CN107371985B - Cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker - Google Patents
Cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker, and relates to an anti-canker method for large-nest double-plant four-stem four-vine cluster cultivation. The method is a novel cultivation mode for resisting canker, and the method is an innovative change of the cultivation mode of 'one trunk, two vines, four branches and eight sides are put on the shelf'; ecological regulation and control through the cultivation technique also can accomplish to the garden that has taken place the canker: the tree death rate is controlled to be below 10 percent; the garden cannot be damaged; the re-planting of the trees is not needed; basically, the continuous normal fruit bearing can be realized. The method can continuously keep original strong root system-space distribution resources to be continuously utilized especially for big trees and strong trees which have already suffered from canker, which is unexpected by the prior art. The method is simple and easy to implement. The purpose of resisting canker is achieved by recovering, utilizing and developing the natural cluster habit of the kiwi fruits and matching with an ecological cultivation technology without using a large amount of medicines and investing a large amount of labor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of kiwi fruit planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker.
Background
Kiwi fruit is a new fruit in the world and is an important industry in Sichuan, Shaanxi and other provinces in western China. In recent years, the worldwide kiwifruit canker is a fatal attack to the industrial development. The kiwifruit canker is a condition mainly characterized in that trunk canker of kiwifruit plants, epidermis running water and pus, branches are dry and withered, single plant death, multiple plant death, sheet death and large area death in the whole garden are caused in serious conditions.
The knowledge of kiwifruit canker is based on the knowledge of bacterial diseases. The relevant documents about kiwifruit canker at home and abroad are basically described as follows: kiwifruit canker is a devastating bacterial disease that seriously threatens kiwifruit production; after the ulcer disease occurs, the disease is fierce, the harm is huge, the production is seriously lost, the branches are dry and the production is reduced for the light ones, the trees are dead for the heavy ones, and the garden is damaged for the severe ones.
Generally accepted, the kiwifruit canker is a disease causing death of kiwifruit plants and causing regional and substantial yield reduction. The disease is discovered in California of America and Jinggang county of Japan for the first time in 1980, and is discovered in east mountain peak farm in Hunan of China in 1986, and the disease incidence area is 13.3hm2Causing the death of kiwi plants in pieces, which is popular in the next year. The kiwifruit canker is found in Sanxi forest farm in cangxi county for the first time in 1989 in Sichuan province, and the loss is extremely serious. Since the disease is found in Changan Taiyi palace in 1991 in the West region of Shaanxi, the occurrence area of the disease is enlarged year by year and the damage is increased day by dayThe disease is serious, and the disease is spread to the main production areas of kiwi fruits such as the week, family counties, dam bridges and the like. The disease has high incidence rate, has the characteristics of explosiveness and destructiveness, and has poor prevention and treatment effects due to the existing medicament and the existing method, so that the economic loss is huge.
The kiwifruit canker is a destructive disease in kiwifruit production, is listed as a national forest plant quarantine object, is spread rapidly in recent years, has an occurrence area expanded year by year, and has generated a great attack on the western kiwifruit industry. Taking Sichuan as an example, Sichuan is one of the main producing areas of Chinese gooseberries in China, and the existing cultivation area is nearly 40000hm2With the increasing planting area, kiwifruit canker diseases occur in Guangyuan, Chengdu, Deyang, Yaan and other markets, and the disease area and the disease condition are in an increasing trend. Through preliminary investigation, the incidence of diseases of orchards in cities and counties (regions) of staple production is 10-20%, the serious incidence reaches 30-40%, and the incidence in 2017 is more serious than that in the past years, and 1000 hm is caused in some counties, cities and regions2The serious orchard morbidity is more than 50% due to the left and right losses, even the phenomenon of orchard damage caused by connection occurs, and the healthy development of the kiwi fruit industry is seriously hindered.
The ulcer disease prevention and control technology fails to make major breakthroughs and mainly has the following problems:
1. ulcer disease is considered difficult to control: heretofore, most kiwi fruit researchers, training textbook writers and kiwi fruit cultivators describe the kiwifruit canker as follows: the kiwifruit canker is a destructive bacterial disease, seriously threatens the production of kiwifruit, and once infected, the kiwifruit canker can not be saved like a person who has cancer. We want to: if the kiwifruit canker in a large area cannot be saved, a new industry developed in 20-30 years faces a risk of large-scale atrophy.
