CN107431526A - 用于高空平台(hap)通信系统的移动性和功率管理 - Google Patents

用于高空平台(hap)通信系统的移动性和功率管理 Download PDF

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CN107431526A
CN107431526A CN201580019953.5A CN201580019953A CN107431526A CN 107431526 A CN107431526 A CN 107431526A CN 201580019953 A CN201580019953 A CN 201580019953A CN 107431526 A CN107431526 A CN 107431526A
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hap
service
wave beams
candidate
communication
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阿默德·杰拉利
狄纳卡·兰德克里希南
默兰·巴海伊
凯文·狄奥斯
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Uribe Qom Special LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B64U2101/00—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications
    • B64U2101/20—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications for use as communications relays, e.g. high-altitude platforms
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Abstract

描述一种通信系统。该系统包括：至少一个网关，能够提供宽带连通性；地面终端的集合；以及高空平台(HAP)的集合，其中至少一个航空平台能够使用射频与至少一个网关进行通信，每个HAP能够使用射频与地面终端进行通信，以及每个HAP能够使用射频与每个其它HAP进行通信。描述将地面终端/网关从一个HAP波束切换到另一个HAP波束的方式。描述将地面终端/网关从一个HAP切换到另一个HAP的方式。描述当存在数据业务时使通信有效载荷无线电保持为活动而在其它情况下使无线电进入睡眠模式、由此按照时间和覆盖区域的函数针对数据业务要求来调整通信有效载荷功率消耗的方式。

Description

用于高空平台(HAP)通信系统的移动性和功率管理
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2014年2月17日提交的美国临时专利申请序号61/940805、2014年2月28日提交的美国临时专利申请序号61/946575以及2015年2月17日提交的美国非临时专利申请序号14/624320的优先权。
背景技术
随着这些年因特网业务增加，需要新技术以较低成本向家庭和企业以及向尚未覆盖的地方交付宽带接入。当前宽带接入系统具有多个缺点。一个问题是边远、人口稀少和不发达区域中的服务的缺乏。地球同步卫星在发达世界（例如美国内）的边远区域中提供服务。但是，例如非洲的世界较贫穷区域缺乏充分卫星容量。
在世界的贫穷地区尚未充分提供卫星容量的一个显著原因是卫星系统的较高成本。由于卫星轨道中的不利大气效应，卫星硬件必须合乎太空质量并且是高成本的。使卫星进入轨道的运载火箭也是高成本的。此外，由于卫星的发射风险和高成本，存在确保卫星和发射的大量成本。因此，宽带卫星系统和服务是较高成本的，并且在世界的贫穷地区难以证明是合理的。在人口稀少地区部署诸如光纤或微波链路之类的陆地系统也是高成本的。订户的小密度没有证明部署成本是合理的。
因此，存在对于使用航空平台向贫穷、人口稀少和不发达地区提供宽带服务的高效方式的需要。
发明内容
诸如飞机、气球和遥控飞机或无人航空器(UAV)的许多高空平台(high altitudeplatform，HAP)已经或者将要部署在世界的各个地区。这类平台可按照比典型卫星网络更为成本有效的方式来部署。
一些实施例提供将地面终端(GT)从HAP波束（beam）切换（handoff）到另一个HAP波束(HAP内切换)的方式。地面终端从相邻HAP波束的波束到与GT进行通信的HAP波束来测量接收信号上的接收信号强度(RSS)，并且选择其RSS处于服务波束的RSS的阈值之内或者超过服务波束的RSS的阈值的相邻波束作为候选HAP波束。GT在发现候选HAP波束时可向候选HAP波束无线电单元发送切换请求消息。候选HAP波束无线电单元可向HAP服务波束无线电单元发送请求关于GT IP会话的信息的信息请求消息。HAP服务波束无线电单元可在信息响应消息中向候选HAP波束无线电单元发送所请求信息。候选HAP波束无线电单元可向HAP子系统发送地址映射消息，以通过将地面终端的IP地址映射到候选HAP波束无线电单元媒体接入控制(MAC)地址来改变其路由选择表。接着，候选HAP波束无线电单元可向GT和HAP子系统发送切换完成消息，并且成为新的HAP服务波束。以前的HAP服务波束无线电单元可向GT发送任何未决分组，以及向新的HAP服务波束无线电单元发送去往地面终端的新分组。
