CN107141004B - 一种碳化硼复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种碳化硼复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107141004B
CN107141004B CN201710442511.2A CN201710442511A CN107141004B CN 107141004 B CN107141004 B CN 107141004B CN 201710442511 A CN201710442511 A CN 201710442511A CN 107141004 B CN107141004 B CN 107141004B
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metal
boron carbide
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吴甲民
刘荣臻
史玉升
程立金
陈敬炎
肖欢
李晨辉
贺智勇
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Beijing Cisri-Nmt Advanced Materials & Technology Co Ltd
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute
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Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种碳化硼复合材料及其制备方法,其特征在于,按重量百分数,包括下述组分:碳化硼粉末30%~60%、碳粉5%~25%、硅粉10%~25%以及金属粉末15%~45%。按相应比例称量后,根据需求从金属粉末中取出部分粉末待用,并将剩余金属粉末与其它粉末混合制成陶瓷‑金属混合粉末;采用定向能场分别将金属粉末和陶瓷‑金属混合粉末逐层烧结,并重复上述烧结过程直至完成增材制造;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛。本发明制备的碳化硼复合材料为层状结构,具有强韧性高、耐辐射性好、密度低、可靠性高等特点,可广泛用作高性能摩擦材料、装甲防护材料、核反应堆乏燃料的贮存材料等。

Description

一种碳化硼复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于陶瓷基复合材料技术领域,特别涉及一种层状碳化硼金属复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
碳化硼复合材料具有高硬度、耐磨损及耐辐射等多种优异的性能,广泛用于核反应堆乏燃料的处理、防弹装甲材料以及耐磨材料的制备。其包括碳化硼基高分子复合材料、碳化硼基陶瓷复合材料以及碳化硼基金属复合材料等。其中碳化硼基金属复合材料由于具有较低的缺陷敏感性和更好的韧性,在如乏燃料处理、装甲防护等领域中更有应用前景。目前,碳化硼基金属复合材料常见的工艺方法有如下几类:
1)粉末冶金法,即直接将金属粉末与碳化硼粉混合后,通过压力成型,再在高温下完成烧结,如Canakci等人通过粉末冶金方法,在600 C氩气气氛下制备出了具有梯度结构的金属基Al-B4C材料。(见Aykut Canakci,et al.,Microstructure and Properties ofAl-B4C Functionally Graded Materials Produced by Powder Metallurgy Method,Univers.J.Mater.Sci.2(2014)90–95)。
2)压力浸渗法,即首先制备出多孔碳化硼坯体,再将熔融金属用压力压入多孔坯体中,从而获得碳化硼复合材料的方法(见Peng L M,et al.,Mechanical properties ofceramic-metal composites by pressure infiltration of metal into posorousceramics,Mater Sci Eng A,2004,374:1-9),但这种方法难以制备复杂形状件,在受压过程中,坯体易由于应力不均匀发生损坏。
3)无压浸渗法,即首先制备出多孔碳化硼坯体,再将熔融金属在高温下利用毛细作用力渗入多孔碳化硼坯体,以此获得碳化硼复合材料的方法(如P.Sahani,et al.,Effect of Al addition on SiC-B4C cermet prepared by pressureless sinteringand spark plasma sintering methods,Int.J.Refract.Met.Hard Mater.57(2016)31–41.),但该方法金属的填充性受到碳化硼与熔融金属的润湿性的影响。