2. The prevention and treatment methods are general, uncertain and not obvious in effect, because the causes of the kiwifruit canker are considered to be various, the general induction causes are more than ten, and the corresponding prevention and treatment methods are more than ten, so that the corresponding, implementation and avoidance are needed from one aspect, and in fact, the prevention and treatment methods cannot be basically achieved. The method is characterized in that bacteria are separated from diseased trees in the mainstream kiwifruit canker prevention and treatment research at present, a sterilization and bacteria prevention method is advocated for prevention and treatment, the actual application effect is poor, and then a comprehensive prevention and treatment method is provided. In the comprehensive control, the Chinese kiwi fruits are considered to be easy to have canker, and the strain is changed by a corresponding method, but the operation still has great problems.
The pathogenesis of ulcer disease remains in question: the existing conclusion that the kiwifruit canker is caused by destructive bacterial diseases is generally accepted. However, through our observation of years in the disease garden, the following unusual phenomena of bacterial disease pathogenesis described by the general people in the prior research are found to happen to the kiwifruit canker, and further intensive research is needed to explain the disease pathogenesis:
1. in a kiwi garden, one plant is often found to be diseased and an adjacent plant is healthy.
2. The occurrence of canker is unrelated to the strength of the kiwi fruit tree, and most of strong plants with 3-5 years are more serious.
3. The spread of the canker in the garden is regular, and the canker is more common in the phenomenon of independent occurrence of single plants, multiple plants and groups. The method is not much consistent with the wind and water transmission mode of bacteria.
For more than thirty years, experts and scholars in the world and the country research and control according to the vision of the ulcer disease caused by bacterial causes, and as a result, the progress is slow, the scale of the ulcer disease is larger and larger, and various control measures are basically ineffective. So far, the existing technology for preventing and treating the kiwifruit canker is still called as a worldwide problem, even a part of people call the kiwifruit canker, and once the kiwifruit canker happens, trees must be cut, dug, disinfected in the whole garden, and even the garden is built in different places, otherwise, the garden is damaged once too soon because the canker cannot be controlled.
The existing kiwi fruit cultivation mode does not resist canker. The prior art is a cultivation mode of planting 1 plant in each nest and planting each plant in a way of one trunk, two vines, four branches and eight side shelves, and the situation is not resistant to canker, because once one trunk of 1 plant of tree has canker, the 1 plant of tree and the 1 nest of tree are destroyed at the same time. The existing cultivation technology popularized in a large area can not adapt to the new situation of large-area spread of the ulcer disease.
In the prior art, no special cultivation technical scheme for resisting (controlling) canker is provided, and a scheme for strengthening tree vigor and resisting the canker is generally mentioned. Then, the prevention-control-treatment comprehensive scheme is adopted, but the overall effect is not ideal. The simple summary is as follows:
1. and (3) elimination of disease sources: the kiwifruit canker is completely regarded as a bacterial disease. Adopts a method of eliminating the disease source. The plants with diseases in the production garden are mostly burnt by cutting trees regardless of the severity of the diseases, the plants are mainly thoroughly removed, and diseased branches are intensively burnt or buried at fixed positions after being eradicated;
2. controlling the individual weak disease in the planting resource type kiwi fruit trees by scratching and coating; the serious patient can be controlled by applying the medicine after cutting or directly removed.
3. The chemical pesticide control of copper agent is adopted.
4. The disease-resistant fine variety is bred and replaced.
5. The greenhouse measures are adopted to prevent the kiwi fruit tree from suffering low-temperature freezing damage.
6. The kiwi fruits are not planted at high altitude.
7. And field management is enhanced.
The above measures have no obvious effect.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: how to solve the problem that the existing kiwi fruit cultivation mode does not resist canker.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following steps: the method for resisting canker disease of kiwi fruit by using two large-pit plants, four stems and four vines in cluster cultivation comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest;
(2) four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf;
(3) adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf;
(4) continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils;
(5) and (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
Further, the method for cultivating the big-nest double-plant comprises the following steps: the diameter of the open pit is more than 1 meter, the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 meter, and two plants are cultivated in each large pit. Each 667m2Cultivation, 42-56 nests. The volume of the single pit is enlarged, the growth range of the root system is enlarged, and the earth surface plays a role in preserving moisture, preventing waterlogging and keeping healthy growth.
Further, the method for putting the four stems and the four vines on the shelf comprises the following steps: each plant has two trunks and two vines, and four vines are put on the shelf in each big nest.
Further, the method for obliquely putting the main stems or/and the main vines on the shelf comprises the following steps: and (3) putting the main stem or/and the main vine on the shelf at an oblique angle of 45-60 degrees.
