,浅黄色。海肠不光长得像裸体海参,其营养价值比起海参也不逊色。
它个体肥大,肉味鲜美,体壁肌富含蛋白质和多种人体必需氨基酸。自古以来,在我国、日本和朝鲜沿海均作为名贵的海鲜食品,有较高的经济价值。人们的传统做法只食用其体壁,而废弃内脏,菜肴俗称海肠子。但有研究发现,单环刺螠废弃内脏蛋白质含量为18.25%,脂肪含量为0.12%,总糖含量为4.09%而且含有丰富的Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等元素;也含有丰富的EPA、DHA和DPA。
硒是人和动物生命活动必需的微量元素,具有营养、致毒、解毒多重生物学功能。半个多世纪的研究证实人和畜、禽所患的许多疾病与硒营养缺乏相关联,食物链是人、畜摄取硒的主要途径。长期以来用于食物强化硒营养的添加剂、补硒剂主要是无机硒化合物Na2SeO3。研究表明,与无机硒化合物相比,生物源有机硒不仅毒性低,而且具有更高的生物利用度。
单环刺螠的野生数量很少,以及生长地域的限制,且近海水质污染导致单环刺螠的产量逐年下降,远远不能满足国内消费市场的需求。随着单环刺螠苗种繁育技术的试验成功,探索单环刺螠的人工养殖模式、研究单环刺螠对营养的需求和制备工艺、提高养殖产量满足市场需求就成为了研究热点。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种单环刺螠养殖方法,采用微孔增氧技术在单环刺螠池中应用,并配合加硒饲料的养殖,促进底层生活的单环刺螠的生长效果,提高单环刺螠的产量,生产出一种营养丰富的富硒单环刺螠。
本发明可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
一种单环刺螠养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在室内水泥池,清池消毒,铺设消毒过的海沙30cm,水深1m,池水透明度30-50cm,加入免疫调节剂使水体免疫调节剂浓度为5-7%;
(2)在底部安装微孔增氧系统,连续充气,开机时间为春季下午14-17点,夏季凌晨0-5点,秋季下午13-16点,冬季冰封期不开机;
(3)前两个月每日换水1次,每次换水1/2,以后每3天换水1次,每次换水1/2;
(4)幼螠投放500-1000条/m2,每天投天然饵料2次,加硒饲料1次,天然饵料投喂量为单环刺螠体重5%,加硒饲料和单环刺螠重量比为1:50-100。
所述微孔增氧系统包括主机、曝气盘,主管道和分管道;主机为罗茨鼓风机,增氧机功率为3.0kW;主输送管道采用镀锌管与PVC管交替使用;充气管道为直径50mm的PVC管,主管道埋于泥土中;微孔管的布设方式为长条式,铺设时在管子上系上沉子;曝氧管为高分子微孔管,管间距8m,距池底15cm,连接主输送管和曝氧管的为直径225mm的塑料网管。
上步骤(1)免疫调节剂:益生菌制剂4.2-4.4份、孔石莼提取物0.2-0.4份、莪术16-18份、蔊菜18-20份、木香20-22份、当归6-8份、栀子18-24份、黄芩0.5-0.7份、蔓荆子1.2-1.4份、陈皮2.2-2.4份、小蓟3-3.6份、山楂4-5份;所述免疫调节剂的制备是:将中药成分熬制5-7h,冷却后加入益生菌制剂和孔石莼提取物,充分混合。
所述益生菌制剂:将枯草芽孢杆菌、少孢根霉在31℃,加入0.5%山梨醇,pH为6.5的PDA培养基中培养48h,用脱脂乳10%,甘油10%和山梨醇15%作为预冻保护剂,进行菌种真空冷冻干燥。
所述孔石莼提取物:将新采集的孔石莼立即用过滤海水洗净,再用纱布和滤纸吸去水分,放入-20℃冰箱中冷冻1-2h后烘干,粉碎,加入料液比为1:15,pH7.2的PBS缓冲液在50℃下浸泡15h,每1h搅拌5min,然后放入离心管,在4℃,5500r/min下离心30min,取上清液干燥。
上步骤(4)加硒饲料:麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物15-17份、脱胶海带粉31-39份、马尾藻粉15-16份、扇贝肉粉6-7份、虾壳粉9-11份、麦饭石粉11-13份、乌贼内脏粉2-4份、贝壳粉0.8-1.2份、红薯叶粉12-18份、胆汁酸1-2份、蛋氨酸硒0.06-0.08份。
所述麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物:取麒麟菜提胶残渣干燥粉碎,过60目筛,加入料液比为1:50的由1%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在pH5.5,50℃下提取3h,纤维素酶灭活后,过滤取滤液干燥。