一些实施例描述将GT从一个HAP切换到另一个HAP(HAP间切换)的系统和方法。GT可在来自和与地面终端进行通信的HAP相邻的HAP的接收信号上测量接收信号强度(RSS)，并且选择其RSS处于服务HAP的RSS的阈值之内的相邻HAP作为候选HAP。GT在发现候选HAP时可向候选HAP发送切换请求消息。候选HAP可向服务HAP发送请求关于GT IP会话的信息的信息请求消息。服务HAP可在信息响应消息中向候选HAP发送所请求信息。候选HAP可向HAP子系统发送地址映射消息，以便通过将GT的IP地址映射到候选HAP MAC地址来改变其路由选择表。接着，候选HAP可向GT和HAP网络子系统发送切换完成消息，并且成为新的服务HAP。以前的服务HAP可向地面终端发送任何未决分组，以及向新的服务HAP发送去往地面终端的新分组。
一些实施例为GT提供至少两个天线孔径/波束，称作搜索天线的一个天线孔径/波束可用来搜索HAP间切换中的候选HAP，以及称作通信天线的第二天线孔径/波束可用来与服务HAP进行通信。在HAP间切换期间，搜索天线可首先建立与新的服务HAP的通信链路。接着，通信天线可操纵（steer）其波束朝向新的服务HAP，并且从搜索天线接管与新的服务HAP的链路。搜索天线开始搜索新的候选HAP。这个方案导致HAP网络与GT之间的不间断通信。搜索天线的大小可比通信天线要小，以减少GT大小和成本。
一些实施例提供使HAP通信有效载荷的功率消耗为最小的方式。HAP网络子系统可实现睡眠模式，其中子系统在没有接收或传送数据时进入睡眠模式。HAP通信有效载荷可支持“通-断”占空比，其中在通周期期间，子系统是活动的并且接收/传送数据，而在断周期期间，子系统处于睡眠模式以节省功率。“通-断”占空比模式允许系统调整对业务的功率消耗。
在一些实施例中，HAP通信系统可将时间划分为帧，每帧由多个时隙组成。每个下行链路(HAP到GT方向)帧的某些时隙可称作调度时隙，其用来携带与哪些GT将在即将到来帧中接收数据以及在哪些时隙期间GT将接收其数据有关的信息。调度时隙也可在上行链路(GT到HAP方向)帧上为每个GT所保留的时隙上携带信息。GT和HAP通信子系统可通过在不接收或传送数据的时隙期间进入睡眠模式来节省功率。
以上概述意在用作对本发明的一些示范实施例的各种特征的简短介绍。其它实施例可在不背离本发明精神的情况下以其它特定形式来实现。
附图说明
在所附权利要求书中提出本发明的新特征。但是，为了便于说明，在以下附图中提出本发明的若干实施例。
图1示出一些实施例的基于概念HAP的通信系统的示意框图；
图2示出一些实施例的HAP通信有效载荷的示意框图；
图3示出由HAP所形成以覆盖地面终端的位点（location）的波束的示范图示；
图4示出一些实施例用来执行HAP内切换的概念过程的流程图；
图5示出示例HAP间切换情形；
图6示出一些实施例用来执行HAP间切换的概念过程的流程图；
图7示出一些实施例用来在HAP间切换期间控制GT的搜索和通信天线的概念过程的流程图；以及
图8示出用来实现本发明的一些实施例的概念计算机系统的示意框图。
具体实施方式
以下详细描述属于执行本发明的示范实施例的当前最佳考虑模式。本描述不是被视作进行限制，而只是为了便于说明本发明的一般原理，因为本发明的范围仅通过所附权利要求书来最佳地限定。
以下描述各种发明特征，其每个能够相互无关地使用或者与其它特征结合使用。广义来说，本发明的一些实施例一般提供方式来提供基于HAP的通信。
HAP可包括例如遥控飞机、UAV、气球、小飞艇、飞船等。每个平台可包括推进元件、燃料系统、导航元件、控制系统等。在一些实施例中，遥控飞机可包括与推进器和/或其它适当元件相结合的固定翼机身。在一些实施例中，UAV可以是机器直升机（robo-copter）或类似装置。每个UAV可携带燃料和/或使用太阳能(或者其它备选方案)。在本公开中，术语“UAV”、“HAP”、“航空平台”和/或“遥控飞机”可用来表示任何航空平台，包括以上所述的那些航空平台和其它适当航空平台。
图1示出一些实施例的基于概念HAP的通信系统100的示意框图。如所示，该系统可包括地面终端110的集合、HAP 210的集合、网关(GW) 310的集合、核心网络元件(CNE) 410和因特网或其它适当网络连接500。
每个HAP 210可以能够与一个或多个地面终端110和/或一个或多个网关310 (其允许经由CNE 410到因特网500的连通性)进行通信。CNE可聚合从多个网关310到因特网500的数据，并且把从因特网所接收的数据划分到网关310和至少一个HAP 210。
HAP 210可经由HAP-HAP链路250相互通信。在HAP 210不在网关310的覆盖中并且HAP 210能够经由到网关310的另一个HAP来路由数据的状况下，可使用HAP-HAP链路。
本领域的技术人员将认识到，系统100可按照各种特定方式来实现。例如，该系统可以仅包括一个HAP 210和一个网关310。
