CN107140963A - 一种复合透波材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于透波材料制备技术领域,具体尤其涉及一种复合透波材料的制备方法。本发明首先将水稻秸秆和稻壳粉碎并进行炭化处理后,与镁粉混合加热,经酸浸后得到改性混合秸秆粉末,再将其与碳酸锂、碳酸钙等物质混合后进行湿法球磨,得到混合浆料,接着将混合浆料干燥后置于模具中压制成型,得坯体,并将其烧结,得到透波基材,随后将3,3′,4,4′‑二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚等进行反应得到反应液,最后将反应液涂覆于透波基材表面进行干燥即可。本发明制备的耐高温复合透波材料耐高温可达到1700℃以上,力学性能好,可广泛应用于天线罩材料中,具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于透波材料制备技术领域,具体尤其涉及一种复合透波材料的制备方法。
背景技术
在精确制导飞行器的需求牵引下,精确制导技术得以迅速发展。而随着推进技术的进步,飞行器的飞行速度和再入速度越来越高,有的飞行器在大气层中的飞行速度高达十几马赫(Ma),由此使得飞行器表面承受的的气动载荷和气热越来越严重,进而使得飞行器的电磁导引装置对其保护部件—天线罩/窗对材料防热和承载性能提出了更高的要求。另外,为了提高精确制导飞行器的抗电磁干扰能力和制导精度,要求其电磁窗/罩材料在高温下仍然具有良好的透波特性,即要求材料具有极低的介电常数和介电损耗,亦即用于制作高马赫数飞行器天线罩/窗的材料要同时具备良好的耐高温、耐烧蚀、耐冲刷、抗热震及力学性能和介电性能等。
目前,高温透波材料主要分为磷酸盐基复合材料和硅基复合材料等。陶瓷基复合材料最早被用于高温天线罩领域,包括玻璃陶瓷、石英陶瓷及氮化硅陶瓷等,这类材料明显存在着脆性大、力学强度低及耐热性能差等缺点,其应用受到很大的限制;硅基复合材料具有优良的介电性能和良好的耐高温性能,是一种稳定的透波材料,但是硅基复合材料的主链非常柔顺,分子间作用力小,有效交联密度低,因此硅基复合材料的力学性能较弱,承受载荷的能力有限,这很大程度上限制了硅基复合材料的应用。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题:针对传统的透波材料耐热性能差,力学强度低,硅基复合材料的主链非常柔顺,分子间作用力小,有效交联密度低,因此硅基复合材料的力学性能较弱,承受载荷的能力有限,这很大程度上限制了硅基复合材料的应用的问题,提供了一种复合透波材料的制备方法。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案是:
(1)称取水稻秸秆和稻壳,粉碎,过筛,得混合秸秆粉末,将混合秸秆粉末置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温,保温热处理后得炭化物,将炭化物与镁粉混合,混合后置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温,保温烧结后冷却至室温,得烧结后的物料;
(2)将烧结后的物料加入盐酸中,浸泡后过滤得滤渣,用去离子水洗涤滤渣后放入烘箱中,干燥后得改性混合秸秆粉末;
(3)按重量份数计,分别选取80~100份改性混合秸秆粉末、12~15份碳酸锂、15~17份碱式碳酸镁和13~15份碳酸钙,依次加入球磨罐中,以无水乙醇作为分散剂,氧化锆球为球磨介质,球磨后得混合浆料,将混合浆料置于烘箱中,干燥后过筛得混合粉末;
(4)将混合粉末加入模具中,压制成型后得坯体,将坯体放入烧结炉中,在氮气气氛保护下保温烧结,冷却至室温后得透波基材;
(5)按质量比1:3:20,分别称取3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺,并置于三口烧瓶中加热,保温搅拌反应后得反应液,将反应液进行真空脱泡,得脱泡后的反应液,并涂覆在透波基材表面,先进行第一次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆后放入烘箱中,干燥后取出,再进行第二次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆后干燥,干燥后冷却至室温,取出,即可得到复合透波材料。
所述的水稻秸秆与稻壳的质量比为10:1,炭化物与镁粉质量比为30:1。
所述的烧结后的物料与盐酸的质量比为1:10,盐酸的质量分数为5~10%。
所述的炭化温度为500~600℃,炭化时间为2~3h,所述的烧结温度为800~900℃,烧结时间为1~2h。