所述加硒饲料的制备:将各原料分别粗粉碎混合均匀后,放入超微粉碎机中粉碎至80目,用水产饲料硬颗粒制粒机制成颗粒,熟化、烘干后再次粉碎300-500目。
本发明具备以下有益效果:
本发明涉及一种单环刺螠养殖方法,采用微孔增氧技术在单环刺螠池中应用,通过罗茨鼓风机,经充气管将空气输入池塘水体中,气泡破裂,将氧气弥散入水中,达到增氧的效果。充气作用,使水体上下垂直运动,水体表面光合作用产生的丰富的溶解氧输入到池塘的底层,迅速提高底层水体的溶解氧水平。溶解氧水平的提高,有利于池塘的氧化反应,加快池底有机物的分解,有效降低硫化物、亚硝酸盐、氨氮等有毒有害物质的浓度,达到防病和立体利用养殖水体的效果,促进底层生活的养殖单环刺螠的生长效果,提高单环刺螠的产量,充分利用光合作用的能源,降低机械增氧的能源消耗,从而达到节能的效果。
本发明麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物的加入对单环刺螠生产具有促进作用,在单环刺螠体内产生各种消化酶和维生素,提高饲料的营养含量,其中的生物活性物质被吸收参与能量和维生素代谢,可以提高饲料转化率,加强单环刺螠体内的营养代谢;能够刺激肠道免疫器官生长发育,增强机体免疫功能;还具有促进钙、磷及微量元素的吸收利用。
本发明益生菌制剂的加入能够提高单环刺螠机体免疫力,增强消化系统酶活性,防病治病和促进生长;促进养殖水提饵料生物大量繁殖、生长,并且可分解残饵、粪便及水肿有机质,改良水体环境,抑制有害菌繁殖生长,提高单环刺螠机体抗菌防御活性;能有效调整水产单环刺螠肠道的菌群平衡,增强抗感染能力,提高单环刺螠的存活率;能有效降低单环刺螠常见疾病的发生;冷冻干燥后的益生菌制剂能够更稳定持久地发挥效用。
本发明孔石莼提取物的加入特异性地和菌体表面的糖链及糖结合蛋白相结合,可特异地干扰病原体和宿主的结合,利用孔石莼提取物作为单环刺螠外源免疫分子,可增强其免疫系统的功能,避免病虫害的发生。
本发明该富硒饲料所含硒类成分经过生物自身有机转化得到的无毒、易吸收的生物活性有机硒成分,并且通过硒元素的使用,可提高单环刺螠的免疫力,从而提高其产能,通过食用富硒单环刺螠而增加人体对硒的需求。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1
一种单环刺螠养殖方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)在室内水泥池,清池消毒,铺设消毒过的海沙30cm,水深1m,池水透明度40cm,加入免疫调节剂使水体免疫调节剂浓度为6%;
(2)在底部安装微孔增氧系统,连续充气,开机时间为春季下午14~17点,夏季凌晨0~5点,秋季下午13~16点,冬季冰封期不开机;
(3)前两个月每日换水1次,每次换水1/2,以后每3天换水1次,每次换水1/2;
(4)幼螠投放750条/m2,每天投天然饵料2次,加硒饲料1次,天然饵料投喂量为单环刺螠体重5%,加硒饲料和单环刺螠重量比为1:75。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述微孔增氧系统包括主机、曝气盘,主管道和分管道;主机为罗茨鼓风机,增氧机功率为3.0kW;主输送管道采用镀锌管与PVC管交替使用;充气管道为直径50mm的PVC管,主管道埋于泥土中;微孔管的布设方式为长条式,铺设时在管子上系上沉子;曝氧管为高分子微孔管,管间距8m,距池底15cm,连接主输送管和曝氧管的为直径225mm的塑料网管。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述步骤(1)免疫调节剂为:益生菌制剂4.3份、孔石莼提取物0.3份、莪术17份、蔊菜19份、木香21份、当归7份、栀子21份、黄芩0.6份、蔓荆子1.3份、陈皮2.3份、小蓟3.3份、山楂4.5份;所述免疫调节剂的制备是:将中药成分熬制6h,冷却后加入益生菌制剂和孔石莼提取物,充分混合。
上述益生菌制剂的制取:将枯草芽孢杆菌、少孢根霉在31℃,加入0.5%山梨醇,pH为6.5的PDA培养基中培养48h,用脱脂乳10%,甘油10%和山梨醇15%作为预冻保护剂,进行菌种真空冷冻干燥。