图2示出一些实施例的HAP通信有效载荷架构215的示意框图。每个HAP 210可包括多个通信有效载荷215，其允许HAP 210、GT 110和网关310之间的通信。如所示，通信有效载荷215可包括GT子系统100、GW子系统300、HAP子系统400、传感器子系统600和HAP平台路由器700。
传感器子系统600可包括传感器(例如陀螺仪、加速计)和基于卫星的位置位点接收器(例如全球定位系统(GPS)接收器)，以便估计HAP 210的位置和取向。
GT子系统100可以能够与GT 110进行通信。子系统100可调制从路由器子系统700所接收的数据(其去往GT 110)，并且向GT传送所导致的调制信号。GT子系统100还可接收从GT 110的所传送信号，对信号进行解调和解码，并且将所导致的数据分组转发到路由器子系统700，供路由到适当的(一个或多个)网络元件。
GW子系统300可以能够与GW 310进行通信。GW可向GW子系统300发送去往GT 110的数据。来自GT 110的去往因特网500的数据可经由GW子系统300发送给网关310。在HAP 210没有与GW 310的连接的情况下，数据可路由到另一个HAP 210，其又将数据转发给GW 310。HAP子系统400可允许HAP 210之间的通信。
如图2所示，每个子系统100、300、400可具有两个主要组件，即，天线子系统120、320、420和无线电子系统130、330、430。每个天线子系统120、320、420可包括多个天线孔径，其中每个孔径连接到一个无线电。每个无线电可以能够调制从路由器700所接收的数据，并且将调制信号传送到相关GT 110或GW 310或者传送给其它HAP 210。每个无线电还可以能够对于从GT 110、GW 310和其它HAP 210所接收的信号进行解调，并且将解码数据分组转发到路由器700，以便发送给系统100中的适当目标元件。
每个GT 110和GW 310可类似地包括两个主要子系统：天线子系统和无线电子系统。GT和GW无线电子系统可以能够调制去往HAP 210的数据，并且通过连接到无线电子系统的天线子系统向HAP传送所导致的信号。GT和GW无线电子系统还可以能够对于从HAP所接收的信号进行解调和解码，并且向系统100中的适当资源传送所导致的解码数据分组。
图3示出由HAP所形成以覆盖GT的位点的波束350的示范图示。波束可由HAP的GT天线子系统120投射到地面的GT。HAP的GT天线孔径的每个可辐射波束350，因而共同形成地面的波束阵列。波束的数量可选择成适合系统的吞吐量和覆盖需要。在图3的示例中，GT 110当前由“服务GT波束”(其指示为加阴影波束350)来服务。围绕服务GT波束的GT波束可称作“相邻GT波束”。一些HAP 210（例如遥控飞机）可在预期覆盖区域之上的小圆柱区域中徘徊。当遥控飞机在圆柱轨道区中巡航时，由HAP所形成的波束在地面上移动。当服务GT波束在GT110之上移动时，由GT无线电子系统130所接收的信号将减弱，并且GT 110可需要移交（handover）到其波束向GT 110提供更强信号的相邻GT波束之一。CT从一个HAP GT波束到另一个HAP GT波束的这种移交或切换可称作HAP内切换或移交。在移交完成之后，相邻GT波束其中之一将变成新的服务GT波束。
当GT 110最初加电时，其无线电单元可搜索来自向GT 110提供覆盖的HAP 210的波束的信号，并且选择它从其中接收最强信号的波束350，以作为服务GT波束。接着，GT 110可向服务GT波束无线电发送注册请求消息。服务GT波束无线电可请求路由器700向GT 110指配IP地址。服务GT波束无线电又可在注册响应消息中向GT发送所指配IP地址。路由器子系统700还可更新其路由选择表，以便将指配给GT 110的IP地址映射到与GT进行通信的服务GT波束无线电的MAC地址。从因特网500所接收并且去往GT 110的数据将使用路由器子系统700中的路由选择表通过通信有效载荷215来路由。
波束内切换过程中的第一步骤是确定切换的最佳HAP波束或者“候选切换GT波束”。一旦GT 110已经确定需要到另一个波束的切换，GT可通过通知相关子系统准备从服务GT波束接管通信链路来发起切换过程。切换过程中的最后一个步骤涉及改变路由器子系统的IP路由选择表，使得分组将在切换之后发送给新的服务GT波束无线电。
图4示出一些实施例用来执行HAP内切换的概念过程400的流程图。这种过程可例如在GT 110确定服务GT波束的RSS下降到低于某个阈值(例如，信号强度阈值，信噪比阈值等)时开始。该过程可由一些实施例的HAP 210来执行。
如所示，该过程可测量(在410)从相邻GT波束所接收的信号的接收信号强度(RSS)。RSS量度可以是接收信号功率、接收信号干扰与噪声比(SINR)、分组差错率和/或其它适当量度。
接着，GT无线电子系统可比较相邻GT波束的RSS，并且确定(在420)相邻GT波束的测量RSS是否超过服务GT波束的RSS指定的阈值。如果该过程确定(在420)RSS的差没有超过阈值，则该过程可继续周期地测量(在410)接收RSS。
作为使用测量RSS的备选，在一些实施例中，HAP可周期地向所有可用GT和GW发送包含HAP的位置和取向的更新。GT可使用位置和取向信息来确定需要发起从服务GT波束的切换的时间以及哪一个是最佳候选切换GT波束。