Further, the method for continuously culturing the backup stems or/and tendrils comprises the following steps: reserving 1-2 foot buds at the base of each trunk every year, and preparing to replace trunks or main vines damaged by canker at any time.
Furthermore, large-nest double-plant cultivation is adopted, high ridges are matched for cultivation, and the ridge height is kept at 1-1.5 m. This measure may improve the light transmission and ventilation.
The low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings ensures that most of the cluster seedlings come from the grafted buds, and can reduce the grafting. The time for recovering bearing fruit is shorter, namely, the trunk with canker is utilized, and bearing fruit can be realized in the next year by utilizing the backup trunk.
The basic principle of the invention is as follows: the cultivation method for resisting the canker of the kiwifruit can effectively reduce the risk of the canker of the kiwifruit, and is mainly formed according to the growth characteristics of the trunk, main vine and root system of the kiwifruit and the special rule that bark beetles gather the kiwifruit tree and attack and damage the trunk, branches and vines of the kiwifruit. The main principle is as follows:
principle 1: the kiwi fruit clump habit principle: the kiwi fruit as a vine plant has a clumping habit, and multiple branches of the naturally-growing kiwi fruit grow from bottom to top in a clumping mode. The weak point of the growth mode is that the main trunk is not protruded and the management is inconvenient, but the growth mode also has the advantage that when one trunk (branch) is injured or dead, the other trunk (branch) can be quickly replaced, so that the whole tree vigor of the kiwi fruit is kept relatively stable. By utilizing the clustering principle, the tree vigor can still be kept stable and the fruit bearing is stable under the condition that the bark beetles are attacked to generate canker (the current common cultivation mode is one trunk and two vines, and cannot adapt to the new situation of canker resistance, so the current cultivation mode needs to be changed, and the buffering capacity for canker is increased).
Principle 2: principle of relative stability of bark beetle occupation: according to the years of research on the behavior of the bark beetle attacking the kiwi fruits, the result shows that the bark beetle mainly attacks the main trunk in the garden, rarely attacks the secondary branches, basically does not attack the leaves and the root system, and has the characteristics of single-plant damage and single-trunk damage. In other words, a litter of kiwifruit has two trees, and the bark beetle may harm one of the trees but not the other; if a kiwi fruit has two trunks or two main vines, bark beetles can damage one trunk or main vines, and the other trunk or main vines are protected from damage. The phenomenon is very common, and the fact proves that the principle that bark beetles harm the main trunk of kiwi fruits has a relatively stable space occupying aggregation or a relatively stable position selecting harm, and the incidence probability of canker can be reduced by increasing the number of main vines of the main trunk or increasing the number of single plants of kiwi fruits by utilizing the principle.
Principle 3: the application of the attack rule of the kiwifruit canker is as follows: a large number of surveys prove that the spread of the kiwifruit canker is not spread along with wind and rain in the prior art, the kiwifruit canker is not spread along with the whole body, one trunk or branch is diseased, not all trunks or branches are diseased, the plant is diseased, and the other adjacent plant is not diseased. If the bark beetle or other plant is not artificially harmed, the other plant will not be diseased and will grow healthily. This is a general phenomenon and law according to which, as long as we cut diseased trunks or local branches, and do not need to cut all non-diseased (good) trunks and branches, the kiwi tree will not die, and the good trunks will remain in normal flowering, fruiting, or continue to grow new branches.
Principle 4: event occurrence probability reduction principle: in a region and a certain period, the number of bark beetles entering a garden is limited, and according to the above 3 principles, the number of single plants and the number of main stems and main vines of the kiwi fruits are increased, so that the single-plant incidence rate of the bark beetles to induce canker can be reduced. For example, every 667m2If the number of the trees is 82, 41 (41 trunks) trees are damaged, and the incidence rate is 50%. According to a new mode of a double-plant four-stem four-vine cluster canker-resistant cultivation method in a big nest, the same is carried out every 667m282 trees are cultivated by adopting two trunks of each tree, 164 trunks are cultivated, 41 trunks are damaged, and the incidence rate of canker is only 25%; the fruiting situation of each plant is different, only 50% of trees keep fruiting in the original method, and the other 50% of trees are killed. The new method, even if the damage is 41 stem damage (practice proves that the damage amount of bark beetles is certain in a certain period), has 25 percent of morbidity and ensures 90 percent of fruit bearing in each nest basically. By the ecological dispensing method, the loss rate of the canker in the current year in the whole garden can be controlled within 20 percent.
