CN107435147B - 带包层的制品及其应用 - Google Patents
带包层的制品及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107435147B CN107435147B CN201710337833.0A CN201710337833A CN107435147B CN 107435147 B CN107435147 B CN 107435147B CN 201710337833 A CN201710337833 A CN 201710337833A CN 107435147 B CN107435147 B CN 107435147B
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- composite
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- cobalt
- metal substrate
- cobalt powder
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 130
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 86
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 85
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005552 hardfacing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002310 Isopropyl citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910020968 MoSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- XTDAIYZKROTZLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N boranylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#B XTDAIYZKROTZLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009694 cold isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005570 flexible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004372 laser cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011156 metal matrix composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/052—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles characterised by a mixture of particles of different sizes or by the particle size distribution
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/008—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression characterised by the composition
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B34/00—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells
- E21B34/06—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells in wells
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
- B22F1/107—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing organic material comprising solvents, e.g. for slip casting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
- B22F2007/042—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal characterised by the layer forming method
- B22F2007/045—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal characterised by the layer forming method accompanied by fusion or impregnation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
- B22F2007/066—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts using impregnation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2207/00—Aspects of the compositions, gradients
- B22F2207/01—Composition gradients
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2302/10—Carbide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2302/45—Others, including non-metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
- B22F2304/10—Micron size particles, i.e. above 1 micrometer up to 500 micrometer
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Abstract
本发明公开了带包层的制品及其应用。在一个方面，本文描述了复合材料制品，所述复合材料制品采用钴基合金包层，所述钴基合金包层具有高硬度和高耐磨性，同时与金属基底的表面保持理想的整体性和附着性。在一些实施例中，一种复合材料制品包括金属基底以及冶金结合到所述金属基底的一个或多个表面的复合材料包层，所述复合材料包层包含具有铬梯度的钴基合金，其中铬含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述复合材料包层与所述金属基底之间的界面的方向上增大。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及带包层的工业制品，具体地讲，涉及具有冶金结合到其上的复合合金包层的压裂阀。
背景技术
包层通常被施加到经受恶劣环境或工作条件的设备上，以尽量延长设备的使用寿命。各种包层种类和构造根据要抑制的失效模式来提供。例如，为金属基底研发了耐磨性、耐侵蚀性、耐腐蚀性包层。此外，金属或合金包层可通过多种技术施加到金属基底，这些技术包括堆焊、等离子转移弧、热喷涂、激光熔覆、红外熔覆、感应熔覆或烧结。
包覆应用中遇到的显著问题是包层的过早失效或劣化。金属基底的包层可能因各种机制而失效，这些机制包括层离和裂化/断裂。在一些情况下，包覆金属基底会经受热循环，这种热循环可能损坏包层与基底之间的结合。例如在一些应用中，金属基底经受涂层后热处理，诸如正火，以便改善基底的机械性能，其中涂层后热处理使包层断裂。此外，在一些情况下，包层在沉积期间的收缩可引起裂化和/或层离。这种收缩因具有复杂几何形状的金属制品(包括压裂阀)而加剧。
压裂阀用在高压正排量或往复泵中，这些泵则通常用在水压致裂和/或其他挖孔应用中。考虑到这种高磨损环境，耐侵蚀性包层可以对压裂阀有好处。然而，复杂的压裂阀几何形状会限制包层技术和包层组合物。例如，通过烧结施加的耐磨堆焊合金沿着座面具有不可接受的裂化和层离。图1A和图1B示出了施加到压裂阀的烧结钴合金
的此类裂化。裂化和层离沿着座面的ID和OD边缘发生。这些缺陷可使具有高硬度和高耐磨性的耐磨堆焊合金的使用受阻。
发明内容
鉴于上述缺点，本文提供了用于包括压裂阀在内的各种金属基底的复合合金包层，所述复合合金包层具有高硬度和高耐磨性且同时与金属基底的表面保持理想的整体性和附着性。在一个方面，本文所述的复合材料制品包括金属基底以及冶金结合到金属基底的一个或多个表面的复合材料包层，该复合材料包层包含具有铬梯度的钴基合金，其中铬含量在从复合材料包层表面到复合材料包层与金属基底之间的界面的方向上增大。形成复合材料包层的钴基合金还可包括除铬梯度之外的一个或多个组分梯度。例如，钴基合金还可包括钨梯度，其中钨含量在从复合材料包层表面到界面的方向上增大。
在另一个方面，本文描述了制备复合材料制品的方法。简而言之，制备复合材料制品的方法包括提供金属基底以及在金属基底上方布置组件，所述组件包含复合材料粉末组合物，该复合材料粉末组合物包含熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金，该基体钴粉末合金的固相线温度高于熔渗钴粉末合金。对组件加热以将基体钴粉末合金与熔融的熔渗钴合金熔渗在一起，从而提供冶金结合到金属基底的复合材料包层。如本文进一步所述，组件可包含用于熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金的一个或多个有机载体。
这些和其他实施例在下文的具体实施方式中更详细地描述。
附图说明
图1A示出了沿着压裂阀的外径表面的烧结
包层的裂化。
图1B示出了沿着压裂阀的内径表面的烧结
包层的裂化。
图2为根据本文所述的一个实施例的复合材料包层的横截面扫描电镜(SEM)图像，示出了钴基合金的各种元素梯度。
图3为根据一个实施例的复合材料包层的横截面SEM，其中钴基合金中存在M6C碳化物。
图4为根据本文所述的一个实施例的复合材料包层的截面的SEM，示出了各种金属碳化物相的存在。
图5A至图5C为根据本文所述的一些实施例的复合材料包层的各截面的SEM。
图6示出了包括复合材料包层的压裂阀，该复合材料包层具有本文所述的组合物和特性。
图7示出根据本文所述的一些实施例的复合材料包层的硬度梯度。
具体实施方式
参考以下具体实施方式和实例以及前述和下述内容可更容易地理解本文所述的实施例。然而，本文所述的元素、设备和方法并不限于具体实施方式和实例中所述的具体实施例。应当认识到，这些实施例仅示例性地说明本发明的原理。在不脱离本发明精神和范围的情况下，多种修改和变更对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