如果该过程确定(在420)RSS的差超过了阈值，则与超过阈值的RSS差关联的相邻波束可被指派为候选切换GT波束，并且该过程可向候选切换GT波束无线电单元发送(在430)切换请求消息。切换请求消息可指示服务GT波束、候选切换GT波束以及其它系统参数。
在接收切换请求消息时，候选切换GT波束无线电单元可向服务GT无线电单元发送(在440)请求与GT的参数有关的信息(例如加密密钥、GT IP地址等)的信息请求消息。接着，当前服务GT波束无线电单元可向候选切换GT波束无线电单元发送(在450)信息响应消息。信息响应消息可包括GT会话相关信息(例如加密密钥、GT IP地址等)。
为了避免对GT的数据服务的中断，指配给GT的IP地址在切换过程之前和之后必须保持为相同。在切换之前，来自因特网的所有去往GT的IP分组被发送给服务于GT无线电单元的HAP。在切换过程完成之前，HAP通信有效载荷215中的IP路由选择表必须通过将GT IP地址映射到候选切换GT波束无线电单元的MAC地址来更新，以便确保从因特网所接收的分组被路由到新的服务GT无线电单元。
接着，候选切换GT波束无线电单元可发送(在460)地址映射消息，从而通知所有无线电单元和路由器700通过将GT IP地址映射到候选切换波束无线电单元的MAC地址来更新其路由选择表。在接收地址映射消息之后，路由器700可向候选切换GT波束无线电单元发送所有去往GT的IP分组。作为地址映射消息的示例，在基于以太网的局域网(LAN)中，IP地址与以太网MAC地址之间的地址映射可使用地址解析协议(ARP)进行。
候选切换GT波束无线电单元然后可向服务GT波束无线电单元和GT发送(在470)完成消息，因而成为新的服务GT波束无线电单元。接着，以前的服务GT无线电单元可向新的服务GT波束无线电单元发送任何残余IP数据，并且然后结束。
在完成切换之后，该过程再次开始，并且开始测量(在410) RSS。
以上和以下所述的切换过程可适用于GT和GW。为了简洁起见，术语“GT”用于本讨论中，但是这类过程也可适用于GW链路的HAP波束内切换。
图5示出示例HAP间切换情形。在沿围绕地球的轨道行进的非地球同步卫星轨道(NGSO)卫星或HAP（例如气球）的情况下，每个低地球轨道(LEO)卫星或气球将移动，并且LEO卫星或HAP气球所形成的波束将在地面移动。因此，当前提供对GT的覆盖的LEO卫星或HAP气球最终将移动并且不再覆盖GT。在图5的示例中，两个HAP 210各自形成波束350。GT 110处于两个HAP 210的波束350之间的覆盖的边界。
HAP 210在这个示例中向左移动。因此，与左边的HAP 210关联的波束350将不会覆盖与GT 110关联的区域，因为HAP 210持续向左移动。同样，与右边的HAP 210关联的波束350将覆盖与GT 110关联的区域，因为HAP 210由右向左移动。在这个示例中，左边的HAP210可以是“服务HAP”，其当前与GT 110进行通信。可评估(例如周期地、持续地、基于某些准则等)能够被GT 110所检测的任何其它HAP 210或者“相邻HAP”，以确定与相邻HAP所提供的参考信号关联的RSS测量是否比服务HAP所提供的参考信号的RSS要强。当相邻HAP的RSS超过服务HAP的RSS指定阈值时，可发起切换。
GT 110可从所有相邻HAP之中将为GT提供最佳信号质量的HAP 210指派为“候选HAP”。备选的是，GT可从网络接收所有相邻HAP的位点，并且基于HAP的位置来确定候选切换HAP。每个HAP可使用传感器子系统600来确定其位置，并且使用其覆盖区域中的GW和GT向网络的其余部分发送该位置。
在HAP间切换的情况下，GT可由CNE来指配IP地址。这个地址可对会话时长保持为相同。GT可向其上层(其又将在任何所生成IP分组中使用IP地址)公告IP地址。
当GT最初加电时，其无线电单元可搜索来自网络中的HAP的波束的信号，并且选择它从其中接收最强信号的HAP来指派为服务HAP。接着，GT可通过向与服务HAP关联的通信有效载荷发出注册请求消息，来发起与服务HAP的会话。通信有效载荷无线电子系统可认证GT，并且向CNE发送请求GT的IP地址的消息。CNE可指配GT的IP地址，并且向HAP发送该IP地址。HAP通信有效载荷又可向GT发送注册响应消息，其可包含GT的所指配IP地址。GT然后可使用CNE所指配的IP地址来建立与CNE的IP隧道。在某个点，服务HAP可在GT的覆盖区域外部移动，以及另一个HAP或“候选HAP”可进入GT的覆盖区域。
图6示出一些实施例用来执行HAP间切换的概念过程600的流程图。这种过程可例如在GT 110确定与服务HAP关联的参考信号下降到低于某个阈值(例如，信号强度阈值，信噪比阈值等)时开始。该过程可由一些实施例的GT 110来执行。
如所示，GT可周期地测量(在610)从服务HAP的其它波束以及相邻HAP所接收的信号的RSS。接着，该过程可确定(在620)任何相邻HAP的RSS是否超过服务HAP的RSS的指定阈值。如果没有候选HAP超过阈值，则该过程可重复进行操作610-620，直到该过程确定(在620)HAP超过阈值。
如果该过程确定(在620)候选HAP的RSS超过阈值，则该过程可向候选HAP无线电子系统发送(在630)切换请求。在这个消息中，GT可向其CNE IP隧道指示其IP地址和其它凭证。