The key points of the method of the invention are as follows:
the method of the invention changes the view angle to ulcer disease: the relative harm of bark beetles is reduced as a technical path for mainly reducing the incidence rate of ulcer diseases.
The method changes the knowledge of the growth rule of the kiwi fruit: for a long time, the culture of kiwi fruits as trees (single trunk growth) is wrong, and the kiwi fruits as lianas have a clumping habit, so that the capabilities of simulating natural cultivation, recovering the clumping habit of the kiwi fruits, increasing main vines of main stems and enhancing the effects of disease resistance, insect resistance and adverse environment resistance are needed to be improved. The knowledge of (1).
Cluster habit utilization and stem radix augmentation techniques: the technical problem of tree death prevention is solved.
Multi-plant multi-stem technology: the canker trees still guarantee more than 80 percent of normal fruit bearing and are harvested basically normally in the same year.
The germination technology of multiple prepared bases comprises the following steps: the tree with canker is not dead and lacked, and is updated quickly.
The low-position grafting technology of the newly planted seedlings comprises the following steps: the new seedling needs low-position grafting to ensure that most of the multiple seedlings come from the grafted buds, so that the grafting can be reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention relates to an anti-ulcer cultivation mode which takes insect resistance (bark beetle) as the leading factor. The application advantages are as follows:
1. according to the technology, the Chinese gooseberry cultivation mode of resisting canker by the large nest, double plants, four branches and four vines is a novel canker-resisting cultivation mode, and is an innovative change of the cultivation mode of one branch, two branches, four branches and eight sides of the Chinese gooseberry.
2. The invention has the technical mode that the death rate of the whole plant caused by the kiwifruit canker is reduced to be below 20 percent.
3. The invention can realize that the garden is not damaged and the seeds are not changed again even if the canker is generated in the garden.
4. The invention technically ensures that the original strong root system-space distribution resource of the large and strong kiwi trees can be reused and continuously utilized, which is unexpected by the prior art.
5. The method is simple and easy to implement. Can resist ulcer without using large amount of medicine and labor.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest;
(2) four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf;
(3) adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf;
(4) continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils;
(5) and (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
Example 2
A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest; the diameter of the open pit is more than 1 meter, the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 meter, and two plants are cultivated in each large pit. The volume of the single pit is enlarged, the growth range of the root system is enlarged, and the earth surface plays a role in preserving moisture, preventing waterlogging and keeping healthy growth.
(2) Four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf;
(3) adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf;
(4) continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils;
(5) and (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
Example 3
A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest; the diameter of the open pit is more than 1 meter, the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 meter, and two plants are cultivated in each large pit. The volume of the single pit is enlarged, the growth range of the root system is enlarged, and the earth surface plays a role in preserving moisture, preventing waterlogging and keeping healthy growth.
(2) Four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf; each plant has two stems and two vines, and four stems and four vines are put on the shelf in each big nest.
(3) Adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf;
(4) continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils;
(5) and (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
Example 4
A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest; the diameter of the open pit is more than 1 meter, the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 meter, and two plants are cultivated in each large pit. The volume of the single pit is enlarged, the growth range of the root system is enlarged, and the earth surface plays a role in preserving moisture, preventing waterlogging and keeping healthy growth.
(2) Four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf; each plant has two stems and two vines, and four stems and four vines are put on the shelf in each big nest.
(3) Adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf; the method for obliquely putting the main stem or/and the main tendrils on the shelf comprises the following steps: and (3) putting the main stem or/and the main vine on the shelf at an oblique angle of 45-60 degrees.
(4) Continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils;
(5) and (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
Example 5
A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest; the diameter of the open pit is more than 1 meter, the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 meter, and two plants are cultivated in each large pit. The volume of the single pit is enlarged, the growth range of the root system is enlarged, and the earth surface plays a role in preserving moisture, preventing waterlogging and keeping healthy growth.
(2) Four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf; each plant has two stems and two vines, and four stems and four vines are put on the shelf in each big nest.
(3) Adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf; the method for obliquely putting the main stem or/and the main tendrils on the shelf comprises the following steps: and (3) putting the main stem or/and the main vine on the shelf at an oblique angle of 45-60 degrees.
(4) Continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils; the method for continuously culturing the backup stems or/and tendrils comprises the following steps: reserving 1-2 foot buds per plant every year, and preparing to replace trunks or main tendrils damaged by canker at any time.