I.复合材料制品
在一个方面，本文描述了复合材料制品，所述复合材料制品采用钴基合金包层，所述钴基合金包层具有高硬度和高耐磨性，同时与金属基底的表面保持理想的整体性和附着性。此类制品可应用于多种高磨损环境，包括油气生产和采矿。在一些实施例中，一种复合材料制品包括金属基底以及冶金结合到所述金属基底的一个或多个表面的复合材料包层，所述复合材料包层包含具有铬梯度的钴基合金，其中铬含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述复合材料包层与所述金属基底之间的界面的方向上增大。
在一些实施例中，形成复合材料包层的钴基合金还可包括除铬梯度之外的一个或多个组分梯度。例如，钴基合金还可包括钨梯度，其中钨含量在从复合材料包层表面到界面的方向上增大。此外，在钴基合金中可存在镍和/或硅梯度，其中镍和/或硅含量在从复合材料包层表面到界面的方向上减小。
图2为根据本文所述的一个实施例的复合材料包层的横截面SEM，示出了钴基合金的各种元素梯度。如图2所示，使用了能量色散X射线光谱法(EDX)来确定沿着钴基合金复合材料包层的横截面的元素组成。沿着横截面从包层表面(光谱19)到邻近与金属基底(光谱21)相接的界面采样了三个区域。分析的结果提供于表I中。
表I-复合材料包层横截面组成(重量％)
本文所述的复合材料包层结构的钴基合金还可包含一个或多个金属碳化物相。例如，钴基合金可包含M6C碳化物，其中M主要包括钨、钼、钴或它们的混合物。M还可包括较少量的铬、钴、铁和/或镍。当存在时，M6C碳化物可分散在整个钴基合金包层中。在一些实施例中，相对于包层表面以及靠近包层表面的区域，M6C碳化物以较高的浓度存在于复合材料包层本体中。靠近包层表面的区域通常在包层表面的200-500μm内，具体取决于包层厚度、加工和组成参数。图3为根据一个实施例的复合材料包层的横截面SEM，其中钴基合金中存在M6C碳化物。如图3所示，相对于表面，M6C碳化物(明亮相)以较高的浓度存在于复合材料包层本体中。
在一些实施例中，在包层的钴基合金中还存在Me7C3碳化物，其中Me主要为铬。Me还可包括较少量的钴、铁和/或钨。Me7C3碳化物和M6C碳化物通常沉淀在富钴主相的晶界处。图4为根据本文所述的一个实施例的复合材料包层的截面的SEM。如图4所示，M6C碳化物(明亮相)和Me7C3碳化物(黑暗相)沉淀在富钴主相(灰色)的晶界处。M6C碳化物和Me7C3碳化物各自具有不规则的形态。
另外，本文所述的复合材料包层可具有晶粒尺寸梯度。例如，复合材料包层的晶粒尺寸可在从包层表面到包层主体的方向上减小。图5A为靠近包层表面的复合材料包层的SEM，而图5B为包层中心的SEM，图5C为靠近与金属基底相接的包层界面的SEM。图5A中的复合材料包层的晶粒尺寸比图5B和图5C中粗。
包含钴基合金的复合材料包层还具有理想的特性，包括但不限于密度、硬度、耐磨性和厚度。在一些实施例中，复合材料包层是完全致密或基本上完全致密的。例如，复合材料包层通常可具有小于3体积％或小于2体积％的孔隙度。此外，复合材料包层可在与金属基底相接的界面处无裂纹。例如，复合材料包层可沿着复杂几何形状的金属基底表面(诸如压裂阀的内径表面和/或外径表面)无裂纹。图6示出了包括复合材料包层的压裂阀，该复合材料包层具有本文所述的组合物和特性。如图6所示，裂化不沿着如图1A和图1B所示的阀门的内径表面和外径表面发生。本文所述的复合材料包层的组成特性可在沉积和冷却期间抵抗收缩，从而抑制或阻止裂纹形成。在图1A和图1B所示的烧结
包层中不具备这些组成特性。在一些实施例中，无裂纹形态可在带涂层制品的热循环或进一步热处理(诸如用于在涂覆之后恢复下层基底的机械性能的热处理)之后保持。
本文所述的复合材料包层的硬度可表现为HV200gf下至少350kg/mm2。HV200gf是指使用200克-力负载得到的维氏硬度。显微硬度设备根据ASTM E 384-Standard Methodsfor Knoop and Vickers Hardness Materials(ASTM E 384-用于努氏和维氏硬度材料的标准方法)进行了认证。在一些实施例中，复合材料包层的硬度为HV200gf下400至1000kg/mm2。另外，本文所述的复合材料包层可具有硬度梯度。例如，硬度可在从复合材料包层表面到与金属基底相接的界面的方向上增大。然而，在一些实施例中，硬度最初从复合材料包层表面向过渡深度减小。一旦到达过渡深度，复合材料包层的硬度便在朝着与金属基底相接的界面的方向上增大。在一些实施例中，过渡深度为距复合材料包层表面200-500μm。
复合材料包层还可具有有利的耐磨性。在一些实施例中，复合材料包层的耐磨性系数(ARF)根据ASTM G65Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using theDry Sand/Rubber Wheel,Procedure A(1000/AVL)(ASTM G65“使用干燥砂轮/橡胶轮测量磨性的标准测试方法，工序A(1000/AVL)”)为至少30。本文所述的烧结合金涂层也可具有选自表III的ARF。
表III-复合材料包层ARF(1000/AVL)
| ASTM G65，工序A |
| 30-55 |
| 35-50 |
| 35-45 |
| 40-50 |
如本文所述，复合材料包层冶金结合到金属基底。在一些实施例中，复合材料包层与金属基底的界面处可存在过渡区。界面过渡区通常可具有小于100μm(诸如10-75μm)的厚度。