候选HAP无线电单元可基于切换请求消息中的信息来认证GT，并且向服务HAP发送(在640)对于与GT会话参数有关的信息的信息请求消息。接着，服务HAP可随关于GT会话参数的信息来发送由候选HAP(在650)所接收的信息响应消息。
候选HAP然后可向CNE并且向服务HAP发送(在660) IP地址映射消息，以改变其路由选择表，以便将去往GT的分组路由到候选HAP。接着，候选HAP可向服务HAP和GT发送(在670)切换完成消息，此后，候选HAP可成为新的服务HAP。以前的服务HAP则可向新的服务HAP转发(在680)所有未决分组，以及CNE可开始向GT的新服务HAP发送分组。
在一些情况下，服务和候选HAP处于与GT的不同方位角，以及可用GT可将窄波束用于通信。在一些实施例中，每个GT 110可具有多个天线，其是定向的，并且各自能够指向不同方向(例如朝向不同的HAP)。如果预期在切换期间始终保持对GT的不间断通信，则GT天线必须具有指向两个不同方向的至少两个波束，一个波束朝向服务HAP而另一个朝向候选HAP。两个GT波束常常使用两个天线来创建，其中每个天线都带有机械波束操纵能力。一个天线可与服务HAP(例如LEO卫星或气球)进行通信，以及第二天线可搜索其信号处于GT或GW应当切换到的服务HAP的信号的阈值之内的HAP。
在从一个HAP到另一个HAP的切换期间，将波束指向候选HAP的GT天线首先可建立到对应HAP的链路，以及将波束指向服务HAP的GT天线可中断与服务HAP的链路并且开始搜索候选HAP。具有多个天线系统的GT的缺点是GT的大小和成本。为了降低GT成本，可能仅使用GT上的一个天线以及HAP的实时位置或HAP格局（constellation）的“瞬象（ephemerons）”的知识来确定候选HAP。但是，仅具有一个天线的GT需要中断与服务HAP的通信，并且在机械和/或电子上朝候选HAP移动其天线，这引起到GT的通信链路的短中断。在中断GT与HAP之间的通信的时间期间，不同的HAP网络子系统可存储GT的未决数据分组，直至建立到新服务HAP的连接并且分组能够转发到GT。因此，将不会存在GT与网络之间的数据的任何丢失，而是存在因采用单天线GT的切换引起的小延迟。
如上所述，在二天线GT设计中，一个天线与服务HAP进行通信，以及第二天线搜索候选HAP。搜索候选HAP的天线的增益能够比与服务HAP进行通信的天线的增益要低得多。搜索天线仅需要具有足够增益，以便能够检测来自相邻HAP的参考信号并且从信号来估计RSS。因此，GT天线的至少一个能够显著小于通信天线。搜索天线的减小大小可减少GT的成本和大小。
当进行关于从服务HAP到所选候选HAP的切换的判定时，GT可使用搜索天线来建立与候选HAP的通信链路。搜索天线的增益可选择为足够大，使得搜索天线能够用来与候选HAP进行通信，但是以比通信天线要低的数据速率进行通信。一旦GT使用搜索天线来建立与候选HAP的链路，切换可使用到新HAP的链路来完成，以及通信天线可与以前的服务HAP断开，并且朝将要作为服务HAP的候选HAP来移动其波束。一旦通信天线指向新的服务HAP，则通信天线可由GT用来建立到新服务HAP的链路。这时，搜索天线将变得自由用于搜索相邻HAP以查找新的候选HAP。
在搜索天线如上所述用来进行通信的时间期间，对GT的峰值数据速率将对短时间低于标称，直到通信天线被指向候选HAP以便从搜索天线接管通信链路。虽然对GT的峰值数据速率在切换期间小于标称，但是对GT的吞吐量仍然是充分的，因为在切换中将对GT分配更多时间以传送/接收其数据。由于在切换中对GT给予更多时间以及切换中的GT占用更多时间发送/接收其数据，所以将存在HAP的总容量的小降低。换言之，较小并且不太昂贵的GT天线系统的折衷是略低的容量。
图7示出一些实施例用来在HAP间切换期间控制GT的搜索和通信天线的概念过程700的流程图。如所示，GT可使用搜索天线来测量(在710)从相邻HAP所接收的信号的RSS。接着，GT无线电子系统可通过选择具有最佳信号质量的相邻HAP来识别(在720)候选HAP。GT无线电子系统可将候选HAP RSS与阈值进行比较(在730)，以及如果RSS超过阈值，则该过程可发起(在740)切换调用（call）流程，以便将通信链路移动到候选HAP。
一旦切换调用流程完成，GT搜索天线可用来(在750)建立到新服务HAP的通信链路。接着，可操纵GT通信天线(在760)以指向新的服务HAP。GT无线电单元然后可将通信天线用于(在770)到新服务HAP的链路，以及可释放(在680)GT搜索天线，以开始搜索相邻HAP以查找新的候选HAP。
HAP可将太阳能用于调动（maneuvering）以及通信。HAP在白天将能量存储在电池中，并且在夜间使用能量。因此，很期望使HAP通信有效载荷功率消耗为最小，以便使对于HAP上所需的太阳能电池板和电池量的要求为最小。HAP（例如气球）通过围绕地球的轨道行进。当这些地球绕轨的HAP行进时，它们在具有极少数据业务的区域（例如具有极低人口密度的沙漠或海洋）上可能花费大量时间。使这些HAP的功率消耗为最小的一种方式是针对HAP所行进于其上的覆盖区域的数据业务要求来调整通信有效载荷的功率消耗。注意，数据业务要求也可以是时刻的函数。在某些时间期间，例如在午夜与清晨之间，数据业务要求将比繁忙时间（例如晚上或工作时间期间）要小得多。