(5) And (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
Example 6
A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker comprises the following measures:
(1) double-plant cultivation in big nest; the diameter of the open pit is more than 1 meter, the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 meter, and two plants are cultivated in each large pit. The volume of the single pit is enlarged, the growth range of the root system is enlarged, and the earth surface plays a role in preserving moisture, preventing waterlogging and keeping healthy growth.
(2) Four stems and four vines are adopted to be put on a shelf; each plant has two stems and two vines, and four stems and four vines are put on the shelf in each big nest.
(3) Adopting a trunk or/and a main vine to incline and put on the shelf; the method for obliquely putting the main stem or/and the main tendrils on the shelf comprises the following steps: and (3) putting the main stem or/and the main vine on the shelf at an oblique angle of 45-60 degrees.
(4) Continuously culturing the standby stems or/and tendrils; the method for continuously culturing the backup stems or/and tendrils comprises the following steps: reserving 1-2 foot buds per plant every year, and preparing to replace trunks or main tendrils damaged by canker at any time.
(5) And (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
The large-nest double-plant cultivation is adopted, high ridges are matched for cultivation, and the ridge height is kept at 1-1.5 m. This measure may improve the light transmission and ventilation.
The low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings ensures that most of the cluster seedlings come from the grafted buds, and can reduce the grafting. The time for recovering fruit bearing is shorter, namely the trunk with canker can bear fruit in the next year.
Through the change of the cultivation mode, the natural disaster resistance of the kiwi fruit is improved, and the destructive risk existing in the existing kiwi fruit canker diseased area or the potential risk of canker possibly existing in the garden where the canker does not occur is reduced to the basic safe and acceptable range under the condition that other measures are not taken.
The main stem is increased and the probability of damaging the main stem of the kiwi fruit is reduced by utilizing the characteristic that the bark beetle mainly attacks the main stem of the kiwi fruit and the characteristic that the bark beetle attacks one trunk of the kiwi fruit but often does not attack the other adjacent trunk of the kiwi fruit through the change of the cultivation mode.
For the canker occurring garden, the purposes of basically not influencing tree vigor, basically not influencing yield per unit area and basically not influencing the quality of fruit trees are also controlled through the simple and practical cultivation mode change.
To the garden that does not take place the canker, through simple and practical cultivation mode transformation, can reduce the risk that probably takes place the kiwifruit canker and strike the industry, to promoting the sustainable development of kiwifruit to have the great meaning.
The mode of the invention can further enhance the confidence that kiwi fruit growers and planting enterprises continue to promote the development of kiwi fruit industry.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express the specific embodiments of the present application, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present application. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the technical idea of the present application, several changes and modifications can be made, which are all within the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (1)
1. A cultivation method for greatly reducing death of kiwi fruit trees caused by canker is characterized by comprising the following measures:
(1) cultivating in high ridges, keeping the ridge height at 1-1.5 m, keeping the pit diameter at more than 1 m, and cultivating two plants in each large pit, wherein the soil is higher than the ground by more than 0.5 m;
(2) each plant is provided with two trunks and two vines, and four vines are put on the shelf in each big nest;
(3) putting the main stem or/and the main vine on a shelf at an oblique angle of 45-60 degrees;
(4) reserving 1-2 foot buds at the base of each trunk every year, and preparing to replace trunks or main vines damaged by canker at any time;
(5) and (5) low-position grafting of the newly planted seedlings.
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Citations (3)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102057938A (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2011-05-18 | 西北大学 | Kiwifruit tree canker preventing and controlling agent and using method thereof |
| CN102550352A (en) * | 2011-12-21 | 2012-07-11 | 重庆信祥生态农业有限公司 | Field management method of high-end kiwi fruit during fruiting period |
| CN102577899A (en) * | 2012-01-18 | 2012-07-18 | 西北农林科技大学 | Kiwi fruit tree form with single trunk and double main tendrils and shaping trimming method of kiwi fruit tree form |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102057938A (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2011-05-18 | 西北大学 | Kiwifruit tree canker preventing and controlling agent and using method thereof |
| CN102550352A (en) * | 2011-12-21 | 2012-07-11 | 重庆信祥生态农业有限公司 | Field management method of high-end kiwi fruit during fruiting period |
| CN102577899A (en) * | 2012-01-18 | 2012-07-18 | 西北农林科技大学 | Kiwi fruit tree form with single trunk and double main tendrils and shaping trimming method of kiwi fruit tree form |
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| Title |
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| "玉米双株高产栽培技术探析";代卉;《南方农业》;20160731;第10卷(第21期);第65-67页 * |
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