本文所述的复合材料包层还可具有任何所需的厚度。例如，复合材料包层可具有100μm至5mm的厚度。在一些实施例中，复合材料包层具有200μm至2mm的厚度。此外，复合材料包层可被施加到不违背本发明目的的任何金属基底。在一些实施例中，金属基底是油井和/或天然气钻井、石化、发电、食品和宠物食品行业以及涉及磨损、磨耗、腐蚀和/或高温的一般工程应用中所使用的部件。例如，金属基底可为压裂阀。
II.制备复合材料制品的方法
在另一个方面，本文描述了制备复合材料制品的方法。制备复合材料制品的方法包括提供金属基底以及在金属基底上布置组件，所述组件包含复合材料粉末组合物，该复合材料粉末组合物包含熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金，该基体钴粉末合金的固相线温度高于熔渗钴粉末合金。对组件加热以将基体钴粉末合金与熔融的熔渗钴合金熔渗在一起，从而提供冶金结合到金属基底的复合材料包层。在一些实施例中，组件包含用于熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金的一个或多个有机载体。
现在转到具体组分，组件包含复合材料粉末组合物，该复合材料粉末组合物包含熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金，该基体钴粉末合金的固相线温度高于熔渗钴粉末合金。熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金可具有通常选自表IV的组成参数，前提条件是基体钴粉末合金的组成参数提供的固相线温度高于熔渗钴粉末合金。相对于基体钴粉末合金，熔渗钴粉末合金例如可包含较高量的硼、碳和/或硅，从而有利于较低温度下的熔融以及本文所述的熔渗过程。
表IV-钴粉末合金
在一些实施例中，例如，基体钴粉末合金可具有Co-(25-35)％Cr-(5-15)％W-(0-3)％Ni-(0-3)％Fe-(0-2)％Mn-(0-2)％Si-(0.1-2)％C的组成参数，而熔渗钴粉末合金具有Co-(15-20)％Cr-(5-15)％W-(0-2)％Mo-(10-20)％Ni-(0-3)％Fe-(0-1)％Mn-(2-5)％Si-(0.5-2)％C-(1-3)％B的组成参数。
熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金可具有不违背本发明目的任何粒度。在一些实施例中，这些钴粉末合金组合物具有20μm至120μm的平均粒度。此外，钴粉末合金可表现出双峰或多峰粒度分布。
如本文所述，组件包含用于熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金的一个或多个有机载体。在一些实施例中，例如，为熔渗钴粉末合金提供第一有机载体，并且为基体钴粉末合金提供第二有机载体。这样，当布置在金属基底的一个或多个表面上时，组件便可具有分层结构。在一些实施例中，例如，第二有机载体和基体钴粉末合金布置在金属基底与第一有机载体和熔渗钴粉末合金之间。作为另外一种选择，第一有机载体和熔渗钴粉末合金布置在金属基底与第二有机载体和基体钴粉末合金之间。在另外的实施例中，熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金设置在同一有机载体中。
合适的有机载体可包括固相有机组合物。固相有机组合物可包含一个或多个聚合物种类。在一些实施例中，柔性聚合物片材被用作熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金的载体。例如，柔性聚合物片材或布可通常具有0.2-4mm或1-2mm的厚度。可在基质构造中使用能够采用纤维或原丝形态的任何聚合物种类。合适的聚合物种类可包括含氟聚合物、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚烯烃或它们的混合物。在一些实施例中，例如，纤维聚合物基质由原纤化聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)形成。在此类实施例中，PTFE纤维或纤丝可提供互连网络基质，熔渗钴粉末合金和/或基体钴粉末合金分散并截留在该互连网络基质中。此外，可将原纤化PTFE与其他聚合物纤维(诸如聚酰胺和聚酯)组合以修改或定制纤维基质的特性。
例如，可将熔渗钴粉末合金和/或基体钴粉末合金与3-15体积％的PTFE混合并机械加工以使PTFE原纤化并截留粉末合金。机械加工可包括轧制、球磨、拉伸、拉长、延展或它们的组合。在一些实施例中，包含粉末合金的片材经受冷等静压。所得的片材可具有低弹性模量和高生坯强度。在一些实施例中，包含有机粘合剂和熔渗钴粉末合金和/或基体钴粉末合金的片材根据美国专利3,743,556、3,864,124、3,916,506、4,194,040和5,352,526中的一者或多者的公开内容制备，所述专利中的每一个全文以引用方式并入本文。聚合物片材可布置在本文所述的金属基底表面上方以形成组件。
在可供选择的实施例中，合适的有机载体可包括液相载体。在一些实施例中，熔渗钴粉末合金和/或基体钴粉末合金放置在液相有机载体中并施加到金属基底。施加可为喷涂、刷涂、滚涂或它们的组合。可通过液体有机载体施加单层或多层熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金。
一旦布置在金属基底上方，便对组件加热以提供冶金结合到金属基底的复合材料包层。熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金的有机载体在加热过程期间分解或烧尽。可在真空中或者在惰性或还原气氛下将金属基底以及包含复合材料粉末组合物的组件加热至一定温度并保持一定时间周期，该温度和时间周期足以使基体钴粉末合金与熔融的熔渗钴合金熔渗在一起从而提供冶金结合到金属基底的复合材料包层。一般来讲，在真空、分压力或惰性气氛下将熔炉加热至1150℃至1230℃的温度并保温30分钟至4小时的时间周期。如本文所述，基体钴粉末合金的固相线温度高于熔渗钴粉末合金。在一些实施例中，熔炉温度不足以使基体钴粉末合金发生熔融。在其他实施例中，熔炉温度足以使基体钴粉末合金发生有限的或局部的熔融。可随后对所得的带包层的制品进行热处理以恢复金属基底的在包覆过程期间丧失的任何特性。
