CN108541635A - 一种田螺的高产养殖方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种田螺的高产养殖方法,采用一种生态环保、营养成分高的饲料投喂田螺及配合科学的管理方法,能有效提高田螺的营养平衡,提高田螺的硒含量,有助于增强田螺的免疫力,促进田螺的生长发育。所述饲料由玉米粉、鱼粉、麦麸、米糠、蚯蚓粪、光合细菌添加剂、黄豆硒蛋白、甘氨酸纳米硒组成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产动物养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种田螺的高产养殖方法。
背景技术
田螺泛指田螺科的软体动物,属于软体动物门腹足纲前鳃亚纲田螺科。田螺在中国大部地区均有分布。田螺对水体水质要求较高,产量少。可在夏、秋季节捕取。
田螺肉丰腴细腻,味道鲜美,素有“盘中明珠”的美誉。它富含蛋白蛋、维生素和人体必需的氨基酸和微量元素,是典型的高蛋白、低脂肪、高钙质的天然动物性保健食品。田螺营养丰富,含有蛋白质和钙,适量吃一些可补充营养,促进身体生长发育;有利于调节身体内的激素分泌能清心泻火,清热除烦,能够消除血液中的热毒;能治热结小便不利、黄疸、脚气、痔疮、便血等功效。
田螺可以食用,可食部分主要是它的肉质足,田螺是我国产的一种淡水螺,是上等保健食品。近几年,随着田螺天然产量日渐减少,田螺市场不断看好。目前人工养殖已经出现,不少农户把养殖田螺作为一项创业门路,大力发展。目前田螺养殖技术还是新的方案,各方面的技术还不够成熟,养殖的存活率不高,所使用的喂养饲料搭配营养不充分,产品营养成分低。
硒是人和动物体内必需的微量元素,是构成谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、硒蛋白P等多达23种功能蛋白的活性中心,具有抗癌、抗氧化、提高免疫力等功效。我国大部分地区严重缺硒,补硒已成为预防癌症的重要手段,富硒食品的开发具有很大的市场需求。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种田螺的高产养殖方法,采用一种生态环保、营养成分高的饲料投喂田螺及配合科学的管理方法,可以起到提高田螺抗病能力,增产增活,促进田螺生长,提高营养物质在田螺体内的积累量,并能使田螺肉质更鲜美及含有丰富的有机硒营养。
本发明可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
一种田螺的高产养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前15d,每亩施50-75kg生石灰消毒,消毒5d后,每亩施2-4kg有机肥;
(2)保持水温20-28℃,pH6-7,水位25-30cm,夏秋季,每隔3-4天换水1次;
(3)放养密度100-120个/m2,雌雄比例为3:1,每2-3d投喂1次饲料,投喂量为总螺重的1-3%。
还包括在池水中投放单细胞藻类,所述单细胞藻类是金藻、小球藻、新月菱形藻、扁藻、杜氏藻、等鞭藻中的一种或几种。
所述单细胞藻类的培养:
a、一级培养:将藻种接入营养液中置于藻种瓶摇动,静置一段时间后,将藻种内上层液按1:3的比例缓缓倒入装有冷却海水的扩种瓶中,按比例加入营养液;
b、二级培养:取扩种瓶中的上层藻液,按10-20%的比例接入新的培养器中,加入营养盐,进行充气培养,每隔5d按10%的比例进行袋接袋扩大培养;
c、三级培养:用20m3的水泥池作培养池,先后用50%漂白粉和10%高锰酸钾溶液冲洗池壁和池底,再用消毒海水冲洗干净,注入10-20cm深的培养用水,按一半浓度加入营养盐,按2%的比例接入二级培养的藻液。
所述营养液母液:水1000ml,硝酸钠100g,磷酸二氢钾10g,柠檬酸铁铵1g,EDTA20g,维生素B1一瓶,维生素B12一瓶;所述海水是取沉淀过滤后的海水,加热沸腾5min,冷却而成的。