4)凝胶注模法,如通过加入其它高分子材料将B4C及Al配制为料浆,并通过原位固化的方法将料浆转变为固态坯体,最终在还原性气氛下将坯体烧结,获得碳化硼金属复合材料(见C.H.Zhang,et al.,Preparation of Boron Carbide-Aluminum Composites byNon-Aqueous Gelcasting,Ceramics International,2009,35:2255-2259)。
在上述方法中,仍存在如烧结温度高、性能分散性大、难以制备复杂形状件等问题,特别是由于极端工况应用领域(如核辐射环境及装甲防护用途)中对复杂形状件和高可靠性部件的需求,迫切需要发展一种新的碳化硼复合材料。(类似的层状结构清华大学曾有专利提出,但其制备方法属于传统方法,其层状结构为金属包裹陶瓷的三明治式,制备工艺复杂,本发明将反应烧结、增材制造方法融于一体,制备金属陶瓷多层复合材料结构,工艺简便易行,可随时根据需要进行参数调整获得不同的复合材料。)
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有优良机械性能的层状碳化硼复合材料及其制备方法,用于解决现有技术存在的烧结温度高、性能分散性大、难以制备复杂形状件等问题。
为达到以上目的,本发明是采取如下技术方案予以实现的:
一种碳化硼复合材料,其为下述组分的原料按重量百分数混合:碳化硼粉末30%~60%、碳粉5%~25%、硅粉10%~25%以及金属粉末15%~45%,利用定向能场使粉料烧结致密化,同时利用逐层铺粉工艺制备出陶瓷与金属层厚可控的叠层结构。
优选地,所述碳化硼粉末为立方碳化硼含量﹥98%的粉料,平均粒径在0.2~200μm。
优选地,所述硅粉为粒径为0.2~200μm的商业硅粉或造粒粉,杂质百分含量小于1wt%。商业硅粉以相关行业及国家标准为依据,其杂质主要成分为铁,非商业硅粉由于制备方法和成分均不属于国标范围,其成分、形貌等均无可比性,这里强调商业硅粉的目的是为了限定硅粉的相关性能,确保材料制备方法的可行性。杂质直接影响了硅在熔融后的润湿性、熔点以及反应生成物的状态等,从而影响材料内的微观结构及其他物理力学性能等。
优选地,所述碳粉为无定形碳、炭黑、石墨粉中的一种或多种,其粒径为0.2~200μm,纯度应大于99%。
优选地,所述金属粉末为钛粉、铝粉或铝合金粉末中的一种或多种,其粒径为2~200μm。
相应地,本发明还提出一种碳化硼复合材料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)将下述重量组分:碳化硼粉末30%~60%、碳粉5%~15%、硅粉10%~25%以及金属粉末15%~30%分别称量,从所称量的金属粉末取出其中的30%~70%待用,并将剩余的金属粉末与上述其它三种原料用湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
(2)待混合粉末A烘干后,将混合前取出的金属粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内;使用时首先将金属粉末均匀平铺在其基板上,采用定向能场使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,采用定向能场诱发其反应,促进陶瓷层的烧结;重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程,最终形成金属层-陶瓷层交替出现的叠层状结构;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛;混合粉末在定向能场作用下发生反应,促进金属对陶瓷颗粒的润湿,诱发原料间的反应,并改善烧结致密化。
优选地,所述制备方法中,增材制造成的材料结构为叠层状结构。
优选地,所述制备方法中,增材制造用定向能场包括但不限于激光以及微波等。
本发明所制备的碳化硼复合材料,其微观结构为叠层状结构。
本发明将采用增材制造的理念,将反应烧结工艺、金属增材制造工艺相结合,利用原料之间的化学反应,降低碳化硼材料的增材制造难度,利用金属与碳化硼间的润湿与反应提高其界面结合强度,并通过金属实现増韧使材料具有良好的韧性。用本发明方法制备的碳化硼基金属复合材料其抗弯强度最高可达220MPa,其对中子辐射的吸收率>90%,通过组分调整,该材料既可用于单一辐射的防护,也可通过组分调整用于多种辐射的防护;同时材料的层状结构使得材料具有良好的韧性,金属相的存在大幅度降低了材料的缺陷敏感性;除此之外,增材制造方法的应用使得材料可用于制备复杂形状件,满足了在极端工况下对碳化硼复合材料复杂形状件的需求。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备碳化硼复合材料的制造过程示意图;
图2为本发明制备碳化硼复合材料的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。此外,下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。
以下结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
实施例1:
一种碳化硼复合材料,其特征在于,原料按重量百分数,包括下述组分:30%的0.2μm碳化硼粉末、25%的0.2μm硅粉和25%的0.2μm碳粉以及20%的2μm铝粉。