所述的压制成型的坯体是先在压力为40~50MPa下压制60~100s,压制后再在20~30MPa压力下压制4~6min。
所述的坯体烧结是先升温至500~600℃,保温1~2h后再升温至900~1000℃,保温烧结3~4h。
所述的加热温度为80~120℃,反应时间为3~5h。
所述的第一次涂覆的涂覆量为20~40g/m2,第一次干燥温度为100~120℃,干燥时间为30~50min。
所述的第二次涂覆的涂覆量为30~50g/m2,第二次干燥温度为150~200℃,干燥时间为3~5h。
本发明与其他方法相比,有益技术效果是:
(1)本发明先对水稻秸秆在氮气气氛保护下进行炭化,将炭化后的水稻秸秆和镁粉混合,进一步进行高温烧结,烧结后物质加入酸溶液中浸泡,由于水稻秸秆炭化,酸泡处理后,可以使秸秆的表面产生不同的孔洞结构,并且炭化后的秸秆具有独特的力学性能和耐温性能,其耐高温可达到1700℃以上,表现出优异的电磁波吸收性能;
(2)本发明利用稻壳炭化后会生产二氧化硅,与镁粉复合烧结,会生成后负载在秸秆孔洞结构中,可以提高透波材料的断裂韧性,裂韧性达到1.8~2.1(MPa·m1/2);
(3)本发明将改性秸秆混合粉末、碳酸锂、碱式碳酸镁和碳酸钙球磨得混合浆料,其中的二氧化硅起到促进烧结和粘结剂的作用,与锂离子、镁离子和钙离子进行复合,得多元复合填料,填料后分散于改性秸秆混合粉末中,得透波基材,得到的透波基材力学性能,热学性能和介电性能良好的,抗弯强度达到125~170MPa,拉伸强度达到90~120MPa,介电常数为3.2~3.4;
(4)本发明将3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺制备得反应液涂覆在透波基材上,干燥后得复合透波材料,反应液在基材表面形成胶凝材料,干燥后形成结构致密的膜,可以进一步增强透波材料的耐温温度,和透波率,透波率达92~96%。
具体实施方式
按质量比10:1称取水稻秸秆和稻壳,混合后加入粉碎机中粉碎,过80~100目筛,得混合秸秆粉末,将混合秸秆粉末置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下以5~10℃/min速率升温至500~600℃后,保温热处理2~3h,得炭化物,按质量比30:1将炭化物与镁粉混合,混合后置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温至800~900℃,保温烧结1~2h,烧结后冷却至室温,得烧结后的物料;按质量比1:10将烧结后的物料加入质量分数5~10%盐酸中,浸泡2~3h后过滤得滤渣,用去离子水洗涤2~4次后放入烘箱中,在60~80℃下干燥6~8h,干燥后得改性混合秸秆粉末;按重量份数计,分别选取80~100份改性混合秸秆粉末、12~15份碳酸锂、15~17份碱式碳酸镁和13~15份碳酸钙,依次加入球磨罐中,以无水乙醇作为分散剂,氧化锆球为球磨介质,球磨3~5h后得混合浆料,将混合浆料置于烘箱中,在80~90℃下干燥3~5h,干燥后过200~220目筛得混合粉末;将混合粉末加入模具中,先在40~50MPa压力下压制60~100s,压制后再在20~30MPa压力下压制4~6min,压制成型后得坯体,将坯体放入烧结炉中,在氮气气氛保护下先升温至500~600℃,保温1~2h后再升温至900~1000℃,保温烧结3~4h后冷却至室温,得透波基材;按质量比1:3:20,分别称取3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺,并置于三口烧瓶中,将三口烧瓶放入油浴锅中,加热至80~120℃,保温搅拌反应3~5h后得反应液,将反应液进行真空脱泡3~5min后得脱泡后的反应液,并均匀涂覆在透波基材表面,先进行第一次涂覆,涂覆量为20~40g/m2,涂覆后放入烘箱中,在100~120℃温度下干燥30~50min,干燥后取出,再进行第二次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆量为30~50g/m2,涂覆后在150~200℃温度下干燥3~5h,干燥后冷却至室温,取出,即可得到复合透波材料。
实例1