一些实施例在低数据业务区域/时间经由通信有效载荷的无线电单元的睡眠模式来降低功率，使得无线电能够在对指定时长没有数据业务时进入睡眠模式。在睡眠模式期间，内部时钟可在无线电单元中运行，其将间歇地唤醒无线电单元以监测可用GT，以便确定是否存在要携带的数据业务。在一些实施例中，HAP无线电子系统可引入断-通占空比，其中在通周期期间，无线电单元是活动的并且传送/接收数据，而在断周期期间，无线电单元处于睡眠模式，从而节省功率。
在一些实施例中，MAC方案允许无线电单元转到睡眠，并且间歇地唤醒以监测媒体，以便确定GT或HAP是否有数据要传送。MAC将时间划分为由时隙组成的时帧。每帧由多个时隙组成。从HAP到GT的帧称作下行链路帧，以及GT向HAP传送数据的帧称作上行链路帧。在时分双工(TDD)系统中，时间在下行链路与上行链路帧之间划分，以及下行链路和上行链路帧共享时间，其中一个或多个下行链路帧之后跟随着一个或多个上行链路帧。在频分双工(FDD)系统中，在不同频率并发地传送下行链路和上行链路帧。
首先考虑从HAP到GT的下行链路帧的结构。每个时隙可携带一个GT或者多个GT的数据。帧中的第一时隙用来通知GT关于帧的剩余时隙中是否存在数据业务以及帧的每个时隙中的数据业务去往哪一个GT。帧中的第一时隙可称作调度时隙，其可携带将在帧期间接收数据的GT的MAC ID以及将携带每个GT的数据的时隙号。可同步所有GT和HAP通信有效载荷无线电单元，使得所有GT无线电单元可在帧边界处唤醒，以及所有GT可对调度时隙进行解码，并且确定它们是否将在帧的时隙其中之一中接收数据并且应当在帧的对应时隙期间唤醒以对送往它们的数据进行解码。因此，在每帧期间，每个GT将仅需要对调度时隙以及携带GT的数据的任何时隙进行解码。
从GT到HAP的上行链路帧也可划分为多个时隙。时隙的一部分可被指配为随机接入信道(RACH)。RACH信道由GT用来传送其带宽保留请求以及其它信令消息。GT按照免调度（unscheduled）方式来接入RACH。每个上行链路帧的剩余时隙被指配给不同GT供调度传输。下行链路帧中的调度时隙还分配上行链路帧上的时隙，其中GT可向HAP传送其数据。因此，HAP无线电单元可选择仅向GT指配每帧中的下行链路时隙的子集以用于向GT发送数据，并且还可选择成指配上行链路帧上的时隙的子集供GT进行数据传输。
然后，HAP无线电单元可指配在给定区域或时刻发送下行链路和上行链路数据业务所需的对应帧中的多个下行链路和上行链路时隙。接着，在没有对下行链路和上行链路数据传输所指配的时隙期间，GT和HAP无线电单元可转到睡眠，由此节省功率。例如，如果在某些时间或区域期间，数据业务为峰值数据业务的一半，则HAP调度器可对数据传输仅指配每帧中的时隙的一半、比如说帧的前一半，以及在时隙的后一半期间，HAP和GT无线电单元可转到睡眠。换言之，HAP调度器可实现与所提供数据业务匹配的“通-断”占空比，其中在通周期期间，帧的时隙用于数据传输，而在断周期期间，时隙为空闲，并且无线电单元处于睡眠。
如本说明书和本说明书的任何权利要求所使用的术语“计算机”、“服务器”、“处理器”和“存储器”全部表示电子装置。这些术语不包括人或者人的编组。如本说明书和本说明书的任何权利要求所使用的术语“非暂态存储媒体”完全限制到存储采取电子装置可读的形式的信息的有形物理对象。这些术语不包括任何无线或其它短暂信号。
本领域的技术人员将认识到，过程400和600-800实际上是概念上的，并且在不背离本公开精神的情况下可按照各种不同方式来执行。例如，不同实施例可包括各种不同操作，可省略各种操作，和/或按照不同顺序执行操作。作为另一个示例，每个过程可划分为子过程的集合或者包含在宏过程中。过程可迭代地、基于某些准则和/或基于其它相关因素来执行。
在一些实施例中，消息可脱离于所示或所讨论的顺序被发送和/或接收，包括基本上并发地、使用比所示更多或更少的消息或者按照相反顺序，这取决于所涉及的功能性（如本领域的技术人员会理解的）。此外，虽然若干过程使用超过服务RSS的阈值的RSS测量来描述，但是本领域的技术人员会认识到，服务RSS的阈值之内的RSS测量也可用来触发各种操作。
以上所述的过程和模块中的许多可实现为软件过程，其被指定为非暂态存储媒体上记录的一个或多个指令集。当这些指令由一个或多个计算元件(例如微处理器、微控制器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、专用集成电路(ASIC)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)等)来运行时，指令使(一个或多个)计算元件执行指令所指定的动作。
在一些实施例中，以上所述的各种过程和模块可完全使用可包括装置或元件(例如传感器、逻辑门、模数转换器、数模转换器、比较器等)的各种集合的电子电路来实现。这种电路可适合执行可与通篇所述的各种软件元件关联的功能和/或特征。
图8示出用来实现一些实施例的概念计算机系统800的示意框图。例如，交互式显示器、运动感测/手势控制（gesturing）装置或元件或者本地和/或远程服务器可使用如图8所述计算机系统的一个或多个组件来实现。更具体来说，以上参照图1-3和图5所述的系统可至少部分使用计算机系统800来实现。作为另一个示例，参照图4和图6-8所述的过程和协议可至少部分使用采用计算机系统800所运行的指令集来实现。