另外，复合材料粉末组合物还可包括以下材料的硬颗粒：金属碳化物、金属氮化物、金属碳氮化物、金属硼化物、金属硅化物、胶结碳化物、铸态碳化物、金属间化合物或其他陶瓷或它们的组合。在一些实施例中，硬颗粒的金属元素包含铝、硼、硅和/或一种或多种选自周期表IVB、VB和VIB族的金属元素。本文所述的周期表的族是根据CAS名称标识的。在一些实施例中，例如，硬颗粒包含钨、钛、铬、钼、锆、铪、钽、铌、铼、钒、硼或硅或它们的混合物的碳化物。在一些实施例中，硬颗粒包含铝、硼、硅、钛、锆、铪、钽或铌(包括立方氮化硼)或它们的混合物的氮化物。另外，在一些实施例中，硬颗粒包含硼化物，诸如二硼化钛、B4C或硼化钽，或者硅化物，诸如MoSi2或Al2O3–SiN。硬颗粒可包含压碎的胶结碳化物、压碎的碳化物、压碎的氮化物、压碎的硼化物、压碎的硅化物或者其他陶瓷颗粒增强型金属基质复合材料，或它们的组合。
硬颗粒可具有不违背本发明目的的任何粒度。在一些实施例中，硬颗粒具有约0.1μm至约1μm范围内的粒度分布。硬颗粒还可表现出双峰或多峰粒度分布。硬颗粒还可具有任何所需的形状或几何形状。在一些实施例中，硬颗粒具有球形、椭圆形或多边形的几何形状。在一些实施例中，硬颗粒具有不规则形状，包括具有锋利边缘的形状。
根据本文所述的方法制备的复合材料包层可具有上文第I部分所述的任何组合物、特性和特征。例如，复合材料包层可具有第I部分所述的一种或多种元素梯度以及分散于其中的M6C碳化物和/或Me7C3碳化物。另外，用于接纳根据本文所述方法的复合材料包层的金属基底的非限制性实例在上面的第I部分中有所描述。
通过以下非限制性实例对这些和其他实施例进行进一步说明。
实例1-带包层的压裂阀
带包层的压裂阀根据以下工序制备。将标称组成为18-20重量％铬、8-10重量％钨、12-15重量％镍、1.5-2.5重量％硼、1-3重量％铁、2-4重量％硅、0-1重量％锰、0.5-2重量％碳以及余量为钴的-325目熔渗钴粉末合金与6体积％的PTFE混合并共混。对所得的粉末混合物进行机械加工以将合金颗粒截留到布状柔性片材中。
将标称组成为27-31重量％铬、8-10重量％钨、0-3重量％镍、1-2重量％硅、0-1重量％锰、0-3重量％铁、1-2重量％碳以及余量为钴的-325目基体钴粉末合金与6体积％的PTFE混合并共混。对所得的粉末混合物进行机械加工以将合金颗粒截留到布状柔性片材中。
将包含基体钴粉末合金的布状柔性片材附着到压裂阀的磨损表面，包括压裂阀与阀座接合的表面。将包含熔渗钴粉末合金的布状柔性片材布置并附着到包含基体钴粉末合金的布状柔性片材上，以完成组件。将压裂阀和相关联的组件放置在真空炉中，将真空炉加热至1170℃至1230℃的温度并持续0.5-2小时的时间周期，以提供冶金结合到压裂阀表面的基本上完全致密的复合材料包层。图6示出了带包层的压裂阀。
复合材料包层的组成和微结构分析与本文所述的图1至图4一致。此外，沿着包层的横截面厚度对根据ASTM E 384的硬度进行了测量。如图7所示，复合材料包层在从包层表面到与压裂阀相接的界面的方向上具有硬度梯度。
针对实现本发明多个目的，现已描述了本发明的多个实施例。应当认识到，这些实施例仅示例性地说明本发明的原理。在不脱离本发明精神和范围的情况下，其多种修改和变更对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
Claims (29)
1.一种复合材料制品，其包括：
金属基底；以及
冶金结合到所述金属基底的一个或多个表面的复合材料包层，所述复合材料包层包含具有铬梯度的钴基合金，其中铬含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述复合材料包层与所述金属基底之间的界面的方向上增大。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述钴基合金还包括钨梯度，其中钨含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述界面的方向上增大。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述钴基合金还包括镍梯度，其中镍含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述界面的方向上减小。
4.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述钴基合金包含分散于其中的M6C碳化物，其中M包括钨、钼或它们的混合物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的复合材料制品，其中相对于所述复合材料包层表面，所述复合材料包层本体中存在较高浓度的所述M6C碳化物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的复合材料制品，其中所述钴基合金包含分散于其中的Me7C3碳化物，其中Me包括铬、钴或它们的混合物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层的硬度，根据ASTM E384-用于努氏和维氏硬度材料的标准方法，为至少350HV200gf。