所述饲料:玉米粉15-20份、鱼粉15-20份、麦麸5-10份、米糠25-30份、蚯蚓粪8-12份、光合细菌添加剂1-2份、黄豆硒蛋白2-4份、甘氨酸纳米硒1-2份。
所述光合细菌添加剂:加入100ug/ml亚硒酸钠溶液配制成液体培养基,以光合细菌为菌种,接种量为15%,装液量为200ml,于30℃下光照培养5d,然后将菌液经4000r/min离心30min,收集菌体,用蒸馏水清洗菌体3次,再离心收集菌体,将菌体与淀粉浆混合按湿法制粒,于50℃干燥,过12目筛。
所述富硒蛋白:
a、在种植黄豆时土壤施硒40mg/kg,获得富硒黄豆,采集富硒黄豆,用水冲洗,再以超纯水洗涤3次,沥干,装入塑料袋中,置于-85℃冷冻24h,再移至真空冷冻干燥系统中,在真空度3.5Pa,温度-55℃下连续72h冷冻干燥,然后粉碎得富硒黄豆粉;
b、取富硒黄豆粉末,加入料液比1:11的磷酸盐缓冲液,在44℃下振荡96min,然后在25℃下经4000r/min离心30min,取上清液在冰浴下缓慢加入4倍溶液体积丙酮,于-20℃冰箱中放置4h,再在4℃下经10000r/min离心20min,弃上清液并在通风橱吹干丙酮,即得可溶性富硒蛋白。
本发明具备以下有益效果:
本发明涉及一种田螺的高产养殖方法,在池水中投放单细胞藻类作为活体饵料,具有营养全面,适口性好,方便摄食,容易消化,改善水质等优点,此外,单细胞藻类在光合作用进程中能放出大量氧气并吸收水中的富营养化成分,净化水质,提高成活率;
本发明富硒光合细菌作为饲料添加剂,营养丰富,含有大量的生理活性物质,增加营养,刺激动物免疫系统,增强消化和抗病能力,促进生长作用,通过吸收水体中耗氧因子来生长繁殖,从而间接地增加氧气;
本发明饲料中的蚯蚓粪不单是蚯蚓的粪便,还含有蚯蚓卵和小蚯蚓,含有大量的蛋白质和生物酶,可以代替动植物蛋白,促进动物胃肠功能、动物生长,提高饲料的利用率,提高经济效益;
本发明添加的黄豆硒蛋白含有大量的氨基酸和脂肪,其中赖氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸等含量较多,不饱和脂肪酸中亚麻酸含量最丰富,能提供田螺丰富的蛋白质,提高田螺的免疫能力;
本发明饲料中的甘氨酸纳米硒是甘氨酸和单质硒的复合物,是以甘氨酸为修饰剂,红色元素硒为膜及以甘氨酸为分散剂的混合物,纳米硒在水溶液中粒度小,含硒量高,易于吸收且安全性高,可提高水产动物的抗氧化能力,增强免疫力和提高其生长性能;
本发明提供了一种生态环保、营养成分高的饲料投喂田螺及配合科学的管理方法,能有效提高田螺的营养平衡,提高田螺的硒含量;有助于增强田螺的免疫力;促进田螺的生长发育。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1
一种田螺的高产养殖方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前15d,每亩施62.5kg生石灰消毒,消毒5d后,每亩施3kg有机肥;
(2)保持水温24℃,pH=6.5,水位27.5cm,夏秋季,每隔3.5天换水1次;
(3)放养密度110个/m2,雌雄比例为3:1,每2.5d投喂1次饲料,投喂量为总螺重的2%。
本实施例一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其中,还包括在池水中投放单细胞藻类,且所述单细胞藻类是金藻、小球藻、新月菱形藻、扁藻、杜氏藻、等鞭藻中的一种或几种。
上述单细胞藻类的培养:
(1)一级培养:将藻种接入营养液中置于藻种瓶摇动,静置一段时间后,将藻种内上层液按1:3的比例缓缓倒入装有冷却海水的扩种瓶中,按比例加入营养液;
(2)二级培养:取扩种瓶中的上层藻液,按15%的比例接入新的培养器中,加入营养盐,进行充气培养,每隔5d按10%的比例进行袋接袋扩大培养;
(3)三级培养:用20m3的水泥池作培养池,先后用50%漂白粉和10%高锰酸钾溶液冲洗池壁和池底,再用消毒海水冲洗干净,注入15cm深的培养用水,按一半浓度加入营养盐,按2%的比例接入二级培养的藻液。
上述步骤(1)营养液母液:水1000mL,硝酸钠100g,磷酸二氢钾10g,柠檬酸铁铵1g,EDTA20g,维生素B1一瓶,维生素B12一瓶;所述海水是取沉淀过滤后的海水,加热沸腾5min,冷却而成的。