上述孔石莼提取物的制取:将新采集的孔石莼立即用过滤海水洗净,再用纱布和滤纸吸去水分,放入-20℃冰箱中冷冻1.5h后烘干,粉碎,加入料液比为1:15,pH=7.2的PBS缓冲液在50℃下浸泡15h,每1h搅拌5min,然后放入离心管,在4℃,5500r/min下离心30min,取上清液干燥。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述步骤(4)加硒饲料为:麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物16份、脱胶海带粉35份、马尾藻粉15.5份、扇贝肉粉6.5份、虾壳粉10份、麦饭石粉12份、乌贼内脏粉3份、贝壳粉1份、红薯叶粉15份、胆汁酸1.5份、蛋氨酸硒0.07份。
上述麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物的制备:取麒麟菜提胶残渣干燥粉碎,过60目筛,加入料液比为1:50的由1%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在pH=5.5,50℃下提取3h,纤维素酶灭活后,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述加硒饲料的制备:将各原料分别粗粉碎混合均匀后,放入超微粉碎机中粉碎至80目,用水产饲料硬颗粒制粒机制成颗粒,熟化、烘干后再次粉碎400目。
实施例2
一种单环刺螠养殖方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)在室内水泥池,清池消毒,铺设消毒过的海沙30cm,水深1m,池水透明度30cm,加入免疫调节剂使水体免疫调节剂浓度为5%;
(2)在底部安装微孔增氧系统,连续充气,开机时间为春季下午14~17点,夏季凌晨0~5点,秋季下午13~16点,冬季冰封期不开机;
(3)前两个月每日换水1次,每次换水1/2,以后每3天换水1次,每次换水1/2;
(4)幼螠投放500条/m2,每天投天然饵料2次,加硒饲料1次,天然饵料投喂量为单环刺螠体重5%,加硒饲料和单环刺螠重量比为1:50。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述微孔增氧系统包括主机、曝气盘,主管道和分管道;主机为罗茨鼓风机,增氧机功率为3.0kW;主输送管道采用镀锌管与PVC管交替使用;充气管道为直径50mm的PVC管,主管道埋于泥土中;微孔管的布设方式为长条式,铺设时在管子上系上沉子;曝氧管为高分子微孔管,管间距8m,距池底15cm,连接主输送管和曝氧管的为直径225mm的塑料网管。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述步骤(1)免疫调节剂为:益生菌制剂4.2份、孔石莼提取物0.2份、莪术16份、蔊菜18份、木香20份、当归6份、栀子18份、黄芩0.5份、蔓荆子1.2份、陈皮2.2份、小蓟3份、山楂4份;所述免疫调节剂的制备是:将中药成分熬制5h,冷却后加入益生菌制剂和孔石莼提取物,充分混合。
上述益生菌制剂的制取:将枯草芽孢杆菌、少孢根霉在31℃,加入0.5%山梨醇,pH为6.5的PDA培养基中培养48h,用脱脂乳10%,甘油10%和山梨醇15%作为预冻保护剂,进行菌种真空冷冻干燥。
上述孔石莼提取物的制取:将新采集的孔石莼立即用过滤海水洗净,再用纱布和滤纸吸去水分,放入-20℃冰箱中冷冻1h后烘干,粉碎,加入料液比为1:15,pH7.2的PBS缓冲液在50℃下浸泡15h,每1h搅拌5min,然后放入离心管,在4℃,5500r/min下离心30min,取上清液干燥。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述步骤(4)加硒饲料为:麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物15份、脱胶海带粉31份、马尾藻粉15份、扇贝肉粉6份、虾壳粉9份、麦饭石粉11份、乌贼内脏粉2份、贝壳粉0.8份、红薯叶粉12份、胆汁酸1份、蛋氨酸硒0.06份。
上述麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物的制备:取麒麟菜提胶残渣干燥粉碎,过60目筛,加入料液比为1:50的由1%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在pH=5.5,50℃下提取3h,纤维素酶灭活后,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述加硒饲料的制备:将各原料分别粗粉碎混合均匀后,放入超微粉碎机中粉碎至80目,用水产饲料硬颗粒制粒机制成颗粒,熟化、烘干后再次粉碎300目。