所述碳化硼粉末,其立方碳化硼含量﹥98%。
所述硅粉为球形硅粉,杂质元素含量应小于1wt%。
所述碳粉为球形石墨粉。
所述铝粉为球形铝粉。
本实施例的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
步骤一、将30%的0.2μm碳化硼粉末、25%的0.2μm硅粉和25%的0.2μm碳粉以及20%的2μm铝粉分别称量;
步骤二、取出铝粉总量的70%待用,并将剩余的铝粉粉末与上述其它三种原料用分散剂湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
步骤三、待混合粉末A烘干后,将上述铝粉粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内,使用时首先利用刮刀或铺粉辊将金属粉末均匀平铺在其上,采用激光使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,,采用激光诱发原料间的反应。一方面反应可促进金属对陶瓷颗粒的润湿,另一方面通过反应放热促进烧结致密;重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛;
步骤四、待材料冷却后用毛刷或压缩空气等将材料表面的粉末去除,并清理表面即获得所需的碳化硼复合材料。
实施例2:
一种碳化硼复合材料,其特征在于,原料按重量百分数,包括下述组分:40%的2μm碳化硼粉末、10%的4μm硅粉和5%的2μm碳粉以及10%的3μm铝粉和35%的10μm铅粉。
所述碳化硼粉末,其立方碳化硼含量﹥98%。
所述硅粉为球形硅粉,杂质元素含量应小于1wt%。
所述碳粉为球形无定形碳粉。
所述铝粉和铅粉均为球形粉末。
本实施例的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
步骤一、将40%的2μm碳化硼粉末、10%的4μm硅粉和5%的2μm碳粉以及10%的3μm铝粉和35%的10μm铅粉分别称量;
步骤二、取出铝粉及铅粉总量的70%待用,并将剩余的金属粉末与上述其它三种原料用分散剂湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
步骤三、待混合粉末A烘干后,将上述金属粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内,使用时首先利用刮刀或铺粉辊将金属粉末均匀平铺在其上,采用激光使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,采用激光诱发原料间的反应。一方面反应可促进金属对陶瓷颗粒的润湿,另一方面通过反应放热促进烧结致密;重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛;
步骤四、待材料冷却后用毛刷或压缩空气等将材料表面的粉末去除,并清理表面即获得所需的碳化硼复合材料。
实施例3:
一种碳化硼复合材料,其特征在于,原料按重量百分数,包括下述组分:40%的200μm碳化硼粉末、10%的200μm硅粉和10%的200μm碳粉以及40%的200μm铅粉。
所述碳化硼粉末,其立方碳化硼含量﹥98%。
所述硅粉为球形硅粉,杂质元素含量应小于1wt%。
所述碳粉为球形石墨粉。
所述铅粉为球形铅粉。
本实施例的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
步骤一、将40%的200μm碳化硼粉末、10%的200μm硅粉和10%的200μm碳粉以及40%的200μm铅粉分别称量;
步骤二、取出铅粉总量的50%待用,并将剩余的铅粉粉末与上述其它三种原料用分散剂湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
步骤三、待混合粉末A烘干后,将上述铅粉粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内,使用时首先利用刮刀或铺粉辊将金属粉末均匀平铺在其上,采用激光使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,采用激光诱发原料间的反应。一方面反应可促进金属对陶瓷颗粒的润湿,另一方面通过反应放热促进烧结致密;重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛;
步骤四、待材料冷却后用毛刷或压缩空气等将材料表面的粉末去除,并清理表面即获得所需的碳化硼复合材料。
实施例4:
一种碳化硼复合材料,其特征在于,原料按重量百分数,包括下述组分:40%的100μm碳化硼粉末、10%的50μm硅粉和10%的30μm碳粉以及10%的20μm钛粉和30%的100μm铅粉。
所述碳化硼粉末,其立方碳化硼含量﹥98%。
所述硅粉为球形硅粉,杂质元素含量应小于1wt%。
所述碳粉为球形炭黑粉。
所述钛粉及铅粉均为球形粉。
本实施例的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