本实施例一种田螺的高产养殖方法,所述饲料:玉米粉17.5份、鱼粉17.5份、麦麸7.5份、米糠27.5份、蚯蚓粪10份、光合细菌添加剂1.5份、黄豆硒蛋白3份、甘氨酸纳米硒1.5份。
上述光合细菌添加剂的制取:加入100ug/mL亚硒酸钠溶液配制成液体培养基,以光合细菌为菌种,接种量为15%,装液量为200mL,于30℃下光照培养5d,然后将菌液经4000r/min离心30min,收集菌体,用蒸馏水清洗菌体3次,再离心收集菌体,将菌体与淀粉浆混合按湿法制粒,于50℃干燥,过12目筛。
上述富硒蛋白的制取步骤如下:
(1)在种植黄豆时土壤施硒40mg/kg,获得富硒黄豆,采集富硒黄豆,用水冲洗,再以超纯水洗涤3次,沥干,装入塑料袋中,置于-85℃冷冻24h,再移至真空冷冻干燥系统中,在真空度3.5Pa,温度-55℃下连续72h冷冻干燥,然后粉碎得富硒黄豆粉;
(2)取富硒黄豆粉末,加入料液比1:11的磷酸盐缓冲液,在44℃下振荡96min,然后在25℃下经4000r/min离心30min,取上清液在冰浴下缓慢加入4倍溶液体积丙酮,于-20℃冰箱中放置4h,再在4℃下经10000r/min离心20min,弃上清液并在通风橱吹干丙酮,即得可溶性富硒蛋白。
实施例2
一种田螺的高产养殖方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前15d,每亩施50kg生石灰消毒,消毒5d后,每亩施2kg有机肥;
(2)保持水温20℃,pH=6,水位25cm,夏秋季,每隔3天换水1次;
(3)放养密度100个/m2,雌雄比例为3:1,每2d投喂1次饲料,投喂量为总螺重的1%。
本实施例一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其中,还包括在池水中投放单细胞藻类,且所述单细胞藻类是金藻、小球藻、新月菱形藻、扁藻、杜氏藻、等鞭藻中的一种或几种。
上述单细胞藻类的培养:
(1)一级培养:将藻种接入营养液中置于藻种瓶摇动,静置一段时间后,将藻种内上层液按1:3的比例缓缓倒入装有冷却海水的扩种瓶中,按比例加入营养液;
(2)二级培养:取扩种瓶中的上层藻液,按10%的比例接入新的培养器中,加入营养盐,进行充气培养,每隔5d按10%的比例进行袋接袋扩大培养;
(3)三级培养:用20m3的水泥池作培养池,先后用50%漂白粉和10%高锰酸钾溶液冲洗池壁和池底,再用消毒海水冲洗干净,注入10cm深的培养用水,按一半浓度加入营养盐,按2%的比例接入二级培养的藻液。
上述步骤(1)营养液母液:水1000mL,硝酸钠100g,磷酸二氢钾10g,柠檬酸铁铵1g,EDTA20g,维生素B1一瓶,维生素B12一瓶;所述海水是取沉淀过滤后的海水,加热沸腾5min,冷却而成的。
本实施例一种田螺的高产养殖方法,所述饲料:玉米粉15份、鱼粉15份、麦麸5份、米糠25份、蚯蚓粪8份、光合细菌添加剂1份、黄豆硒蛋白2份、甘氨酸纳米硒1份。
上述光合细菌添加剂的制取:加入100ug/mL亚硒酸钠溶液配制成液体培养基,以光合细菌为菌种,接种量为15%,装液量为200mL,于30℃下光照培养5d,然后将菌液经4000r/min离心30min,收集菌体,用蒸馏水清洗菌体3次,再离心收集菌体,将菌体与淀粉浆混合按湿法制粒,于50℃干燥,过12目筛。
上述富硒蛋白的制取步骤如下:
(1)在种植黄豆时土壤施硒40mg/kg,获得富硒黄豆,采集富硒黄豆,用水冲洗,再以超纯水洗涤3次,沥干,装入塑料袋中,置于-85℃冷冻24h,再移至真空冷冻干燥系统中,在真空度3.5Pa,温度-55℃下连续72h冷冻干燥,然后粉碎得富硒黄豆粉;
(2)取富硒黄豆粉末,加入料液比1:11的磷酸盐缓冲液,在44℃下振荡96min,然后在25℃下经4000r/min离心30min,取上清液在冰浴下缓慢加入4倍溶液体积丙酮,于-20℃冰箱中放置4h,再在4℃下经10000r/min离心20min,弃上清液并在通风橱吹干丙酮,即得可溶性富硒蛋白。
实施例3