按质量比10:1称取水稻秸秆和稻壳,混合后加入粉碎机中粉碎,过100目筛,得混合秸秆粉末,将混合秸秆粉末置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下以10℃/min速率升温至600℃后,保温热处理3h,得炭化物,按质量比30:1将炭化物与镁粉混合,混合后置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温至900℃,保温烧结2h,烧结后冷却至室温,得烧结后的物料;按质量比1:10将烧结后的物料加入质量分数10%盐酸中,浸泡3h后过滤得滤渣,用去离子水洗涤4次后放入烘箱中,在80℃下干燥8h,干燥后得改性混合秸秆粉末;按重量份数计,分别选取100份改性混合秸秆粉末、15份碳酸锂、17份碱式碳酸镁和15份碳酸钙,依次加入球磨罐中,以无水乙醇作为分散剂,氧化锆球为球磨介质,球磨5h后得混合浆料,将混合浆料置于烘箱中,在90℃下干燥5h,干燥后过220目筛得混合粉末;将混合粉末加入模具中,先在50MPa压力下压制100s,压制后再在30MPa压力下压制6min,压制成型后得坯体,将坯体放入烧结炉中,在氮气气氛保护下先升温至600℃,保温2h后再升温至1000℃,保温烧结4h后冷却至室温,得透波基材;按质量比1:3:20,分别称取3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺,并置于三口烧瓶中,将三口烧瓶放入油浴锅中,升温至120℃,保温搅拌反应5h后得反应液,将反应液进行真空脱泡5min后得脱泡后的反应液,并均匀涂覆在透波基材表面,先进行第一次涂覆,涂覆量为40g/m2,涂覆后放入烘箱中,在120℃温度下干燥50min,干燥后取出,再进行第二次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆量为50g/m2,涂覆后在200℃温度下干燥5h,干燥后冷却至室温,取出,即可得到复合透波材料。
实例2
按质量比10:1称取水稻秸秆和稻壳,混合后加入粉碎机中粉碎,过80目筛,得混合秸秆粉末,将混合秸秆粉末置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下以5℃/min速率升温至500℃后,保温热处理2h,得炭化物,按质量比30:1将炭化物与镁粉混合,混合后置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温至800℃,保温烧结1h,烧结后冷却至室温,得烧结后的物料;按质量比1:10将烧结后的物料加入质量分数5%盐酸中,浸泡2h后过滤得滤渣,用去离子水洗涤2次后放入烘箱中,在60℃下干燥6h,干燥后得改性混合秸秆粉末;按重量份数计,分别选取80份改性混合秸秆粉末、12份碳酸锂、15份碱式碳酸镁和13份碳酸钙,依次加入球磨罐中,以无水乙醇作为分散剂,氧化锆球为球磨介质,球磨3h后得混合浆料,将混合浆料置于烘箱中,在80℃下干燥3h,干燥后过200目筛得混合粉末;将混合粉末加入模具中,先在40MPa压力下压制60s,压制后再在20MPa压力下压制4min,压制成型后得坯体,将坯体放入烧结炉中,在氮气气氛保护下先升温至500℃,保温1h后再升温至900℃,保温烧结3h后冷却至室温,得透波基材;按质量比1:3:20,分别称取3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺,并置于三口烧瓶中,将三口烧瓶放入油浴锅中,加热至80℃,保温搅拌反应3h后得反应液,将反应液进行真空脱泡3min后得脱泡后的反应液,并均匀涂覆在透波基材表面,先进行第一次涂覆,涂覆量为20g/m2,涂覆后放入烘箱中,在100℃温度下干燥30min,干燥后取出,再进行第二次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆量为30g/m2,涂覆后在150℃温度下干燥3h,干燥后冷却至室温,取出,即可得到复合透波材料。
实例3
按质量比10:1称取水稻秸秆和稻壳,混合后加入粉碎机中粉碎,过90目筛,得混合秸秆粉末,将混合秸秆粉末置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下以7℃/min速率升温至550℃后,保温热处理2h,得炭化物,按质量比30:1将炭化物与镁粉混合,混合后置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温至850℃,保温烧结2h,烧结后冷却至室温,得烧结后的物料;按质量比1:10将烧结后的物料加入质量分数7%盐酸中,浸泡2h后过滤得滤渣,用去离子水洗涤3次后放入烘箱中,在70℃下干燥7h,干燥后得改性混合秸秆粉末;按重量份数计,分别选取90份改性混合秸秆粉末、13份碳酸锂、16份碱式碳酸镁和14份碳酸钙,依次加入球磨罐中,以无水乙醇作为分散剂,氧化锆球为球磨介质,球磨4h后得混合浆料,将混合浆料置于烘箱中,在85℃下干燥4h,干燥后过210目筛得混合粉末;将混合粉末加入模具中,先在45MPa压力下压制80s,压制后再在25