实施例3
一种单环刺螠养殖方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)在室内水泥池,清池消毒,铺设消毒过的海沙30cm,水深1m,池水透明度50cm,加入免疫调节剂使水体免疫调节剂浓度为7%;
(2)在底部安装微孔增氧系统,连续充气,开机时间为春季下午14~17点,夏季凌晨0~5点,秋季下午13~16点,冬季冰封期不开机;
(3)前两个月每日换水1次,每次换水1/2,以后每3天换水1次,每次换水1/2;
(4)幼螠投放1000条/m2,每天投天然饵料2次,加硒饲料1次,天然饵料投喂量为单环刺螠体重5%,加硒饲料和单环刺螠重量比为1:100。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述微孔增氧系统包括主机、曝气盘,主管道和分管道;主机为罗茨鼓风机,增氧机功率为3.0kW;主输送管道采用镀锌管与PVC管交替使用;充气管道为直径50mm的PVC管,主管道埋于泥土中;微孔管的布设方式为长条式,铺设时在管子上系上沉子;曝氧管为高分子微孔管,管间距8m,距池底15cm,连接主输送管和曝氧管的为直径225mm的塑料网管。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述步骤(1)免疫调节剂为:益生菌制剂4.4份、孔石莼提取物0.4份、莪术18份、蔊菜20份、木香22份、当归8份、栀子24份、黄芩0.7份、蔓荆子1.4份、陈皮2.4份、小蓟3.6份、山楂5份;所述免疫调节剂的制备是:将中药成分熬制7h,冷却后加入益生菌制剂和孔石莼提取物,充分混合。
上述益生菌制剂的制取:将枯草芽孢杆菌、少孢根霉在31℃,加入0.5%山梨醇,pH为6.5的PDA培养基中培养48h,用脱脂乳10%,甘油10%和山梨醇15%作为预冻保护剂,进行菌种真空冷冻干燥。
上述孔石莼提取物的制取:将新采集的孔石莼立即用过滤海水洗净,再用纱布和滤纸吸去水分,放入-20℃冰箱中冷冻2h后烘干,粉碎,加入料液比为1:15,pH=7.2的PBS缓冲液在50℃下浸泡15h,每1h搅拌5min,然后放入离心管,在4℃,5500r/min下离心30min,取上清液干燥。
本实施例一种单环刺螠养殖方法,所述步骤(4)加硒饲料为:麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物17份、脱胶海带粉39份、马尾藻粉16份、扇贝肉粉7份、虾壳粉11份、麦饭石粉13份、乌贼内脏粉4份、贝壳粉1.2份、红薯叶粉18份、胆汁酸2份、蛋氨酸硒0.08份。
上述麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物的制备:取麒麟菜提胶残渣干燥粉碎,过60目筛,加入料液比为1:50的由1%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在pH=5.5,50℃下提取3h,纤维素酶灭活后,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述加硒饲料的制备:将各原料分别粗粉碎混合均匀后,放入超微粉碎机中粉碎至80目,用水产饲料硬颗粒制粒机制成颗粒,熟化、烘干后再次粉碎500目。
对比例1
与实施例1的区别在于,免疫调节剂中不增加益生菌制剂。
对比例2
与实施例1的区别在于,免疫调节剂中不加入孔石莼提取物。
对比例3
与实施例1的区别在于,加硒饲料中不包括麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物。
效果评价
按照上述实施例1~3、对比例1~4的方法进行养殖,养殖过程中需要记录的数据用表格表示,结果如下:
从上表可知,实施例1~3之间的差距并不是很大,而且各方面显示出来的数据均比对比例的要好;
上述项目中,海参的感染病下降率与后面四项有着密切的关系,特定生长率、蛋白质含量会随着感染病下降率增大而增大,死淘率则相反,说明只要海参远离病害越健康,收获的品质就越好;
比较实施例1和对比例1~3,对比例1中所缺乏的益生菌制剂有促消化、改良水体环境,抑制水提有害菌繁殖生长,调节菌藻平衡,能够激活宿主细胞并提高细胞吞噬活性,提高单环刺螠机体抗菌防御活性,能够有效降低单环刺螠烂边病、烂胃病、化板症、气泡病、细菌性溃烂病等常见疾病的发病率;