一种田螺的高产养殖方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前15d,每亩施75kg生石灰消毒,消毒5d后,每亩施4kg有机肥;
(2)保持水温28℃,pH=7,水位30cm,夏秋季,每隔4天换水1次;
(3)放养密度120个/m2,雌雄比例为3:1,每3d投喂1次饲料,投喂量为总螺重的3%。
本实施例一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其中,还包括在池水中投放单细胞藻类,且所述单细胞藻类是金藻、小球藻、新月菱形藻、扁藻、杜氏藻、等鞭藻中的一种或几种。
上述单细胞藻类的培养:
(1)一级培养:将藻种接入营养液中置于藻种瓶摇动,静置一段时间后,将藻种内上层液按1:3的比例缓缓倒入装有冷却海水的扩种瓶中,按比例加入营养液;
(2)二级培养:取扩种瓶中的上层藻液,按20%的比例接入新的培养器中,加入营养盐,进行充气培养,每隔5d按10%的比例进行袋接袋扩大培养;
(3)三级培养:用20m3的水泥池作培养池,先后用50%漂白粉和10%高锰酸钾溶液冲洗池壁和池底,再用消毒海水冲洗干净,注入20cm深的培养用水,按一半浓度加入营养盐,按2%的比例接入二级培养的藻液。
上述步骤(1)营养液母液:水1000mL,硝酸钠100g,磷酸二氢钾10g,柠檬酸铁铵1g,EDTA20g,维生素B1一瓶,维生素B12一瓶;所述海水是取沉淀过滤后的海水,加热沸腾5min,冷却而成的。
本实施例一种田螺的高产养殖方法,所述饲料:玉米粉20份、鱼粉20份、麦麸10份、米糠30份、蚯蚓粪12份、光合细菌添加剂2份、黄豆硒蛋白4份、甘氨酸纳米硒2份。
上述光合细菌添加剂的制取:加入100ug/mL亚硒酸钠溶液配制成液体培养基,以光合细菌为菌种,接种量为15%,装液量为200mL,于30℃下光照培养5d,然后将菌液经4000r/min离心30min,收集菌体,用蒸馏水清洗菌体3次,再离心收集菌体,将菌体与淀粉浆混合按湿法制粒,于50℃干燥,过12目筛。
上述富硒蛋白的制取步骤如下:
(1)在种植黄豆时土壤施硒40mg/kg,获得富硒黄豆,采集富硒黄豆,用水冲洗,再以超纯水洗涤3次,沥干,装入塑料袋中,置于-85℃冷冻24h,再移至真空冷冻干燥系统中,在真空度3.5Pa,温度-55℃下连续72h冷冻干燥,然后粉碎得富硒黄豆粉;
(2)取富硒黄豆粉末,加入料液比1:11的磷酸盐缓冲液,在44℃下振荡96min,然后在25℃下经4000r/min离心30min,取上清液在冰浴下缓慢加入4倍溶液体积丙酮,于-20℃冰箱中放置4h,再在4℃下经10000r/min离心20min,弃上清液并在通风橱吹干丙酮,即得可溶性富硒蛋白。
对比例1
与实施例1的区别在于,饲料中不添加光合细菌添加剂。
对比例2
与实施例1的区别在于,饲料中不添加甘氨酸纳米硒。
对比例3
与实施例1的区别在于,按申请号为CN201410743159.2的一种田螺养殖的新型方法进行养殖。
效果评价
选择水源充足,管理方便,有流水,无污染的地方建螺池。池宽1.5米左右,长设为15米,深40厘米;几个螺池间排成行分级建造,池的两端对角处设进出水口,并安装防逃栅栏;两池之间筑建20厘米高的堤埂,池底铺垫10厘米厚的肥泥;池中稀植茭白、芦笋、水浮莲、浮萍等水生植物,螺池周围筑高70厘米的围墙或网片围栏。相同的环境条件按上述方法分别养殖田螺,一年之后记录各方法的产量值。
组别/项目 | 抗病能力增长率/% | 特定生长率/% | 年产量/(kg/亩) |
实施例1 | 33.99 | 66.92 | 2826 |
实施例2 | 33.60 | 59.82 | 2711 |
实施例3 | 33.72 | 61.72 | 2770 |
对比例1 | 17.82 | 44.43 | 2126 |
对比例2 | 24.11 | 40.65 | 2318 |
对比例3 | 13.46 | 32.55 | 1899 |