步骤一、将40%的100μm碳化硼粉末、10%的50μm硅粉和10%的30μm碳粉以及10%的20μm钛粉和30%的100μm铅粉分别称量;
步骤二、取出钛粉及铅粉末总量的80%待用,并将剩余的粉末与上述其它三种原料用分散剂湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
步骤三、待混合粉末A烘干后,将上述钛粉及铅粉粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内,使用时首先利用刮刀或铺粉辊将钛粉及铅粉末均匀平铺在其上,采用激光使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,采用激光诱发原料间的反应。一方面反应可促进金属对陶瓷颗粒的润湿,另一方面通过反应放热促进烧结致密;重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛;
步骤四、待材料冷却后用毛刷或压缩空气等将材料表面的粉末去除,并清理表面即获得所需的碳化硼复合材料。
实施例5:
一种碳化硼复合材料,其特征在于,原料按重量百分数,包括下述组分:60%的200μm碳化硼粉末、15%的2μm硅粉和10%的1μm碳粉以及15%的30μm钛粉。
所述碳化硼粉末,其立方碳化硼含量﹥98%。
所述硅粉为球形硅粉,杂质元素含量应小于1wt%。
所述碳粉为球形石墨粉。
所述钛粉为球形钛粉。
本实施例的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
步骤一、将60%的200μm碳化硼粉末、15%的2μm硅粉和10%的1μm碳粉以及15%的30μm钛粉分别称量;
步骤二、取出钛粉总量的70%待用,并将剩余的钛粉粉末与上述其它三种原料用分散剂湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
步骤三、待混合粉末A烘干后,将上述钛粉粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内,使用时首先利用刮刀或铺粉辊将钛粉末均匀平铺在其上,采用激光使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,采用微波诱发原料间的反应。一方面反应可促进金属对陶瓷颗粒的润湿,另一方面通过反应放热促进烧结致密;重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛等保护性气氛;
步骤四、待材料冷却后用毛刷或压缩空气等将材料表面的粉末去除,并清理表面即获得所需的碳化硼复合材料。
本发明中,可通过控制增材制造设备液压缸的位移直接调整铺粉层的厚度,或者在增材制造过程中对相同的粉料进行多次铺粉实现层厚调整。
本领域的技术人员容易理解,以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (5)

1.一种碳化硼复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
(1)将下述重量组分:碳化硼粉末30%~60%、碳粉5%~15%、硅粉10%~25%以及金属粉末15%~30%分别称量,从所称量的金属粉末取出其中的30%~70%待用,并将剩余的金属粉末与上述其它三种原料用湿法球磨制备成混合粉末A;
(2)待混合粉末A烘干后,将混合前取出的金属粉末与混合粉末A分别装入两个不同的容器内;使用时首先将金属粉末均匀平铺在其基板上,采用定向能场使其烧结,形成金属层;之后将混合粉末A铺开在已烧结的金属上,采用定向能场诱发其反应,促进陶瓷层的烧结;
重复上述过程至所需厚度,完成增材制造过程,最终形成金属层-陶瓷层交替出现的叠层状结构;在整个制造过程中气氛为真空或氩气气氛;
其中,所述增材制造用定向能场是采用激光;并且,对于所述叠层状结构,若记所述叠层状结构中,一层金属层与其上紧邻的一层陶瓷层为一个金属-陶瓷组合结构,则制得的叠层状结构碳化硼复合材料包括至少两个层叠排列的金属-陶瓷组合结构;通过采用增材制造,能够利用金属与碳化硼间的润湿与反应提高其界面结合强度,并通过金属实现増韧使材料具有良好的韧性。
2.如权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述碳化硼粉末为立方碳化硼含量﹥98%的粉料,平均粒径在0.2~200μm。
3.如权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述硅粉为粒径为0.2~200μm的商业硅粉或造粒粉,杂质百分含量小于1wt%。
4.如权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述碳粉为无定形碳、炭黑、石墨粉中的一种或多种,其粒径为0.2~200μm,纯度应大于99%。
5.如权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述金属粉末为钛粉、铝粉或铝合金粉末中的一种或多种,其粒径为2~200μm。
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