MPa压力下压制5min,压制成型后得坯体,将坯体放入烧结炉中,在氮气气氛保护下先升温至550℃,保温1h后再升温至950℃,保温烧结3h后冷却至室温,得透波基材;按质量比1:3:20,分别称取3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺,并置于三口烧瓶中,将三口烧瓶放入油浴锅中,加热至100℃,保温搅拌反应4h后得反应液,将反应液进行真空脱泡4min后得脱泡后的反应液,并均匀涂覆在透波基材表面,先进行第一次涂覆,涂覆量为30g/m2,涂覆后放入烘箱中,在110℃温度下干燥40min,干燥后取出,再进行第二次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆量为40g/m2,涂覆后在170℃温度下干燥4h,干燥后冷却至室温,取出,即可得到复合透波材料。
将上述实例1~3所得的复合透波材料进行检测,其物理性质如下:
Claims (9)
1.一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于具体制备步骤为:
称取水稻秸秆和稻壳,粉碎,过筛,得混合秸秆粉末,将混合秸秆粉末置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温,保温热处理后得炭化物,将炭化物与镁粉混合,混合后置于管式炉中,在氩气保护下升温,保温烧结后冷却至室温,得烧结后的物料;
将烧结后的物料加入盐酸中,浸泡后过滤得滤渣,用去离子水洗涤滤渣后放入烘箱中,干燥后得改性混合秸秆粉末;
按重量份数计,分别选取80~100份改性混合秸秆粉末、12~15份碳酸锂、15~17份碱式碳酸镁和13~15份碳酸钙,依次加入球磨罐中,以无水乙醇作为分散剂,氧化锆球为球磨介质,球磨后得混合浆料,将混合浆料置于烘箱中,干燥后过筛得混合粉末;
将混合粉末加入模具中,压制成型后得坯体,将坯体放入烧结炉中,在氮气气氛保护下保温烧结,冷却至室温后得透波基材;
按质量比1:3:20,分别称取3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐、二氨基二苯醚和二甲基乙酰胺,并置于三口烧瓶中加热,保温搅拌反应后得反应液,将反应液进行真空脱泡,得脱泡后的反应液,并涂覆在透波基材表面,先进行第一次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆后放入烘箱中,干燥后取出,再进行第二次涂覆脱泡后的反应液,涂覆后干燥,干燥后冷却至室温,取出,即可得到复合透波材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的水稻秸秆与稻壳的质量比为10:1,炭化物与镁粉质量比为30:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的烧结后的物料与盐酸的质量比为1:10,盐酸的质量分数为5~10%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的炭化温度为500~600℃,炭化时间为2~3h,所述的烧结温度为800~900℃,烧结时间为1~2h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中所述的压制成型的坯体是先在压力为40~50MPa下压制60~100s,压制后再在20~30MPa压力下压制4~6min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中所述的坯体烧结是先升温至500~600℃,保温1~2h后再升温至900~1000℃,保温烧结3~4h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中所述的加热温度为80~120℃,反应时间为3~5h。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中所述的第一次涂覆的涂覆量为20~40g/m2,第一次干燥温度为100~120℃,干燥时间为30~50min。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种复合透波材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中所述的第二次涂覆的涂覆量为30~50g/m2,第二次干燥温度为150~200℃,干燥时间为3~5h。
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