从上表可知,实施例1~3在抗病能力增长率、特定生长率、年产量上的数据相差不大,且比对比例1~3的均要好,尤其是对比例1、2和对比例3作对比,说明在本发明的养殖技术范围内能有效增加田螺的养殖水平;与对比例1不同之处,在于实施例1中的光合细菌能有效地将氨态氮、硫化氢等有害物质吸收,组成菌体本身,从而提高水体中溶氧含量,调节pH,还能抑制其他病原菌的生长,从而达到净化水质的目的,自身亦作为饲料添加剂,含有大量的生理活性物质,增加营养,增强田螺的消化和抗病能力,促进生长作用,光合细菌通过吸收水体中耗氧因子来生长繁殖,从而间接地增加氧气,减少田螺死亡;与对比例1不同之处,在于实施例1中添加一种易吸收且安全性高的饲料成分甘氨酸纳米硒,在饲料中添加甘氨酸纳米硒可提高水产动物的抗氧化能力,增强免疫力和提高水产动物的生长繁殖性能。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前15d,每亩施50-75kg生石灰消毒,消毒5d后,每亩施2-4kg有机肥;
(2)保持水温20-28℃,pH6-7,水位25-30cm,夏秋季,每隔3-4天换水1次;
(3)放养密度100-120个/m2,雌雄比例为3:1,每2-3d投喂1次饲料,投喂量为总螺重的1-3%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,还包括在池水中投放单细胞藻类,所述单细胞藻类是金藻、小球藻、新月菱形藻、扁藻、杜氏藻、等鞭藻中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,所述单细胞藻类的培养:
(1)一级培养:将藻种接入营养液中置于藻种瓶摇动,静置一段时间后,将藻种内上层液按1:3的比例缓缓倒入装有冷却海水的扩种瓶中,按比例加入营养液;
(2)二级培养:取扩种瓶中的上层藻液,按10-20%的比例接入新的培养器中,加入营养盐,进行充气培养,每隔5d按10%的比例进行袋接袋扩大培养;
(3)三级培养:用20m3的水泥池作培养池,先后用50%漂白粉和10%高锰酸钾溶液冲洗池壁和池底,再用消毒海水冲洗干净,注入10-20cm深的培养用水,按一半浓度加入营养盐,按2%的比例接入二级培养的藻液。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)营养液母液:水1000ml,硝酸钠100g,磷酸二氢钾10g,柠檬酸铁铵1g,EDTA20g,维生素B1一瓶,维生素B12一瓶;所述海水是取沉淀过滤后的海水,加热沸腾5min,冷却而成的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,所述饲料:玉米粉15-20份、鱼粉15-20份、麦麸5-10份、米糠25-30份、蚯蚓粪8-12份、光合细菌添加剂1-2份、黄豆硒蛋白2-4份、甘氨酸纳米硒1-2份。
6.根据权利要求4所述的一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,所述光合细菌添加剂:加入100ug/ml亚硒酸钠溶液配制成液体培养基,以光合细菌为菌种,接种量为15%,装液量为200ml,于30℃下光照培养5d,然后将菌液经4000r/min离心30min,收集菌体,用蒸馏水清洗菌体3次,再离心收集菌体,将菌体与淀粉浆混合按湿法制粒,于50℃干燥,过12目筛。
7.根据权利要求4所述的一种田螺的高产养殖方法,其特征在于,所述富硒蛋白:
(1)在种植黄豆时土壤施硒40mg/kg,获得富硒黄豆,采集富硒黄豆,用水冲洗,再以超纯水洗涤3次,沥干,装入塑料袋中,置于-85℃冷冻24h,再移至真空冷冻干燥系统中,在真空度3.5Pa,温度-55℃下连续72h冷冻干燥,然后粉碎得富硒黄豆粉;
(2)取富硒黄豆粉末,加入料液比1:11的磷酸盐缓冲液,在44℃下振荡96min,然后在25℃下经4000r/min离心30min,取上清液在冰浴下缓慢加入4倍溶液体积丙酮,于-20℃冰箱中放置4h,再在4℃下经10000r/min离心20min,弃上清液并在通风橱吹干丙酮,即得可溶性富硒蛋白。
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