计算机系统800可使用各种适当的装置来实现。例如，计算机系统可使用一个或多个个人计算机(PC)、服务器、移动装置(例如智能电话)、平板装置和/或任何其它适当装置来实现。各种装置可单独工作(例如，计算机系统可实现为单个PC)或者结合工作(例如，计算机系统的一些组件可由移动装置来提供，而其它组件由平板装置来提供)。
如所示，计算机系统800可包括至少一个通信总线805、一个或多个处理器810、系统存储器815、只读存储器(ROM) 820、永久存储装置825、输入装置830、输出装置835、各种其它组件840(例如图形处理单元)以及一个或多个网络接口845。
总线805表示计算机系统800的元件之间的所有通信通路。这类通路可包括有线、无线、光和/或其它适当通信通路。例如，输入装置830和/或输出装置835可使用无线连接协议或系统来耦合到系统800。
处理器810为了运行一些实施例的过程可从诸如系统存储器815、ROM 820和永久存储装置825中检索要运行的指令和/或要处理的数据。这类指令和数据可通过总线805来传递。
系统存储器815可以是易失性读和写存储器，例如随机存取存储器(RAM)。系统存储器可存储处理器在运行时使用的指令和数据的一部分。用来实现一些实施例的指令集和/或数据可存储在系统存储器815、永久存储装置825和/或只读存储器820中。ROM 820可存储静态数据和指令，其可由处理器810和/或计算机系统的其它元件使用。
永久存储装置825可以是读和写存储器装置。永久存储装置可以是非易失性存储器单元，其甚至当计算机系统800关断或断电时也存储指令和数据。计算机系统800可使用可拆卸存储装置和/或远程存储装置作为永久存储装置。
输入装置830可使用户能够向计算机系统传递信息和/或操控系统的各种操作。输入装置可包括键盘、鼠标控制装置、音频输入装置和/或视频输入装置。输出装置835可包括打印机、显示器和/或音频装置。输入和/或输出装置的部分或全部可无线或光学地连接到计算机系统。
其它组件840可执行各种其它功能。这些功能可包括执行特定功能(例如图形处理、声音处理等)、提供存储、与外部系统或组件进行接口等。
最后，如图8所示，计算机系统800可通过一个或多个网络接口850来耦合到一个或多个网络845。例如，计算机系统800可耦合到因特网上的万维网服务器，使得运行于计算机系统800的万维网浏览器可在用户与万维网浏览器中操作的界面进行交互时与万维网服务器进行交互。计算机系统800可以能够通过网络接口845和网络850来访问一个或多个远程存储装置860和一个或多个外部组件865。(一个或多个)网络接口845可包括一个或多个API，其可允许计算机系统800访问远程系统和/或存储装置，并且还可允许远程系统和/或存储装置访问计算机系统800(或者其元件)。
如本说明书和本说明书的任何权利要求所使用的术语“计算机”、“服务器”、“处理器”和“存储器”全部表示电子装置。这些术语不包括人或者人的编组。如本说明书和本说明书的任何权利要求所使用的术语“非暂态存储媒体”完全限制到存储采取电子装置可读的形式的信息的有形物理对象。这些术语不包括任何无线或其它短暂信号。
本领域的技术人员应认识到，计算机系统800的组件的任一个或全部可与一些实施例结合使用。此外，本领域的技术人员将领会到，许多其它系统配置也可与一些实施例结合使用。
另外，虽然所示示例可将许多单独模块示出为分开的元件，但是本领域的技术人员将认识到，这些模块可结合为单个功能块或元件。本领域的技术人员还将认识到，单个模块可划分为多个模块。
以上所述涉及示范实施例的说明性细节，并且在不背离本公开范围的情况下可做出修改。例如，以上参照具体特征和/或组件描述了若干实施例。但是本领域的技术人员将认识到，其它实施例可采用其它类型的特征和组件来实现，并且本公开并不受以上说明性细节所限制。

Claims (21)

1.一种通信系统，包括：
至少一个网关(GW)，能够提供宽带连通性；
地面终端(GT)的集合；以及
高空平台(HAP)的集合，其中至少一个HAP能够使用射频与至少一个GW进行通信，每个HAP能够使用射频与GT进行通信，并且每个HAP能够使用射频与每个其它HAP进行通信。
2.如权利要求1所述的通信系统，其中，每个GT能够：
与HAP服务GT波束进行通信；
测量从所述HAP服务GT波束的相邻GT波束所接收的信号的接收信号强度(RSS)；以及
将从相邻GT波束所接收的信号的所述RSS与所述HAP服务GT波束的测量RSS进行比较，并且在某个相邻GT波束的RSS处于所述服务GT波束的RSS的阈值之内时将该相邻GT波束指派为候选切换GT波束。
3.如权利要求2所述的通信系统，其中：
每个GT还能够向所述HAP服务GT波束发送切换请求消息；
所述HAP服务GT波束能够向所述候选切换GT波束发送请求GT IP会话参数的信息的信息请求消息，并且在来自所述HAP服务GT波束的信息响应消息中接收所述信息；
所述候选切换GT波束能够向HAP通信子系统发送IP地址映射消息，以便将GT IP地址映射到所述候选切换GT波束媒体控制接入(MAC)地址；
所述候选切换GT波束能够向HAP通信子系统发送切换完成消息，并且成为新的HAP服务GT波束；以及
以前的HAP服务GT波束能够将对于GT的任何未决分组发送到所述新的HAP服务GT波束以及到将IP分组发送到所述新的HAP服务GT波束的HAP通信子系统。