8.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层的硬度，根据ASTM E384-用于努氏和维氏硬度材料的标准方法，为在400-1000kg/mm2 HV200gf的范围内。
9.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层的耐磨性，根据ASTMG65“使用干燥砂轮/橡胶轮测量磨性的标准测试方法，工序A，1000/AVL”，测定为至少35ARF。
10.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层的耐磨性，根据ASTMG65“使用干燥砂轮/橡胶轮测量磨性的标准测试方法，工序A，1000/AVL”，测定为30-55ARF。
11.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述金属基底为压裂阀。
12.根据权利要求11所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层在与所述压裂阀表面相接的界面处无裂纹。
13.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层的厚度为100μm至2mm。
14.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品，其中所述复合材料包层的孔隙度小于2体积％。
15.一种制备复合材料制品的方法，其包括：
提供金属基底；
在所述金属基底的一个或多个表面上方布置组件，所述组件包含复合材料粉末组合物，所述复合材料粉末组合物包含熔渗钴粉末合金和基体钴粉末合金，所述基体钴粉末合金的固相线温度高于所述熔渗钴粉末合金；以及
对所述组件加热以将所述基体钴粉末合金与熔融的熔渗钴合金熔渗在一起，从而提供冶金结合到所述金属基底的复合材料包层，并且
其中所述复合材料包层具有铬梯度，其中铬含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述复合材料包层与所述金属基底之间的界面的方向上增大。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述组件包含用于所述熔渗钴粉末合金和所述基体钴粉末合金的一个或多个有机载体。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中所述组件包含用于所述熔渗钴粉末合金的第一有机载体以及用于所述基体钴粉末合金的第二有机载体。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中所述第二有机载体和所述基体钴粉末合金布置在所述金属基底与所述第一有机载体和所述熔渗钴粉末合金之间。
19.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中所述一个或多个有机载体包含聚合物材料。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述基体钴粉末合金和所述熔渗钴粉末合金的平均粒度为20μm至120μm。
21.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述复合材料包层具有钨梯度，其中钨含量在从所述复合材料包层表面到所述界面的方向上增大。
22.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述复合材料包层包含分散于其中的M6C碳化物，其中M包括钨、钼、钴或它们的混合物。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法，其中相对于所述复合材料包层表面，所述复合材料包层本体中存在较高浓度的所述M6C碳化物。
24.根据权利要求22所述的方法，其中所述复合材料包层还包含Me7C3碳化物，其中Me包括铬、钴或它们的混合物。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法，其中所述M6C碳化物和所述Me7C3碳化物各自具有针状或不规则的形态。
26.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述复合材料包层的硬度，根据ASTM E 384-用于努氏和维氏硬度材料的标准方法，为在400-1000kg/mm2 HV200gf的范围内。
27.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述复合材料包层的耐磨性，根据ASTM G65“使用干燥砂轮/橡胶轮测量磨性的标准测试方法，工序A，1000/AVL”，测定为30-55ARF。
28.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述金属基底为压裂阀。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法，其中所述复合材料包层在与所述压裂阀表面相接的界面处无裂纹。
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| US20170341148A1 (en) | 2017-11-30 |
| CN107435147A (zh) | 2017-12-05 |
| CA2965650A1 (en) | 2017-11-26 |
| US10391557B2 (en) | 2019-08-27 |
| CA2965650C (en) | 2023-01-24 |
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