对比例2中所缺乏的孔石莼提取物作为单环刺螠外源免疫分子,通过代替自体的免疫分子与菌体表面的糖结合蛋白相结合,增强其免疫系统的功能,从而降低病虫感染;
对比例3中所缺乏的麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物在单环刺螠体内产生各种消化酶和维生素,可以提高饲料转化率,加强单环刺螠体内的营养代谢,同时也是很好的免疫激活剂,刺激肠道免疫器官生长发育,提高单环刺螠抗体水平和巨噬细胞活性,增强消灭浸入体内的致病菌的能力,有效抵御疾病,使死淘率下降。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)在室内水泥池,清池消毒,铺设消毒过的海沙30cm,水深1m,池水透明度30-50cm,加入免疫调节剂使水体免疫调节剂浓度为5-7%;
(2)在底部安装微孔增氧系统,连续充气,开机时间为春季下午14-17点,夏季凌晨0-5点,秋季下午13-16点,冬季冰封期不开机;
(3)前两个月每日换水1次,每次换水1/2,以后每3天换水1次,每次换水1/2;
(4)幼螠投放500-1000条/m2,每天投天然饵料2次,加硒饲料1次,天然饵料投喂量为单环刺螠体重5%,加硒饲料和单环刺螠重量比为1:50-100。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述微孔增氧系统包括主机、曝气盘,主管道和分管道;主机为罗茨鼓风机,增氧机功率为3.0kW;主输送管道采用镀锌管与PVC管交替使用;充气管道为直径50mm的PVC管,主管道埋于泥土中;微孔管的布设方式为长条式,铺设时在管子上系上沉子;曝氧管为高分子微孔管,管间距8m,距池底15cm,连接主输送管和曝氧管的为直径225mm的塑料网管。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)免疫调节剂:益生菌制剂4.2-4.4份、孔石莼提取物0.2-0.4份、莪术16-18份、蔊菜18-20份、木香20-22份、当归6-8份、栀子18-24份、黄芩0.5-0.7份、蔓荆子1.2-1.4份、陈皮2.2-2.4份、小蓟3-3.6份、山楂4-5份;所述免疫调节剂的制备是:将中药成分熬制5-7h,冷却后加入益生菌制剂和孔石莼提取物,充分混合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述益生菌制剂:将枯草芽孢杆菌、少孢根霉在31℃,加入0.5%山梨醇,pH为6.5的PDA培养基中培养48h,用脱脂乳10%,甘油10%和山梨醇15%作为预冻保护剂,进行菌种真空冷冻干燥。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述孔石莼提取物:将新采集的孔石莼立即用过滤海水洗净,再用纱布和滤纸吸去水分,放入-20℃冰箱中冷冻1-2h后烘干,粉碎,加入料液比为1:15,pH7.2的PBS缓冲液在50℃下浸泡15h,每1h搅拌5min,然后放入离心管,在4℃,5500r/min下离心30min,取上清液干燥。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)加硒饲料:麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物15-17份、脱胶海带粉31-39份、马尾藻粉15-16份、扇贝肉粉6-7份、虾壳粉9-11份、麦饭石粉11-13份、乌贼内脏粉2-4份、贝壳粉0.8-1.2份、红薯叶粉12-18份、胆汁酸1-2份、蛋氨酸硒0.06-0.08份。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述麒麟菜提胶残渣提取物:取麒麟菜提胶残渣干燥粉碎,过60目筛,加入料液比为1:50的由1%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在pH5.5,50℃下提取3h,纤维素酶灭活后,过滤取滤液干燥。
8.根据权利要求6所述的一种单环刺螠养殖方法,其特征在于,所述加硒饲料的制备:将各原料分别粗粉碎混合均匀后,放入超微粉碎机中粉碎至80目,用水产饲料硬颗粒制粒机制成颗粒,熟化、烘干后再次粉碎300-500目。
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