4.如权利要求1所述的通信系统，还包括：
GT与服务HAP进行通信；
GT在从与所述服务HAP相邻的HAP所接收的信号上测量接收信号强度(RSS)；
GT将相邻HAP的RSS与所述服务HAP的RSS进行比较，并且将具有所述服务HAP的阈值之内的关联RSS的相邻HAP指派为候选HAP。
5.如权利要求4所述的通信系统，还包括：
GT向所述服务HAP发送切换请求消息；
所述服务HAP向所述候选HAP发送请求GT IP会话参数的信息的信息请求消息，并且在来自所述服务HAP的信息响应消息中接收所述信息；
所述候选HAP向HAP通信子系统发送IP地址映射消息，以便将GT IP地址映射到新的候选HAP MAC地址；
候选HAP向HAP通信网络子系统发送切换完成消息，并且成为新的服务HAP；以及
以前的服务HAP将对于GT的任何未决分组发送到所述新的服务HAP，以及到将IP分组发送给所述新的服务HAP的HAP通信网络子系统。
6.如权利要求1所述的通信系统，还包括：
GT与HAP GT波束进行通信；
所述HAP周期地向GT发送HAP位置坐标和取向；以及
GT使用所述HAP位置坐标和取向来确定切换的候选HAP GT波束和定时。
7.如权利要求6所述的通信系统，还包括：
GT向HAP服务GT波束发送切换请求消息；
所述HAP服务GT波束向所述候选HAP GT波束发送请求GT IP会话参数的信息的信息请求消息，并且在来自所述HAP服务GT波束的信息响应消息中接收所述信息；
所述候选HAP GT波束向HAP通信子系统发送IP地址映射消息，以便将GT IP地址映射到新的候选HAP GT波束MAC地址；
候选HAP GT波束向HAP通信网络子系统发送切换完成消息，并且成为新的HAP服务GT波束；以及
以前的HAP服务GT波束将对于GT的任何未决分组发送到所述新的HAP服务GT波束，以及到将IP分组发送给所述新的HAP服务GT波束的HAP通信子系统。
8.如权利要求1所述的通信系统，其中，每个HAP、每个GT和每个GW包括至少一个无线电子系统，以及每个无线电子系统包括无线电单元，所述无线电单元能够在对于经过该无线电子系统的数据业务的指定准则被满足时进入睡眠模式以节省功率。
9.如权利要求1所述的通信系统，其中，每个HAP、每个GT和每个GW包括至少一个通信子系统，以及每个通信子系统能够通过在对于经过该通信子系统的数据业务的指定准则被满足时进入睡眠模式来节省功率。
10. 如权利要求1所述的通信系统，其中：
引导与每个HAP关联的无线电单元在没有数据业务经过该无线电单元时进入睡眠模式；以及
引导与每个HAP关联的通信子系统在没有数据业务经过该通信子系统时进入睡眠模式。
11.一种用于执行高空平台(HAP)内切换的自动化方法，所述方法包括：
测量相邻GT波束的集合的接收信号强度(RSS)；
将相邻GT波束的所述集合内每个相邻GT波束的RSS与服务GT波束的测量RSS进行比较；以及
当候选相邻GT波束的RSS超过所述服务GT波束的RSS时，向所述候选相邻GT波束发送切换请求消息。
12. 如权利要求11所述的自动化方法，还包括：
发送信息请求消息；以及
接收信息响应消息。
13.如权利要求12所述的自动化方法，还包括：
发送映射消息；
发送完成消息；以及
向所述候选GT波束转发接收的数据。
14. 如权利要求13所述的自动化方法，其中，所述信息响应消息包括加密密钥和GT IP地址，以及所述映射消息包括与所述候选相邻HAP关联的波束无线电单元的媒体接入控制(MAC)地址。
15. 如权利要求11所述的自动化方法，还包括：
引导与所述HAP关联的无线电单元在没有数据业务经过该无线电单元时进入睡眠模式；以及
引导通信子系统在没有数据业务经过该通信子系统时进入睡眠模式。
16.一种用于在航空通信网络内执行高空平台(HAP)间切换的自动化方法，所述方法包括：
从可用HAP中识别服务HAP；
测量来自候选HAP的集合的接收信号强度(RSS)；以及
基于所测量的RSS来确定要求切换。
17.如权利要求16所述的自动化方法，还包括：
发送切换请求；
发送信息请求消息；以及
接收信息响应消息。
18. 如权利要求16所述的自动化方法，还包括：
引导与每个HAP关联的无线电单元在没有数据业务经过该无线电单元时进入睡眠模式；以及
引导与每个HAP关联的通信子系统在没有数据业务经过该通信子系统时进入睡眠模式。
19. 如权利要求16所述的自动化方法，其中：
搜索天线用来测量候选HAP的所述集合的所述RSS，以及
所述搜索天线用来在切换期间与候选切换HAP进行通信。
20.如权利要求19所述的自动化方法，其中：
通信天线用来与所述服务HAP进行通信；
所述候选切换HAP在切换完成时成为新的服务HAP；以及
所述通信天线在切换完成时朝所述新的服务HAP移动波束，并且从所述搜索天线接管与所述新的服务HAP的通信。
21.如权利要求20所述的自动化方法，其中，所述搜索天线小于所述通信天线。
CN201580019953.5A 2014-02-17 2015-02-17 用于高空平台(hap)通信系统的移动性和功率管理 Pending CN107431526A (zh)

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